在线还原富集-导数火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中铬Ⅲ和Ⅵ铬的形态

采用单阀双阳离子交换树脂微柱并联 ,设计了双路采样逆向洗脱在线分离富集系统 ,该系统与原子吸收导数测量技术相结合 ,实现了在线分离富集 导数火焰原子吸收光谱法同时测定水中Cr 和Cr ,导数仪用 2mV min档位 ,富集 1min时 ,分析速度为 6 0样 h ,测定Cr 和Cr 的特征浓度分别为 0 .44 8μg L和0 793μg L(相当于 1%导数吸收度 ) ,线性范围分别为 0～ 90和 0～ 180 μg L ;对浓度分别为 10、2 0 μg LCr 和Cr 测定的相对标准偏差分别为 2 .85 %和 2 .85 %;检出限分别为 0 .85 5和 1.71μg L ;该法对实际水样加标回收率在 94.7%～ 10 4%之间。     

以 PT-C18 色谱预柱在线流动注射分离富集火焰原子吸收法测定银

使用 PT-C18 色谱预处理柱,以双硫腙为螯合剂,甲醇为洗脱剂,采用流动注射在线分离富集与原子吸收联用技术,对银的测定进行了研究.1 min富集(4.2 mL)的富集倍率24,检出限为 0.62 μg/L,相对标准偏差为 1.8%(n=7).     

在线离子交换预富集–FLAAS测定环境水样中的铬(Ⅵ)

采用在线离子交换预富集–火焰原子吸收光谱法(FLAAS)测定环境水样中痕量铬(Ⅵ)。通过试验考察样品溶液pH、洗脱剂浓度、离子交换树脂用量及共存离子对离子交换树脂富集效果的影响。结果表明,当交换树脂用量为0.50 g,样品溶液pH值为6.0时,用0.60 mol/L盐酸–10%抗坏血酸进行洗脱具有良好效果。铬(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在0～20.0μg/L之间与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数大于0.9998。该方法用于在线分离和富集环境水样中的铬(Ⅵ),灵敏度提高了100倍,加标回收率为96%～104%。     

改性沸石填充柱在线分离富集电热原子吸收法测定水中铬(Ⅵ)及铬的形态分布

本文用溴化十六烷基三甲胺(HDTMAB)改性的天然斜发沸石微填充柱,建立了顺序注射在线分离富集电热原子吸收法测定水中Cr(Ⅵ)及铬形态分布的方法.方法测定Cr(Ⅵ)的线性范围为0.1～3.0 μg/L,检出限为0.03 μg/L,精密度为3.7%(1.0 μg/L,n=5),采样频率为16/h,当进样体积为200 μL时的富集倍率为5.6.用本法测定了标准水样GBW08608中的铬,所得结果与标准值相符.另外测定了自来水中的铬及其形态分布,加标回收率合格.     

米面中痕量铍的微波消解-固相萃取/石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析

建立了微波消解-固相萃取/石墨炉原子吸收法富集并测定米面中痕量铍的方法.采用微波消解制样,7-(2'-胂酸基-5'-羧酸)苯偶氮-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸(H2L)与Be2+螯合形成BeL络合物,C18固相萃取柱(C18-SPE)富集BeL,石墨炉原子吸收法测定C18柱洗脱液中的BeL.最佳实验条件为:采用50 μL pH 3.0的50 g/L H2L水溶液与样品中的铍螯合15 min,水相上柱,用2 mL 50%(体积分数)甲醇溶液洗脱.结果表明,方法的线性范围为0.05 ～14 μg/L,检出限为0.02 μg/L,对实际米面样品测定的加标回收率为90% ～110%,可用于食品等复杂基质中痕量铍的测定.     

纳米二氧化钛分离/富集-石墨原子吸收光谱法测定环境样品中痕量镉

以石墨炉原子吸收(GFAAS)为检测手段,研究了纳米二氧化钛(TiO2,锐钛型)对金属Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能,考察了吸附和解吸的主要影响因素.结果表明,在较宽的pH范围内,纳米TiO2对Cd(Ⅱ)具有良好的吸附性能,3.0 mol/L HCl能将所吸附的Cd(Ⅱ)完全洗脱.在优化的实验条件下,具有吸附容量大、吸附速度快的特点.本法的检出限(3σ)为10.6 ng/L;相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%,(n=7,C=2.0 μg/L),富集50倍.本法测定标准样品的测定值与参考值吻合.用于土壤类样品中Cd(Ⅱ)的测定,结果令人满意.     

球形立方相纳米二氧化铈-ICP-MS法同时测定痕量铅和镉

采用室温固相法合成球形立方相纳米CeO2,建立了纳米CeO2富集分离,ICP-M S同时测定痕量Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的方法。在pH 7.0,10 mg CeO2,吸附15min后,纳米CeO2对Pb(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附率均可达100%;以2mL 0.05 mol/L HCl溶液为洗脱剂、洗脱20 min后,对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的洗脱率可分别达到98%和95%以上;纳米CeO2对Pb(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ)的最大静态吸附容量分别为496.9μg/g和243.1μg/g,富集倍数均可达250倍,共存离子影响小。优化ICP-MS仪器工作条件,选择205Bi和115In为在线内标进行Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的测定,检出限分别为1.7 pg/mL和9.2 pg/mL,RSD分别为4.8%和0.94%。方法应用于实际水样,回收率分别为Pb(Ⅱ)93.6%~106.4%,Cd(Ⅱ)96.2%~108.9%。     

离子印迹壳聚糖/凹土分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱测定中药材中痕量Cd(Ⅱ)的研究

建立了离子印迹壳聚糖/凹凸棒石(IICA)分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)测定中药材中痕量Cd(Ⅱ)的新方法。在动态吸附条件下,系统研究了溶液pH值、流速、洗脱条件和干扰离子对痕量Cd(Ⅱ)分离富集的影响。研究表明,在pH为4.5,上样流速为0.60mL/min条件下,Cd(Ⅱ)能被IICA定量富集;吸附的Cd(Ⅱ)可用1.0mol/L HCl-0.1mol/L甲基异丁酮的乙醇溶液,在流速为0.96mL/min条件下完全洗脱。优化条件下,IICA对Cd(Ⅱ)的动态吸附容量为56.45mg/g。线性范围为0.00097～1.28mg/L,r=0.9994,检出限(3σ,n=11)为0.97μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.32%(n=6,c=0.08mg/L),回收率在96.5%～106.4%之间。该方法操作简便,灵敏度和精密度高,可应用于实际中药材样品中痕量镉的测定。     

计算机拟合技术研究C18柱在富集PAEs时的萃取条件

利用固相萃取技术富集了水中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)).借助均匀设计法及计算机回归建模优化技术对5种PAEs的固相萃取条件进行了设计与优化,得到最佳固相萃取条件为: 洗脱剂配比: V(正己烷)∶V(丙酮)=30∶1,洗脱体积2 mL,洗脱流速为4 mL/min,上样流速8 mL/min.富集后的样品用带电子捕获检测器的毛细管气相色谱检测,方法的线性范围为1～1000 μg/L (DMP,DEP,DOP),0.2～100 μg/L (DBP,DEHP);线性回归方程的相关系数为0.9970～1.000,检出限为0.02～0.4 μg/L,方法回收率为69%～117%,相对标准偏差为2.2%～9.5%.     

流动注射-微柱在线富集/电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定中成药中痕量铅和镉

采用自制固相萃取材料PTFE-g-GMA-PEI纤维填充微柱预富集和流动注射(FI) 与电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪联用, 测定样品中痕量Pb2+和Cd2+.对Pb2+和Cd2+的富集与洗脱条件进行优化,并给出相应离子的分析特性.结果表明: 本方法Pb2+和Cd2+检出限分别为3.5和0.15 μg/L; 富集倍数分别为30和80; RSD分别为1.5%和0.6%(n=9,单个离子浓度为50 μg/L).本方法应用于几种中成药中的痕量铅和镉的同时测定,样品加标回收率在90%～108% 之间, 结果满意.     

整体柱在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱同步富集检测水中的苯氧羧酸类除草剂

采用C18毛细管整体柱作为固相微萃取整体柱,构建在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用系统,同步富集检测环境水样中的5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂。详细考察了联用系统运行条件对富集检测的影响。联用系统运行最佳参数为:固相微萃取整体柱长度20 cm,进样流速0.04 mL/min,进样13 min,洗脱流速0.02 mL/min,洗脱5 min。在最佳条件下,5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检出限为:9 μg/L (苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(2-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(3-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、5 μg/L (2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)、5 μg/L (2-(2,4-二氯苯氧基)丙酸)。与HPLC系统直接进样对比,联用系统对5种检测对象表现出优良的富集能力。5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的回收率在79.0%~98.0%之间(RSD≤3.9%)。该方法成功应用于水样中5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检测,结果令人满意。     

Minicolumn field sampling--preconcentration of trace zinc from seawater and its laboratory detection by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

A simple field sampling-preconcentration method for zinc determination in seawater is described. Seawater was collected in situ by pumping it through a minicolumn packed with a chelating resin (Chelite P) connected to a field flow preconcentration system (FFPS). These packed minicolumns retain the dissolved zinc, and once are loaded with the analyte, they are returned to the laboratory where they are sequentially inserted into a flow injection system for on-line zinc elution with diluted hydrochloric acid and flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. A factorial design has been used to optimize the FFPS and the flow injection elution process. The proposed method has a linear calibration range from 0.07 to at least 9.4 microg L(-1) of zinc, with a detection limit of 0.02 microg L(-1) and a throughput of 26 samples h(-1). Validation was carried out against certified reference water samples. This procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of Zn in seawater samples from Galicia (Spain).     

Structural dependence of HPLC separation pattern of anthocyanins from Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.)

An HPLC method using isocratic elution was established for the analysis of fifteen anthocyanins contained in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Separation was attained by using an aqueous solution of 20% methanol containing 0.5% TFA as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 2 ml/min. The detection limit was 0.3 pmol for delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, which is a major anthocyanin in bilberry extract. The reproducibility was 0.19-3.85% (S.E.M) for peak area and 0.64-0.77% (S.E.M) for relative mobility normalized by the elution position of the solvent peak. When the relative elution volumes of each anthocyanins were correlated to their corresponding anthocyanin structures, a characteristic pattern was observed. From this pattern, the structures of unknown anthocyanins could be predicted from their elution times. Therefore, the present method is useful for the study of anthocyanins from various biological sources.     

Theoretical background of short chromatographic layers. Optimization of gradient elution in short columns

Although linear salt gradient elution ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) of proteins is commonly carried out with relatively short columns, it is still not clear how the column length affects the separation performance and the economics of the process. The separation performance can be adjusted by changing a combination of the column length, the gradient slope and the flow velocity. The same resolution can be obtained with a given column length with different combinations of the gradient slope and the flow velocity. This results in different separation time and elution volume at the same resolution. Based on our previous model, a method for determining the separation time and the elution volume relationship for the same resolution (iso-resolution curve) was developed. The effect of the column length and the mass transfer rate on the iso-resolution curve was examined. A long column and/or high mass transfer rate results in lesser elution volume. The resolution data with porous bead packed columns and monolithic columns were in good agreement with the calculated iso-resolution curves. Although the elution volume can be reduced with increasing column length, the pressure drop limits govern the optimum conditions.     

制备型液相色谱法分离纯化3-甲基吡啶光氯化产物中的2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶

利用制备型高效液相色谱从3-甲基吡啶光氯化产物中分离纯化得到2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,对制备色谱的洗脱方式、洗脱剂组成及浓度、进样量等参数进行了优化。使用的制备柱为Zorbax-C18柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,采用速度梯度洗脱方式进行洗脱,用二极管阵列检测器在240 nm波长下检测,进样体积为100 μL。该方法的制备回收率为82.7%,相对标准偏差为4.0%（n=5）,产品纯度为99.01%。     

高效液相色谱法分离双手性中心β-氨基酮旋光异构体

建立了使用AE. Lichrom AM 1手性色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)直接拆分含有双手性中心的β-氨基酮类化合物的4个旋光异构体的方法。考察了流动相的极性大小、洗脱方式及流速等因素对异构体拆分的影响,确定了分离β-氨基酮类化合物异构体的最佳分离条件: 流动相为正己烷/异丙醇,洗脱模式为二元高压梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL/min。在上述色谱条件下,完成了4种含双手性中心的β-氨基酮类化合物的4个旋光异构体的基线分离(Rs＞1.5)。结果表明该方法可快捷、简便地分离双手性中心β-氨基酮类化合物的4个旋光异构体。     

Flow and heat transfer in non-Newtonian nanofluids over porous surfaces

In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow of a pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian nanofluid over permeable surface has been solved in the presence of injection and suction. Similarity solution method is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, which then is solved numerically using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth order (RKF45) method. The Cu, CuO, TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are considered in this study along with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/water as base fluid. Validation has been done with former numerical results. The influence of power-law index, volume fraction of nanoparticles, nanoparticles type and permeability parameter on nanofluid flow and heat transfer was investigated. The results of the study illustrated that the flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid in the presence of suction and injection has different behaviors. For injection and the impermeable plate, the non-Newtonian nanofluid shows a better heat transfer performance compared to Newtonian nanofluid. However, changing the type of nanoparticles has a more intense influence on heat transfer process during suction. It was also observed that in injection, contrary to the other two cases, the usage of non-Newtonian nanofluid can decrease heat transfer in all cases.

     

强阴离子交换色谱结合分子排阻色谱纯化血清中免疫球蛋白和白蛋白

动物血清中免疫球蛋白和白蛋白的等电点分别约为7.8和4.8,根据它们等电点的较大差别,利用Q SepharoseTM-XL强阴离子交换色谱结合分子排阻色谱同时分离纯化这2种蛋白。以0.02 mol/L pH 8.0的Tris-HCl缓冲液平衡离子交换色谱柱并将已稀释10倍的高免疫的兔血清上样,采用pH分段洗脱。在pH 6.0时以0.3 mL/min低流速洗脱得到高纯度的免疫球蛋白,继续在pH 4.0时洗脱,再辅以Sephadex G-75分子排阻色谱可获得纯度大于95%的白蛋白。对纯化后的蛋白进行活性检测,证明所纯化的免疫球蛋白和白蛋白都保持正常的生物活性。蛋白质含量测定说明免疫球蛋白的纯化回收率达到95%以上,而白蛋白的纯化回收率大于90%。该法简便快速,可同时从动物血清中纯化出保持生物活性的免疫球蛋白和白蛋白,纯化效率高。     

Single nucleotide polymorphism detection method by temperature-gradient affinity chromatography using a single-stranded oligo-DNA coupled column

We developed an affinity chromatographic method for simple single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection by use of a single-stranded DNA-coupled column and temperature gradient elution, utilizing the difference in thermal stability between hybridized double-stranded DNAs with and without mismatched base-pairs in the course of temperature gradient elution. We studied experimentally and theoretically the elution behavior of DNAs with and without SNPs in this chromatography and proposed a numerical calculation method based on a thermodynamic dissociation model. The effects of the column volume, flow rate of eluent and heating rate of the column on elution profiles were clarified. For designing DNA ligands, mismatched base-pair positions favorable for detection of SNPs were also explored by use of hybridized DNAs coding a part of the human TP53 gene.     

On the no-field method for void time determination in flow field-flow fractionation

Elution time measurements of colloidal particles injected in a symmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) system when the inlet and outlet cross-flow connections are closed have been performed. This no-field method has been proposed earlier for void time (and void volume) determination in flow FFF Giddings et al. (1977). The elution times observed were much larger than expected on the basis of the channel geometrical volume and the flow rate. In order to explain these discrepancies, a flow model allowing the carrier liquid to flow through the porous walls toward the reservoirs located behind the porous elements and along these reservoirs was developed. The ratio between the observed elution time and expected one is found to depend only on a parameter which is a function of the effective permeability and thickness of the porous elements and of the channel thickness and length. The permeabilities of the frits used in the system were measured. Their values lead to predicted elution times in reasonable agreement with experimental ones, taking into account likely membrane protrusion inside the channel on system assembly. They comfort the basic feature of the flow model, in the no-field case. The carrier liquid mostly bypasses the channel to flow along the system mainly in the reservoir. It flows through the porous walls toward the reservoirs near channel inlet and again through the porous walls from the reservoirs to the channel near channel outlet before exiting the system. In order to estimate the extent of this bypassing process, it is desirable that the hydrodynamic characteristics of the permeable elements (permeability and thickness) are provided by flow FFF manufacturers. The model applies to symmetrical as well as asymmetrical flow FFF systems.