Measurement of the dipole and electric quadrupole strength distributions up to 10 MeV in the doubly magic nuclei 40Ca and 48Ca

We have made the first detailed measurements of a diffusive supersonic radiation wave in the laboratory. A 10 mg/cm(3) SiO2 foam is radiatively heated by the x-ray flux from a laser-irradiated hohlraum. The resulting radiation wave propagates axially through the optically thick foam and is measured via time-resolved x-ray imaging as it breaks out the far end. The data show that the radiation wave breaks out at the center prior to breaking out at the edges, indicating a significant curvature in the radiation front. This curvature is primarily due to energy loss into the walls surrounding the foam.     

辐射输运实验中的Al等离子体发射光谱研究

SGII装置上用八路激光注入金腔产生高温辐射源,然后利用该辐射源来加热输运腔中的掺Al泡沫样品.从测量得到的Al类氦离子发射光谱可以观察到a—d,qr伴线的强度明显高于jkl伴线的强度,由此可以确定出光子激发和电离过程对输运腔中等离子体的形成不可忽略.除此之外,还观察到较强的互组合线发射,这表明存在一个低密度区域.最后考虑到实验测量得到的Al类氦离子发射光谱是时间、空间积分,利用两个状态等离子体的发射光谱合成再现了实验光谱. 关键词： 发射光谱 辐射加热 光谱诊断     

神光Ⅱ装置x射线辐射在低密度CH泡沫中的超声速传播实验研究

在“神光Ⅱ”的三倍频装置上进行实验，利用北四路激光注入半腔靶后接不同密度、不同厚度的CH（C₆6H₁₂，聚4甲基1戊烯）发泡材料，研究x射线辐射在低密度CH泡沫中的超声速传播问题，对x射线辐射的多个能点（80,250和400eV）的传播时间、传播速度、输运管壁收缩过程、时间能谱和辐射温度等进行了测量，获得了10倍的超声速传输的速度，并采用辐射输运“漏水管模型”对实验结果进行了简要分析，结果基本相符 . 关键词： 辐射输运 超声速热波 CH发泡     

超高压下冲击波速度直接测量技术

针对超高压下透明材料的高压离化机理,分析了透明材料中冲击波直接诊断技术的基本方法. 利用Drude-自由电子气模型,分析了不同冲击压力下冲击波阵面反射率的变化. 从理论上比较了不同探针光波长反射率的区别,发现探针光波长为660 nm时比探针光波长为532 nm时获得的冲击波阵面反射率要高. 对探测器"致盲"问题也进行了研究. 通过分析反射信号的时间顺序和强度大小,发现"致盲"效应是由X光对透明窗口离化引起的. 同时,发现方波驱动脉冲平台的前沿到达时刻和X光离化效应出现的时刻相同,冲击波信号到达时刻晚于X光离化时刻. 通过实验结果,得到蓝宝石中冲击波速度为35 km/s时,其波阵面的反射率约为40%. 通过理论分析和实验数据比对的方法,验证了蓝宝石中的减速曲线. 给出了加蓝宝石窗口后的测速公式. 经过和实验对比,确认了测速公式的正确性. 关键词： 冲击波 光学诊断 成像 干涉仪     

激光等离子体效应对薄膜损伤特性的影响

高能激光的发展对光学元件的抗损伤能力要求越来越高,其中光学薄膜是最薄弱的环节之一。实验研究了激光的聚焦位置对石英基片上HfO2/SiO2减反射薄膜损伤形貌的影响,研究发现:激光等离子体的高压冲击波对薄膜产生强烈的冲击剥离效应,其压强随膨胀半径的增加而迅速减小。激光等离子体光谱的辐射波长小于入射激光波长,这会增强薄膜对辐射光能量的吸收;位于深紫外波段、能量大于HfO2薄膜带隙的光子能量,将被薄膜直接吸收,从而加剧薄膜的电离破坏。激光等离子体的辐射效应和冲击波效应的共同作用决定了薄膜的损伤形貌。当激光聚焦到薄膜表面时,冲击波压强极大会使薄膜发生大面积的电离去除,同时基底发生击穿;当两者距离大到一定距离时,冲击波只会使得中心处小面积薄膜发生剥离,基底未出现断裂。     

Shadowgraph investigation of plasma shock wave evolution from Al target under 355-nm laser ablation

The propagation of a plasma shock wave generated from an Al target surface ablated by a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser operating at 355 nm in air is investigated at the different focusing positions of the laser beam by using a time-resolved shadowgraph imaging technique. The results show that in the case of a target surface set at the off-focus position, the condition of the focal point behind or in front of the target surface greatly influences the evolution of an Al plasma shock wave, and an ionization channel forms in the case of the focal point set in front of the target surface. Moreover, it is found that the shadowgraph with the evolution time around 100 ns shows that a protrusion appears at the front tip of the shock wave if the focal point is at the target surface. In addition, the calculated results of the expanding velocity of the shock wave front, the mass density, and pressure just behind the shock wave front are presented based on the shadowgraphs.     

激光引致激波演化数值研究

在高重复频率激光推进的研究中,激波的合并是发生在激波演化后期的,同时由于脉冲间隔短,脉冲宽度对流场演化的影响也需要详细研究。考虑了激光辐照过程对流场演化的影响,通过数值计算对激波演化特性进行了研究。结果表明,初期波阵面的椭球形状逐渐转化为一个球形,球心与击穿点的距离随时间逐渐减小并最终趋于稳定。基于激波合并的应用,当激波马赫数在1~2之间时,给出了激波波阵面半径随时间的变化规律,以及激波高压区长度和波峰压强随激波波阵面半径变化规律的经验公式。     

Experimental investigation of supersonic radiation propagation in low-density plastic and copper-doped foams

1 Introduction The investigation of supersonic radiation wave transporting in low density foam pro-duced by thermal radiation is of crucial importance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research[1]. When the intense radiation flux is incident in the media, first, a supersonic heat wave is formed which propagates into the undisturbed material. In time, due to the increasing mass of heated material, it slows down and is overtaken by a shock wave,thus becoming of the ablative type. Normally, …     

Van der Waals molecules and collision pairs of noble-gas atoms ahead of a shock wave front

The effect of creation of an excess concentration of free electrons in an anomalously thick layer (≈5 cm) ahead of an explosively driven shock wave in noble gases is discussed and interpreted. This effect is the ionization of excited 1_u-state molecules produced due to the absorption of a small intensity flux (as compared to the ionization one) of photons (with energies substantially lower than the atom ionization threshold) by unexcited colliding complexes and van der Waals molecules. A model is proposed which explains the excitation of xenon molecules ahead of the radiationless shock wave of an open discharge. The absorption spectra of colliding complexes and van der Waals molecules adjacent to each other near the atomic absorption lines can be resolved into two spectra, and these spectra can be changed by an increase in gas temperature. As a result, radiation capable of exciting van der Waals molecules penetrates through the shock wave of an open discharge and excites xenon molecules there. The present work develops further the knowledge concerning the radiation energy transport in the shock wave front. It also proves that in front of an explosively driven shock wave a great number of excited molecules of noble gases are actually formed, and this means considerable progress toward a VUV laser with optical pumping. Translated from Preprint No. 56 of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, 1993.     

Identification of discontinuities in plasma plume evolution

The ejection of material during laser ablation gives rise to the development of discontinuities in the ambient gas. Several of these discontinuities are observed and characterized, including externally and internally propagating shock waves, contact surface, and the ionization front. Qualitative experimental observations and analysis of these discontinuities are presented. Results from shadowgraphy enabled determination of an irradiance threshold between two different ablation mechanisms, and determination of several stages of plasma plume evolution. Consideration of the refractive index as a dynamic sum of the contributions from gas and electrons led to separate identification of ionization front from the contact surface. Furthermore, ionization front was observed to lead the shock wave at the earlier stage of the ablation.     

The temperature-dependent absorption spectrum of the v3 band of SF6 at 10·6 μm

Mixtures of SF₆ diluted by argon were heated behind an incident shock front in the range 400 to 1500K. Absorption measurements at 11 wavelengths near 10·6 μm were made on the post-shock, equilibrated gas using a CO₂ laser. A band contour model, which makes use of known spectroscopic constantd and the experimental results, satisfactorily accounts for the observed temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient. We are able to estimate the identity of the transitions responsible for absorption of the laser radiation.     

激光驱动铝靶产生冲击波和热波的实验观测和分析

 在“星光Ⅱ”上,使用基频光打靶,采用几种厚度的铝介质平面靶,进行了冲击波、热波和稀疏波三波相互作用规律的初步研究工作,成功地观测到冲击波在前和热波在后的物理图像,并发展了相关诊断技术和方法。     

激光等离子体效应对细胞烧蚀特性研究

研究对比了激光直接辐照、聚焦辐照以及激光等离子体辐照三种辐照方式下,洋葱表皮细胞的烧蚀特征,并基于激光辐照的热力学特性对细胞的温升以及相变过程进行分析。观察发现： 直接辐照对细胞的杀伤效果很不明显;聚焦辐照会引起焦点附近细胞的断裂以及脱水;激光等离子体辐照作用下,细胞会呈现大面积的去除,断裂边缘粗糙,且细胞层有叠加现象。理论分析发现,激光等离子体具有热效应、辐射电离及冲击波效应等,会增加激光脉冲能量到细胞的沉积、以及对细胞冲击剥离等,从而会大大增加细胞的杀伤范围和效率,可用于对细胞进行大面积杀伤。     

Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程MULTI程序一维数值模拟

Z箍缩动态黑腔能够高效地将Z箍缩丝阵等离子体动能转换为黑腔辐射能,为驱动惯性约束靶丸聚变提供高品质的X射线辐射场.利用一维双温多群辐射磁流体力学程序MULTI-IFE,研究了"聚龙一号"装置驱动电流条件下的Z箍缩动态黑腔形成基本物理过程.数值模拟结果表明,在动态黑腔形成过程中,辐射热波的传播速度比冲击波的传播速度更快,比冲击波更早到达泡沫中心,使中心区域的泡沫在冲击波到达前就已具有较高的辐射温度.对于"聚龙一号"装置动态黑腔实验0180发次采用的负载参数,辐射热波和冲击波在泡沫中的传播速度分别约为36.1 cm/μs和17.6 cm/μs,黑腔辐射温度在黑腔形成初期约80 eV,在冲击波到达泡沫中心前可达100 eV以上,丝阵等离子体外表面发射的X射线能量集中在1000 eV以下.本文给出了程序采用的计算模型、美国"土星"装置丝阵内爆计算结果和"聚龙一号"装置动态黑腔实验0180发次模拟结果.     

辐射温度与其驱动Al冲击波速度的定标关系研究

利用一维辐射流体力学程序,对不同脉冲波形的辐射温度与Al中冲击波速度关系进行模拟计算和分析.指出定标公式T_r=0.0126D^0.63主要适用于整形脉冲的辐射温度波形,而对高斯型和方波脉冲激光产生的辐射温度波形则不完全适用,通过计算给出修正的定标公式,且与自相似解得到的结果一致.另外对神光Ⅲ原型装置的整形脉冲辐射温度驱动Al样品冲击波轨迹进行了计算,得到第二个冲击波稳定传播所要求的Al样品的最小厚度.最后利用神光Ⅱ装置产生的辐射驱动冲击波,由修正的定标关系得到的辐射温度与软X射线能谱仪测量的辐射温度十分相符,从实验证实了修正定标关系的可靠性. 关键词： 辐射温度 冲击波速度 定标关系 整形脉冲     

Investigation of ultrafast laser-driven radiative blast waves

We have examined the evolution of cylindrically symmetric blast waves produced by the deposition of femtosecond laser pulses in gas jets. In high- Z gases radiative effects become important. We observe the production of an ionization precursor ahead of the shock front and deceleration parameters below the adiabatic value of 1/2 (for a cylinder), an effect expected when the blast wave loses energy by radiative cooling. Despite significant radiative cooling, the blast waves do not appear to develop thin shell instabilities expected for strongly radiative waves. This is believed to be due to the stabilizing effect of a relatively thick blast wave shell resulting in part from electron thermal conduction effects.     

Shock wave velocity measurement in the Al2O3 under ultrahigh pressure

In indirect-drive experiment, the blank effect caused by X-rays from Hohlraum will show the dark area in time scale of optical streak camera (OSC). This blank effect, which was a serious problem in indirect-drive shock wave experiments, has been explained by the semiconductor model. The X-rays cause the band to band transition and the probe laser is absorbed by the intraband transition, which leads to a dark region in time scale of the OSC image. In the experiment, the reflectivity of shock wave front was measured to be about 50% at shock wave velocity 32 km/s and was compared to the theoretical calculations with the Drude free electron model. From the experimental data, it is found that the blank effect can be avoided at radiation temperature of 170 eV if the Al layer is thicker than 60 μm.     

空气中激光支持爆轰波实验及理论分析

为了研究激光击穿空气产生的等离子体爆轰波形成机制和传播规律,利用高能量CO2激光器产生强激光,进行了空气中产生激光支持等离子体爆轰波实验。实验中:设置了诱导靶板,用于诱发和定位空气中的激光支持爆轰波;以激光器升压过程球隙放电产生的光信号作为触发源,触发高时间分辨率(纳秒级)的高速相机,记录了激光支持爆轰波的成长和传播全过程。分析了激光支持爆轰波的形成机理和传播规律。采用C-J爆轰理论,计算了激光支持爆轰波的压力和温度。研究结果表明:激光支持等离子体爆轰波形成初期,等离子体爆轰波发光体为球形;随着时间增加,等离子体爆轰波发光体的形状类似流星,且头部为等离子体前沿吸收层,亮度较高,而尾部等离子体温度较低,亮度较弱。等离子体爆轰波高速向激光源的方向移动,爆轰波速度高达18 km/s,温度约为107K。随着激光强度的减弱,爆轰波速度迅速按指数规律衰减,当爆轰波吸收的激光能量不能有效支持爆轰波传播时,爆轰波转变为冲击波。     

Conditions for laser-induced plasma to effectively remove nano-particles on silicon surfaces

Particles can be removed from a silicon surface by means of irradiation and a laser plasma shock wave.The particles and silicon are heated by the irradiation and they will expand differently due to their different expansion coefficients,making the particles easier to be removed.Laser plasma can ionize and even vaporize particles more significantly than an incident laser and,therefore,it can remove the particles more efficiently.The laser plasma shock wave plays a dominant role in removing particles,which is attributed to its strong burst force.The pressure of the laser plasma shock wave is determined by the laser pulse energy and the gap between the focus of laser and substrate surface.In order to obtain the working conditions for particle removal,the removal mechanism,as well as the temporal and spatial characteristics of velocity,propagation distance and pressure of shock wave have been researched.On the basis of our results,the conditions for nano-particle removal are achieved.     

神光Ⅱ上柱形黑腔辐射驱动冲击波

利用神光Ⅱ的八路三倍频激光装置，驱动柱形黑腔产生的x 射线作辐射源驱动台阶铝样品产生冲击波，获得了清晰的冲击波图像，通过冲击波过台阶样 品的时间差获得冲击波速度和压力分别为31.2km/s和17.5×10⁵MPa.采用软x射线能谱 仪通过激光注入孔测量的辐射温度与采用冲击波法测量辐射温度的结果一致. 关键词： 冲击波 辐射驱动 辐射温度