A path integral formula for quark condensate states in?a?modified?PQCD

A modified version of PQCD considered in previous works is investigated here in the case of retaining only the quark condensate. The Green function generating functional is expressed in a form in which Dirac’s delta functions are now absent from the free propagators. The new expansion implements the dimensional transmutation effect through a single interaction vertex in addition to the standard ones in massless QCD. The new vertex suggest a way for constructing an alternative to the SM, in which the mass and CKM matrices could be generated by the instability of massless QCD under the production of the top quark and other fermions condensates, in a kind of generalized Nambu–Jona-Lasinio mechanism. The results of a two loop evaluation of the vacuum energy indicate that the quark condensate is dynamically generated. However, the energy as a function of the condensate parameter is again unbounded from below in this approximation. Assuming the existence of a minimum of the vacuum energy at the experimental value of the top quark mass m _q =173 GeV, we evaluate the two particle propagator in the quark–anti-quark channel in zero order in the coupling and a ladder approximation in the condensate vertex. Adopting the notion from the former top quark models in which the Higgs field corresponds to the quark condensate, the results suggest that the Higgs particle could be represented by a meson which might appear at energies around twice the top quark mass.     

A path integral method for data assimilation

Described here is a path integral, sampling-based approach for data assimilation, of sequential data and evolutionary models. Since it makes no assumptions on linearity in the dynamics, or on Gaussianity in the statistics, it permits consideration of very general estimation problems. The method can be used for such tasks as computing a smoother solution, parameter estimation, and data/model initialization.Speedup in the Monte Carlo sampling process is essential if the path integral method has any chance of being a viable estimator on moderately large problems. Here a variety of strategies are proposed and compared for their relative ability to improve the sampling efficiency of the resulting estimator. Provided as well are details useful for its implementation and testing.The method is applied to a problem in which standard methods are known to fail, an idealized flow/drifter problem, which has been used as a testbed for assimilation strategies involving Lagrangian data. It is in this kind of context that the method may prove to be a useful assimilation tool in oceanic studies.     

A riemann integral approach to Feynman's path integral

It is a well known result that the Feynman's path integral (FPI) approach to quantum mechanics is equivalent to Schrödinger's equation when we use as integration measure the Wiener-Lebesgue measure. This results in little practical applicability due to the great algebraic complexibity involved, and the fact is that almost all applications of (FPI) practical calculations — are done using a Riemann measure. In this paper we present an expansion to all orders in time of FPI in a quest for a representation of the latter solely in terms of differentiable trajetories and Riemann measure. We show that this expansion agrees with a similar expansion obtained from Schrödinger's equation only up to first order in a Riemann integral context, although by chance both expansions referred to above agree for the free particle and harmonic oscillator cases. Our results permit, from the mathematical point of view, to estimate the many errors done in practical calculations of the FPI appearing in the literature and, from the physical point of view, our results supports the stochastic approach to the problem.     

A path integral to quantize spin

We present a model for a classical spinning particle, characterized by spin magnitude, arbitrary but fixed, and continuously varying direction. A gauge freedom of the model reflects the choice of canonical coordinates in the phase space, which is spherical. We formulate the path integral for the model and find, unexpectedly, that the phase space must be punctured at the poles. It then follows that both the total spin and spin projection along any axis are quantized. The model has rotational invariance and yields the usual quantum mechanics of spin, including commutation relations, in a simple way.     

A kernel-free boundary integral method for elliptic boundary value problems

This paper presents a class of kernel-free boundary integral (KFBI) methods for general elliptic boundary value problems (BVPs). The boundary integral equations reformulated from the BVPs are solved iteratively with the GMRES method. During the iteration, the boundary and volume integrals involving Green’s functions are approximated by structured grid-based numerical solutions, which avoids the need to know the analytical expressions of Green’s functions. The KFBI method assumes that the larger regular domain, which embeds the original complex domain, can be easily partitioned into a hierarchy of structured grids so that fast elliptic solvers such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) based Poisson/Helmholtz solvers or those based on geometric multigrid iterations are applicable. The structured grid-based solutions are obtained with standard finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM), where the right hand side of the resulting linear system is appropriately modified at irregular grid nodes to recover the formal accuracy of the underlying numerical scheme. Numerical results demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the KFBI methods are presented. It is observed that the number of GMRES iterations used by the method for solving isotropic and moderately anisotropic BVPs is independent of the sizes of the grids that are employed to approximate the boundary and volume integrals. With the standard second-order FEMs and FDMs, the KFBI method shows a second-order convergence rate in accuracy for all of the tested Dirichlet/Neumann BVPs when the anisotropy of the diffusion tensor is not too strong.     

A kernel-free boundary integral method for elliptic boundary value problems

This paper presents a class of kernel-free boundary integral (KFBI) methods for general elliptic boundary value problems (BVPs). The boundary integral equations reformulated from the BVPs are solved iteratively with the GMRES method. During the iteration, the boundary and volume integrals involving Green’s functions are approximated by structured grid-based numerical solutions, which avoids the need to know the analytical expressions of Green’s functions. The KFBI method assumes that the larger regular domain, which embeds the original complex domain, can be easily partitioned into a hierarchy of structured grids so that fast elliptic solvers such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) based Poisson/Helmholtz solvers or those based on geometric multigrid iterations are applicable. The structured grid-based solutions are obtained with standard finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM), where the right hand side of the resulting linear system is appropriately modified at irregular grid nodes to recover the formal accuracy of the underlying numerical scheme. Numerical results demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the KFBI methods are presented. It is observed that the number of GMRES iterations used by the method for solving isotropic and moderately anisotropic BVPs is independent of the sizes of the grids that are employed to approximate the boundary and volume integrals. With the standard second-order FEMs and FDMs, the KFBI method shows a second-order convergence rate in accuracy for all of the tested Dirichlet/Neumann BVPs when the anisotropy of the diffusion tensor is not too strong.     

A single closed formula for the general three-denominator Dalitz integral

We examine a general Dalitz integral containing the usual Feynman-type two-denominator term together with the Fourier transform \(\tilde \phi _{nlm} (q)\) of the hydrogenlike wave-function. A single closed formula is obtained for an arbitrary set {nlm} of quantum numbers, which is expressed in terms of the multivariable Lauricella hypergeometric functionF _D . The result is useful in a variety of calculations within the second Born approximation.     

Feynman's path integral

Feynman's integral is defined with respect to a pseudomeasure on the space of paths: for instance, letC be the space of pathsq:T?? → configuration space of the system, letC be the topological dual ofC; then Feynman's integral for a particle of massm in a potentialV can be written where $$S_{\operatorname{int} } (q) = \mathop \smallint \limits_T V(q(t)) dt$$ and wheredw is a pseudomeasure whose Fourier transform is defined by for μ∈C′. Pseudomeasures are discussed; several integrals with respect to pseudomeasures are computed.     

Nonperturbative lorentzian path integral for gravity

We construct a well-defined regularized path integral for Lorentzian quantum gravity in terms of dynamically triangulated causal space-times. Each Lorentzian geometry and its action have a unique Wick rotation to the Euclidean sector. All space-time histories possess a distinguished notion of a discrete proper time and, for finite lattice volume, the associated transfer matrix is self-adjoint, bounded, and strictly positive. The degenerate geometric phases found in dynamically triangulated Euclidean gravity are not present.     

A path integral approach to inclusive processes

The single-particle inclusive differential cross-section for a reaction is written as the imaginary part of a correlation function in a forward scattering amplitude for in a modified effective theory. In this modified theory the interaction Hamiltonian equals in the original theory up to a certain time. Then there is a sign change and becomes nonlocal. This is worked out in detail for scalar field models and for QED plus the abelian gluon model. A suitable path integral for direct calculations of inclusive cross sections is presented. Received: 8 March 2000 / Published online: 6 July 2000     

A path integral way to option pricing

An efficient computational algorithm to price financial derivatives is presented. It is based on a path integral formulation of the pricing problem. It is shown how the path integral approach can be worked out in order to obtain fast and accurate predictions for the value of a large class of options, including those with path-dependent and early exercise features. As examples, the application of the method to European and American options in the Black–Scholes model is illustrated. A particularly simple and fast semi-analytical approximation for the price of American options is derived. The results of the algorithm are compared with those obtained with the standard procedures known in the literature and found to be in good agreement.     

A path integral approach to asset-liability management

Functional integrals constitute a powerful tool in the investigation of financial models. In the recent econophysics literature, this technique was successfully used for the pricing of a number of derivative securities. In the present contribution, we introduce this approach to the field of asset-liability management. We work with a representation of cash flows by means of a two-dimensional delta-function perturbation, in the case of a Brownian model and a geometric Brownian model. We derive closed-form solutions for a finite horizon ALM policy. The results are numerically and graphically illustrated.     

A taxonomy of integral reaction path analysis

Achieving understanding through combustion modelling is limited by the ability to recognize the implications of what has been computed and to draw conclusions about the elementary steps underlying the reaction mechanism. This difficulty can be overcome in part by making better use of reaction path analysis in the context of multidimensional flame simulations. Following a survey of current practice, an integral reaction flux is formulated in terms of conserved scalars that can be calculated in a fully automated way. Conditional analyses are then introduced, and a taxonomy for bidirectional path analysis is explored. Many examples illustrate the resulting path analyses and uncover some new results about laminar non-premixed methane-air jets.     

On the regularized determinant for non-invertible elliptic operators

We propose a technique for regularizing the determinant of a non-invertible elliptic operator restricted to the complement of its nilpotent elements. We apply this approach to the study of chiral changes in the fermionic path-integral variables.     

Thermoalgebras and path integral

Using a representation for Lie groups closely associated with thermal problems, we derive the algebraic rules of the real-time formalism for thermal quantum field theories, the so-called thermo-field dynamics (TFD), including the tilde conjugation rules for interacting fields. These thermo-group representations provide a unified view of different approaches for finite-temperature quantum fields in terms of a symmetry group. On these grounds, a path integral formalism is constructed, using Bogoliubov transformations, for bosons, fermions and non-abelian gauge fields. The generalization of the results for quantum fields in topology is addressed.