A quantitative method for residues of macrolide antibiotics in porcine kidney by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

An LC/MS/MS-based multiresidue quantitative method was developed for the macrolides erythromycin A, neospiramycin I, oleandomycin, spiramycin I, tilmicosin, and tylosin A in porcine kidney tissues. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) had as part of its analytical scope an LC/UV method for quantification of residues of two macrolide antibiotics, tilmicosin and tylosin A, in the kidney, liver, and muscle of cattle, swine, and poultry. The method could not reliably detect concentrations below 10 microg/kg. To increase the scope of the CFIA's analytical capabilities, a sensitive multiresidue quantitative method for macrolide residues in food animal tissues was required. Porcine kidney samples were extracted with acetonitrile and alkaline buffer and cleaned-up using silica-based C18 SPE cartridges. Sample extracts were analyzed using LC/MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization. Fitness for purpose was verified in a single-laboratory validation study using a second analyst. The working analytical range was 5 to 50 microg/kg. LOD and LOQ were 0.5 to 0.6 microg/kg and 1.5 to 3.0 microg/kg, respectively. Limits of identification were 0.5 to 2.0 microg/kg. Relative intermediate precisions were 8 to 17%. Average absolute recoveries were 68 to 76%.     

水产品中螺旋霉素、替米考星、泰乐菌素与北里霉素残留量的超高效液相色谱-紫外检测法同时测定

建立了水产品肌肉组织中螺旋霉素、替米考星、泰乐菌素、北里霉素同时测定的超高效液相色谱-紫外检测(UPLC-TUV)方法。样品经乙腈提取后,浓缩至近干,用4%NaCl溶解残渣,正己烷除脂,经固相萃取小柱净化,乙腈洗脱;以乙腈-25 mmol/L磷酸二氢铵(pH2.5,含10%乙腈)为流动相,以ACQUITYUPLC BEHC18为分离柱,柱温为45℃,流速为0.3 mL/min,紫外检测。方法在0.100~20.0 mg/L范围内呈线性相关,螺旋霉素、替米考星、泰乐菌素和北里霉素的相关系数分别为0.998 7、0.999 3、0.999 4和0.998 0。平均回收率为70%~102%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~11.2%,螺旋霉素、替米考星、泰乐菌素和北里霉素的检出限分别为25、25、50、75μg/kg。方法满足水产品肌肉组织中螺旋霉素、替米考星、泰乐菌素和北里霉素的残留量测定。     

肉食品中常见4种抗生素残留的高效液相色谱分析

建立了同时测定肉食品中泰乐菌素、替米考星、氯霉素、氟苯尼考的高效液相色谱方法,样品经乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂, HLB小柱净化后,以C18反相色谱柱为分离柱,甲醇－磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液(pH 3.0,含体积比为10％的甲醇溶液）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长λ为275 nm.泰乐菌素、替米考星、氯霉素、氟苯尼考的线性范围是0.1～20.0 mg/L,相关系数分别为0.9987、0.9992、0.9985、0.9970.其平均回收率为75％～87%,相对标准偏差为1.35％～5.41％,泰乐菌素、替米考星、氯霉素、氟苯尼考的检出限分别为20、32、19、16μg/kg.方法满足肉食品中泰乐菌素、替米考星、氯霉素、氟苯尼考的残留量测定.     

Determination of macrolide antibiotics by liquid chromatography

The liquid chromatographic separation of seven macrolides used in food producing animals in the European Union has been studied. Separation was performed by using an end-capped high-purity silica-based C₁₈ column and mobile phases consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 2.5)–acetonitrile mixtures. The effect of pH and acetonitrile percentage on the separation was examined. Two UV-based detection systems, wavelength programming and diode array, were assayed. Detection limits were in the range 6–33 μg l⁻¹ for spiramycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, kitasamicin and josamicin and about 400 μg l⁻¹ for erythromycin and oleandomycin. The suitability of the method for multiresidue determination of the five macrolides is demonstrated by the analysis of spiked samples of chicken muscle.     

Confirmatory method for macrolide residues in bovine tissues by micro-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A new confirmatory method for three macrolides (tylosin, tilmicosin and erythromycin) in bovine muscle, liver and kidney by micro-LC-MS-MS using an atmospheric pressure ionisation source and an ionspray interface has been developed. Roxithromycin was used as internal standard. The molecular related ions, [M+2H]2+, at m/z 435 for tilmicosin, and [M+H]+, at m/z 734 and 916 for erythromycin and tylosin, respectively, were the precursor ions for collision-induced-dissociation and two diagnostic product ions for each macrolide were identified for the unambiguous confirmation by selected reaction monitoring LC-MS-MS. Precision values (relative standard deviations) were all below 14.9%, whereas the overall accuracy (relative error) ranged from -17.7 to -9.8% for tylosin, from -17.5 to -10.7% for tilmicosin and from -19.6 to -13.7% for erythromycin, in all the investigated bovine tissues. The limits of quantification were 30 (muscle) or 40 (liver, kidney) microg kg(-1), 20 (muscle) or 150 (liver, kidney) microg kg(-1), 50 (muscle, liver) or 80 (kidney) microg kg(-1), 20 (muscle, liver) or 50 (kidney) microg kg(-1) for tylosin, tilmicosin, erytromycin and roxithromycin, respectively.     

液相色谱在线净化-电喷雾串联质谱测定水产品中大环内酯和林可胺类药物残留

建立了水产品中大环内酯类抗生素[红霉素(ERM)、罗红霉素(ROM)、替米卡星(TIL)、泰乐菌素(TYL)、北里霉素(KIT)、交沙霉素(JOS)、竹桃霉素(OLM)、螺旋霉素Ⅰ(SPM-Ⅰ)]和林可胺类(林可霉素(LIN)和氯林可霉素(CLD))的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-ESI-MS/MS)检测方法.样品经提取、反相液相色谱分离净化后进行质谱分析,在选择反应监测模式(SRM)下进行特征母-子离子对信号采集.根据保留时间和母离子及两个特征子离子信息定性分析,以基峰离子进行定量.大环内酯类残留的检出限(S/N=3)为0.1～0.2μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg,在1.0～200 ng/mL时峰强度与质量浓度的线性关系良好(R~2 >0.99).在虾、鳗鱼和带鱼3种基质中1.0、2.0、10.0μg/kg 3个添加水平下,除个别药物外,药物的平均回收率范围为64%～114%,RSD<12%.该法适用于各种水产品中大环内酯类残留的分析.     

Separation analysis of macrolide antibiotics with good performance on a positively charged C18HCE column

The separation of basic macrolide antibiotics suffers from peak tailing and poor efficiency on traditional silica‐based reversed‐phase liquid chromatography columns. In this work, a C18HCE column with positively charged surface was applied to the separation of macrolides. Compared with an Acquity BEH C18 column, the C18HCE column exhibited superior performance in the aspect of peak shape and separation efficiency. The screening of mobile phase additives including formic acid, acetic acid and ammonium formate indicated that formic acid was preferable for providing symmetrical peak shapes. Moreover, the influence of formic acid content was investigated. Analysis speed and mass spectrometry compatibility were also taken into account when optimizing the separation conditions for liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was successfully utilized for the determination of macrolide residues in a honey sample. Azithromycin was chosen as the internal standard for the quantitation of spiramycin and tilmicosin, while roxithromycin was used for erythromycin, tylosin, clarithromycin, josamycin and acetylisovaleryltylosin. Good correlation coefficients (r² > 0.9938) for all macrolides were obtained. The intra‐day and inter‐day recoveries were 73.7–134.7% and 80.7–119.7% with relative standard deviations of 2.5–8.0% and 3.9–16.1%, respectively. Outstanding sensitivity with limits of quantitation (S/N ≥ 10) of 0.02–1 μg/kg and limits of detection (S/N ≥ 3) of 0.01–0.5 μg/kg were achieved.     

Determination of spiramycin and neospiramycin antibiotic residues in raw milk using LC/ESI‐MS/MS and solid‐phase extraction

A simple confirmatory method for the determination of spiramycin and its metabolite neospiramycin in raw milk using LC ESI MS/MS is presented. Macrolide residues in raw milk were extracted by ACN, and sample extracts were further cleaned up and concentrated using SPE cartridges. Both spiramycin and neospiramycin were protonated in electrospray positive ion mode to form singly and/or doubly charged pseudomolecular ions. Data acquisition was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring, i.e., two transitions, for quantification and confirmation. Matrix‐matched standard calibration curves were utilized to achieve the best accuracy for the method. The method performance was evaluated according to both a conventional validation procedure and a designed experimental result. The measurement uncertainty arising from accuracy and precision was estimated. The method accuracy, expressed as a percentage of an overall recovery, was from 82.1 to 108.8%, and its intermediate precision was less than 20%. LC/ESI‐MS/MS method LODs (S/N ? 3:1) of spiramycin and neospiramycin were less than 1.0 μg/kg.     

Optimization of the experimental conditions for macrolide antibiotics in high performance liquid chromatography by using response surface methodology and determination of tylosin in milk samples

The simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic separation of five macrolides (tilmicosin, erythromycin, tylosin, roxithromycin and josamycin) widely used in food producing animals was developed. Response surface methodology was used as an optimization method of mobile phase, column temperature and pH to provide the best resolution of these analytes. The separation was performed by using an end-capped X-Terra RP-18 column (250 × 4.6 mm I.D × 5 m) with an isocratic system of 15 mM hydrochloric acid (pH 2.5)-acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a temperature of 30°C and flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min. The suitability of the method for multi-residue determination of the macrolides is demonstrated by the analysis of milk samples spiked with tylosin. Roxithromycin was used as internal standard. The recovery of tylosin was quite good as 90.8%. The limit of quantification and detection limit were 0.024 and 0.007 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determination of macrolides at levels below the maximum concentration legally allowed in milk samples.     

Determination of Macrolide Antibiotics Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A novel method for the determination of macrolide antibiotics using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric detection was developed. Acetone and dichloromethane were used as the disperser solvent and extraction solvent, respectively. A mixture of extraction solvent and disperser solvent were rapidly injected into a 1.0 mL aqueous sample to form a cloudy solution. After the extraction, macrolide antibiotics were detected using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI/MS) with colloidal silver as the matrix. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 2, 3, 3, and 2 nM for erythromycin (ERY), spiramycin (SPI), tilmicosin (TILM), and tylosin (TYL), respectively. This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of macrolide antibiotics in human urine samples.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法同步检测抗生素生产废水中螺旋霉素与新螺旋霉素残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同步测定了抗生素生产废水中残留的螺旋霉素(SPM-Ⅰ)和新螺旋霉素(NSPM-Ⅰ)。考察了萃取溶剂种类、水样pH值、萃取次数、水样与萃取溶剂的体积比等因素对目标物回收率的影响。以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm i.d.,1.7 μm)为分析柱,0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相梯度淋洗,流速0.2 mL/min,电喷雾正离子多重反应监测模式检测。标准曲线在0.02~1.00 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,r2均大于0.999。方法回收率为70% ~ 88%,相对标准偏差小于10%,检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.03 μg/L(SPM-Ⅰ)和0.06 μg/L(NSPM-Ⅰ)。该方法应用于无锡市某制药厂抗生素生产废水中SPM-Ⅰ和NSPM-Ⅰ的检测,检出质量浓度分别为（115.6±2.7） mg/L和（5.3±0.4） mg/L。     

Determination of amoxicillin in trout by liquid chromatography with UV detection after derivatization

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method based on solid-phase extraction was developed for determination of amoxicillin in muscle tissue of rainbow trout. The compound was extracted in an aqueous solution by precipitation of organic material with a mixture of sulfuric acid and sodium tungstate. The extract was processed by solid-phase extraction on an end-capped phenyl sorbent, and concentrated on a divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone polymeric sorbent. The extract was derivatized and analyzed by reversed-phase gradient LC on a C18 column with UV detection at 323 nm. The method detection limit was 2.9 micrograms/kg. Mean recovery in muscle was 80.5% (range 10-200 micrograms/kg). The method was applied to fillets from trout offered feed containing amoxicillin in an aquaculture pilot plant. Amoxicillin was detected in muscle tissue shortly after administration but not 3 weeks later. The relative repeatability standard deviation for incurred residues in muscle tissue was 6.4% (range 11-143 micrograms/kg).     

替米考星磁性表面分子印迹聚合物的制备及应用

报道了一种替米考星磁性表面分子印迹聚合物吸附剂。它以Fe₃O₄@SiO₂为磁性基质，替米考星为模板分子，甲基丙烯酸为功能单体，通过硅烷化反应在Fe₃O₄@SiO₂表面键合上3-（甲基丙烯酰氧）丙基三甲氧基硅烷制备得到。该吸附剂对大环内酯类抗生素表现出高选择性和高富集能力（对4种模型大环内酯的富集倍数为212~675倍）。相比传统的非表面分子印迹聚合物，吸附平衡时间可缩短为30 min，可以重复使用至少6次；结合高效液相色谱-紫外检测，将该吸附剂应用于奶粉中4种大环内酯类抗生素的残留检测，所得检出限和定量限分别为0.58~1.36 μg/kg和1.92~4.55 μg/kg，日内（n=5）和日间（n=3）回收率在83.2%~123.0%之间，RSD均小于12.2%。     

螺旋霉素分子印迹磁性纳米吸附剂的合成及应用

制备了一种以螺旋霉素为模板分子的分子印迹磁性纳米吸附剂。以磁性纳米Fe₃O₄为内核,经丙烯酸表面修饰后再以螺旋霉素为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,通过表面自由基聚合反应制备得到。该吸附剂对螺旋霉素、交沙霉素、替米考星和酒石酸泰乐菌素4种大环内酯类抗生素表现出良好的富集效果（富集倍数分别为310、118、758和72）,其选择性明显优于常规C₁₈吸附剂。该吸附剂可重复使用至少6次。结合高效液相色谱-紫外检测器建立了上述4种抗生素的分析方法。方法检出限为0.53~2.75 μg/L,定量限为1.78~9.16 μg/L;在50、100和150 μg/L低中高3个添加水平下,方法回收率在80.78%~123.02%之间,相对标准偏差<15.8%（n=5）。该方法被应用于分析蜂蜜中的上述4种抗生素。     

Innovative mixture of salts in the quick,easy, cheap,effective, rugged,and safe method for the extraction of residual macrolides in milk followed by analysis with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

A simple extraction technique has been developed for seven macrolide antibiotics in milk. The procedure involves a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method based on acetonitrile extraction, followed by the addition of a mixture of salts (sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium carbonate) not yet reported in literature. The method was validated for tylosin and was selective, free of matrix effect, and linear in the range of 0.78–18.75 ng/mL in the final extract, corresponding to 0.125–3 times the maximum residue limit. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, decision limit, and detection capability were, respectively, 0.84, 2.79, 58.4, and 71.7 μg/kg. The overall average recovery at 25, 50, and 75 μg/kg ranged from 89–97%. Repeatability and intermediate precision expressed by relative standard deviations were below 10.5 and 12%, respectively. The extension of the validation for spiramycin, throleandomycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin is under consideration since the procedure proved to be able to efficiently extract all studied macrolides, with recoveries from 74–104% at 50 μg/kg for tylosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and oleandomycin and 20 μg/kg for throleandomycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin.     

Determination of fenbendazole and its metabolites in trout by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method based on solid phase extraction was developed for the simultaneous determination of fenbendazole (FBZ), fenbendazole sulfoxide (FBZ-SO) and fenbendazole sulfone (FBZ-SO2) in trout muscle and skin tissues. The compounds were extracted with acetonitrile and the extract was concentrated and cleaned up by solid phase extraction on C18 and CN cartridges. The extract was analysed by reversed-phase gradient HPLC on a C18 column followed by ultraviolet detection at 290 nm. The method's detection limits were 4.0 micrograms kg-1 for FBZ, 4.5 micrograms kg-1 for FBZ-SO and 3.8 micrograms kg-1 for FBZ-SO2. The mean recovery in muscle was 88% for FBZ, 94% for FBZ-SO and 92% for FBZ-SO2 at a level of 5-150 micrograms kg-1. The corresponding mean recoveries in skin tissue were 88, 81 and 86% at a level of 10-100 micrograms kg-1. The mean relative repeatability standard deviation was 9.2% at a level of 5 micrograms kg-1, 5.9% at a level of 10-100 micrograms kg-1 and 2.3% at a level of 150 micrograms kg-1. The method was applied to trout given feed containing FBZ in an aquaculture pilot plant. The three compounds FBZ, FBZ-SO and FBZ-SO2 were all detected in muscle and skin tissues shortly after administration. The concentrations were generally highest in skin tissue.     

Liquid chromatography-UV diode-array detection method for multi-residue determination of macrolide antibiotics in sheep's milk

A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-UV diode-array detection method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven macrolides (erythromycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, josamycin, spiramycin, tylosin and ivermectin) in sheep's milk. The column, mobile phase, temperature and flow rate were optimised to provide the best resolution of these analytes. The extraction of the antibiotic residues involves the treatment of protein-free samples with a combination of concentrated sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Necessary defatting is achieved by alkaline hydrolysis. The recovery of each antibiotic was between 55% and 77%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1% to 6.5%. The limit of quantification was 72.4 microg/kg for ivermectin, 48.3 microg/kg for roxithromycin, and 24.1 microg/kg for erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, josamycin and tylosin. The procedure was successfully used in the multi-residue determination of these macrolides at levels below the maximum concentrations legally allowed in milk samples.     

Multiresidue analytical method for the determination of eight penicillin antibiotics in muscle tissue by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC after precolumn derivatization.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 8 penicillin compounds (benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin) at trace levels in muscle tissue. This method involves extraction of the penicillins with phosphate buffer pH 9 followed by cleanup and concentration on a C18 solid-phase extraction column and reaction with benzoic anhydride at 50 degrees C for 5 min and with 1,2,4-triazole and mercury(II) chloride solution pH 9 at 65 degrees C for 10 min. The derivatized compounds are eluted on a C8 column with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 6; 0.1 mol/L) loaded with sodium thiosulfate and ion-pairing tetrabutylammonium hydrogenosulphate. The method detection limit is approximately 3-11 micrograms/kg and the limit of determination was evaluated down to 25 micrograms/kg in line with the criteria of the EU decision No. 93/256/EEC.     

Determination of macrolide antibiotics in porcine and bovine urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to coulometric detection

A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to coulometric detection has been applied for the determination, in a single run, of up to eight macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin [ERY], tylosin [TYL], tilmicosin [TILM], spiramycin 2 [SPI 2], spiramycin 3 [SPI 3], josamycin [JOS], kitasamycin [KIT], and rosamicin [ROS]) in spiked porcine and bovine urine. Quantification was performed using matrix-matched calibration with roxithromycin (ROX) as the internal standard. The detection limits for each drug were below 3.5 ng injected (equivalent to an initial concentration below 0.07 mg L^–1) for porcine urine and below 5 ng injected (equivalent to an initial concentration below 0.10 mg L^–1) for bovine urine. Recoveries from urine samples spiked at three different concentrations within the linear range were not significantly dependent on concentration. The entire procedure provides average macrolide recoveries ranging from 69.7 to 96.6% for bovine urine and from 75.5 and 96.1% for porcine urine.     

鸡肉中11种喹诺酮类药物多残留的高效液相色谱检测

建立了用荧光检测器同时测定11种喹诺酮类药物(包括诺氟沙星、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、达氟沙星、洛美沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、恶喹酸和氟甲喹)在鸡肉中的多残留的高效液相色谱检测方法。鸡肉样品用10%三氯乙酸-乙腈(体积比为7∶3)提取两次并稀释,随后用反相固相萃取柱净化。采用Hypersil BDS-C18色谱柱分离,以乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱,荧光检测器用程序编程检测波长检测。11种喹诺酮类药物标准曲线的线性范围为5～1200 μg/L,相关系数大于0.998。在高、中、低三个添加水平下的回收率为56%～119%,批内相对标准偏差为0.4%～16.1%,批间相对标准偏差为1.4%～23.0%。检出限和定量限分别为1～23 μg/kg和4～40 μg/kg。该方法快速、灵敏,达到了兽药残留检测的要求。