球形尖晶石LiMn2O4掺杂钇的性能研究

利用控制结晶方法, 在前驱体碳酸锰中共沉淀掺杂适量的钇, 得到球形掺杂钇的碳酸锰, 在540 ℃预烧后, 与锂盐一起焙烧, 可以得到高活性的掺钇球形尖晶石LiMn₂O₄. XRD分析表明, 产物中无杂相产生. 研究表明, 掺杂钇与掺杂其它金属离子的特性不一样, 钇具有催化特性, 掺杂钇可以提高尖晶石LiMn₂O₄中锰的活性. 掺钇使得更多的Mn^3＋参加电化学反应, 增加容量; 但同时也使更多的锰与电解液反应, 造成锰的溶解, 容量损失. 掺钇量越多, 锰的溶解量越大. 因此, 合适的掺杂量对于保证产品良好的电化学性能至关重要. 实验证明, 掺钇0.5%的产品Li(Y_0.005Mn_0.995)₂O₄具有较好的电化学性能. 其常温初始比容量为130 mAh•g^－1, 大于纯相的锰酸锂的125 mAh•g^－1, 100次循环后比容量为120 mAh•g^－1, 容量保持率为92.3%.     

锰源对尖晶石LiMn2O4高温性能的影响

为考察不同锰源对所制备尖晶石LiMn₂O₄(LMO)电化学性能的影响(特别是高温性能),采用沉淀法制备前驱体,通过不同煅烧温度制备得到最常用的锰氧化物(MnO₂、Mn₂O₃和Mn₃O₄)为锰源,经相同条件制备得到LMO正极材料,通过考察所得LMO形貌及电化学性能来研究锰源与LMO电化学性能的关系。研究结果表明,相同的前驱体在不同煅烧温度下可以得到不同的锰氧化物,且各自具有不同的形貌结构。由这些锰氧化物都可以得到高纯度的LMO,但产物形貌结构以及材料中的八面体晶体含量和尺寸不同。由Mn₂O₃制备得到的LMO材料中的八面体晶体含量最多,且尺寸最均匀,在3种LMO中容量性能、倍率性能和循环性能最好：0.2C(1C=148 mA·g^-1)下首次放电比容量为131.8 mAh·g^-1;3C下还有100.4 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量。其对应半电池在0.5C下循环100次后,放电比容量还有116.0 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为93.9%,电化学储能性能远远优于其他2种LMO。即使是在高温55 ℃下,由Mn₂O₃得到的LMO也表现出明显优于其他2种材料的高倍率性能和抗衰减性能。     

以微乳液法制备的锰源合成LiMn2O4

采用CTAB-C₈H₁₈-C₄H₉OH-H₂O微乳体系制备出MnCO₃，将其灼烧成Mn₂O₃之后，与Li₂CO₃混合，800 ℃高温焙烧，获得了颗粒大小为数百纳米，均匀分布的纯相尖晶石LiMn₂O₄。这一材料的电化学性能优秀，0.5C的电流在3～4.2 V之间充放电时，首次放电比容量为124 mAh·g^-1，经过110次循环，保留比容量118 mAh·g^-1，平均每次容量损失<0.05%。该材料的倍率性能尤为优异，10C放电的比容量在110 mAh·g^-1以上，功率约为0.2C时功率的45倍。     

球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li1.0Na0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料及其性能

以乙酸盐(乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钴、乙酸镍、乙酸锰等)为原材料,采用球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li_1.0Na_0.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂正极材料。借助XRD、SEM等表征材料的结构和形貌,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能。结果表明,钠的掺杂导致颗粒表面光滑度降低,形成Na_0.77MnO_2.05新相。0.05C活化过程中,掺钠样品和未掺钠样品首次放电比容量分别为258.4 mAh·g^-1和215.8 mAh·g^-1,库伦效率分别为75.2%和72.8%;2C放电比容量分别为116.3 mAh·g^-1和106.2 mAh·g^-1。研究发现,掺钠可减小首次充放电过程的不可逆容量,提高容量保持率;改善倍率性能与容量恢复特性;降低SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;掺钠后样品首次循环就可以基本完成Li₂MnO₃组分向稳定结构的转化,而未掺杂的样品需要两次循环才能逐步完成该过程;XPS结果表明,掺钠样品中Ni²⁺、Co³⁺、Mn⁴⁺所占比例明显提高,改善了样品的稳定性和电化学性能;循环200次后的XRD结果表明掺钠与未掺钠材料在脱嵌锂反应中的相变化过程基本一致,良好有序的层状结构遭到破坏是循环过程中容量衰减的主要原因。     

导电氧化物AZO对尖晶石型LiMn2O4高温性能的改善及研究

采用溶胶凝胶法对尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄正极材料进行铝掺杂氧化锌(AZO)包覆改性,并通过XRD、SEM、EDS、TEM、EIS、ICP -AES和充放电测试等手段对其结构,形貌及电化学性能进行表征。研究结果表明,AZO包覆层有效的阻止了LiMn₂O₄颗粒和电解液的直接接触,抑制了高温下锰溶解,明显改善了LiMn₂O₄的高温循环性能。1.5wt% AZO包覆的LiMn₂O₄正极材料在高温(55℃)1C时,首次放电比容量为114 mAh·g^-1,经过100次循环后,容量保持率仍高达95.4%,远高于未包覆LiMn₂O₄的70.6%。此外,1.5wt% AZO包覆的LiMn₂O₄表现出了优越的大倍率放电性能,在10C下放电比容量能达到99 mAh·g^-1。     

层状LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的合成及电化学性能研究

采用液相法在800 ℃空气中烧结20 h合成出层状LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料。通过XRD、IR、SEM、XPS和电化学性能测试考察了产物的组成、结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明，所合成的LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂为六方单相，层状结构发育完善；产物呈球形且粒度小，分布窄，平均粒径为0.3 μm。以1 mA·cm^-2的电流密度，在2.7～4.3 V区间进行充放电测试，前4周的充放电比容量分别为168/160 mAh·g^-1、169/162 mAh·g^-1、165/160 mAh·g^-1、163/158 mAh·g^-1，循环性能优良。循环伏安实验表明，该材料在3.9 V附近出现了一对对称性好的氧化还原峰。     

溶胶-凝胶法合成Li1-xNaxMn2O4及其作为水系锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

用溶胶凝胶法合成了Na⁺离子掺杂的Li_1-xNa_xMn₂O₄(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)。X射线衍射图表明Na⁺取代Li⁺进入Li_1-xNa_x Mn₂O₄晶格中,扫描电镜图看出产物是粒径为100~300 nm的颗粒。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄在2C倍率下循环100圈后放电容量保持率比未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄从51.2%提升到84.1%。循环伏安测试表明Na⁺离子掺杂降低了材料极化且增大了锂离子扩散系数。10C倍率下Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄仍有79.0 mAh·g^-1的放电容量,高于未掺杂样品的52.1 mAh·g^-1。Na⁺离子掺杂可以稳定材料结构并提高锂离子扩散系数,从而提高LiMn₂O₄的电化学性能,是一种可行的改性方法。     

层状正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2的结构及电化学行为

采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂。XRD、XPS测试结果表明：LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂中阳离子排列有序度较高，层状结构明显；Co、Mn分别以+3、+4价形式存在，Ni以+2、+3价形式存在，且Ni²⁺与Ni³⁺的含量之比约为1∶1。SEM测试结果表明：正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂结晶粒径较均匀。充放电测试结果表明：与LiCoO₂相比，尽管LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂的放电电压平台较低，但放电容量较高；在恒流充电模式下，当充电截止电压由4.35 V升高至4.75 V时，首次放电容量由179 mAh·g^-1增至201 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后，容量保持率由74.95%增至78.48%；在先恒流再恒压的充电模式下，电池首次放电容量为212 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后，容量保持率提高到87.71%。循环伏安测试表明：在2.80～4.80 V扫描范围内，该正极材料发生Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺，Co³⁺/Co⁴⁺两对电化学反应。EIS测试表明：随着充电截止电压的增大，该正极材料的传荷电阻变小。     

异质双碳源对LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4复合材料电化学性能的影响

采用水基流变相辅助的固相法,以异质碳蔗糖和石墨为碳源,合成了LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料,研究了不同石墨加入方式对所制复合材料电化学性能的影响,并对所制备的LiMn_0.8Fe_0.2PO₄/C复合材料进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征。结果表明,不同石墨包覆工艺对材料结构和电化学性能具有显著影响。前驱体煅烧后再加入石墨获得的样品纯度高,形貌呈均一的椭圆形,在0.1C下的放电比容量为149 mAh·g^-1,达到其理论比容量的87%;在5C下最大的放电比容量为133 mAh·g^-1;在2C倍率下经过300次循环后比容量维持在127 mAh·g^-1,衰减率仅为1.9%,表现出了优良的循环稳定性。     

高温固相法合成LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2及其性能研究

采用高温固相法合成出层状锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂。通过XRD、ICP、SEM和电化学测试手段对产物的结构、组成、形貌及电化学性能进行了研究。XRD结果表明此方法合成的LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂具有标准的α-NaFeO₂型层状结构，SEM照片显示颗粒粒径大约在500 nm左右，粒径分布较窄。以20 mA·g^-1电流密度放电，充放电电压在2.8～4.4 V之间，其首次放电比容量为170 mAh·g^-1，40次循环容量保持率为85.3%。进一步加入石墨导电剂后，同样条件下首次放电比容量变为179 mAh·g^-1，50次循环容量保持率为89.6%。容量衰减主要发生在前10次循环。XRD和SEM测试表明循环初期容量衰减的原因是由材料本体结构变化和界面反应共同作用的结果。     

Preparation of spherical spinel LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries

A novel process is proposed for synthesis of spinel LiMn₂O₄ with spherical particles from the inexpensive materials MnSO₄, NH₄HCO₃, and NH₃H₂O. The successful preparation started with carefully controlled crystallization of MnCO₃, leading to particles of spherical shape and high tap density. Thermal decomposition of MnCO₃ was investigated by both DTA and TG analysis and XRD analysis of products. A precursor of product, spherical Mn₂O₃, was then obtained by heating MnCO₃. A mixture of Mn₂O₃ and Li₂CO₃ was then sintered to produce LiMn₂O₄ with retention of spherical particle shape. It was found that if lithium was in stoichiometric excess of 5% in the calcination of spinel LiMn₂O₄, the product had the largest initial specific capacity. In this way spherical particles of spinel LiMn₂O₄ were of excellent fluidity and dispersivity, and had a tap density as high as 1.9 g cm^–3 and an initial discharge capacity reaching 125 mAh g^–1. When surface-doped with cobalt in a 0.01 Co/Mn mole ratio, although the initial discharge capacity decreased to 118 mAh g^–1, the 100th cycle capacity retention reached 92.4% at 25°C. Even at 55°C the initial discharge capacity reached 113 mAh g^–1 and the 50th cycle capacity retention was in excess of 83.8%.     

Ge4+、Sn4+掺杂尖晶石LiMn2O4的合成与电化学表征

使用Ge⁴⁺、Sn⁴⁺作为掺杂离子, 通过高温固相法制备四价阳离子掺杂改性的尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料. X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明, Ge⁴⁺离子取代尖晶石中Mn⁴⁺离子形成了LiMn_2-xGe_xO₄ (x=0.02,0.04, 0.06)固溶体; 而Sn⁴⁺离子则以SnO₂的形式存在于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的颗粒表面. Ge⁴⁺离子掺入到尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料中, 抑制了锂离子在尖晶石中的有序化排列, 提高了尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的结构稳定性; 而在尖晶石颗粒表面的SnO₂可以减少电解液中酸的含量, 抑制酸对LiMn₂O₄活性材料的侵蚀. 恒电流充放电测试表明, 两种离子改性后材料的容量保持率均有较大幅度的提升, 有利于促进尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料的商业化生产.     

尖晶石LiMn2O4高温电化学容量衰减及改进

综述了高温下尖晶石LiMn2O4容量衰减的原因、机理研究和改进它的高温性能的方法以及目前的进展,且指出了可能的提高它的高温性能的途径。     

Effects of Metal Ion Sources on Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Spinel LiMn2O4 Using Tartaric Acid Gel Process

The effect of lithium and manganese ions on the synthesis, phase purity, and electrochemical properties of tartaric acid gel processed lithium manganese oxide spinel were investigated. The poor bonding between both lithium and manganese ions with tartaric acid was shown by the FT-IR analysis when lithium nitrate and/or manganese nitrate were used as sources. Li₂MnO₃ and Mn₂O₃ impurities formed in addition to lithium manganese oxides when nitrate salts were used as the sources. When acetate salts were used as sources for the lithium and manganese ions, single-phase LiMn₂O₄ was obtained. These results indicate that homogeneous bonding between acetate salt and tartaric acid was formed. The capacity of single-phase LiMn₂O₄ calcined at 500°C was 117 mAh/g which was much higher than those containing Mn₂O₃ and Li₂MnO₃ impurity compounds. Thus, sources of lithium and manganese ions play an important role in the synthesis and electrochemical behaviors of lithium manganese oxide spinel.     

Microwave synthesis of LiMg0.05Mn1.95O4 and electrochemical performance at elevated temperature for lithium-ion batteries

The microwave sintering method is used to synthesize the spinel LiMg_0.05Mn_1.95O₄ materials, and the structures and electrochemical performances of as-prepared powders are investigated. The powders resulting from the microwave synthesis are single crystalline phases with cubic spinel structure and exhibit outstanding structural stability. The discharge capacity and cycling stability of LiMg_0.05Mn_1.95O₄ are found to be superior with lower capacity fading over the investigated 100 cycles at elevated temperature (55 °C). The XRF and EIS measurements reveal that the doped LiMn₂O₄ synthesized by this simple method has lower dissolution of manganese into the electrolyte and higher electronic conductivity at high temperature for lithium ion batteries.     

Disproportionation of stoichiometric LiMn2O4 on annealing in oxygen

The evolution of stoichiometric LiMn₂O₄ upon annealing under oxygen pressures in the range 0.2-5 atm at moderate temperature (450°C) was studied with a combination of thermogravimetry, X-ray and neutron diffraction. It is shown that such treatments result in a slight, but significant mass increase. Structural analyses show that the resulting spinel is a manganese-deficient spinel phase with lower cell parameter and higher manganese valence, and that the expelled manganese forms Mn₂O₃. The presence of this second phase, which was not identified in a recent study of oxygen annealing on this compound (Nakamura and Kajiyama, Solid State Ionics 133 (2000) 195), is compatible with the initial stoichiometry and does not require any oxygen vacancies in the initial LiMn₂O₄, as supposed earlier. The most likely formula of the resulting lithium-rich spinel with increased manganese valence is Li(Mn_2−ε□_ε)O₄ with ε in the range 0.02-0.03 at 5 atm O₂.     

Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Ion‐Doped Hierarchical Crystals Using a Gel Matrix: Formation of Cobalt‐Doped LiMn2O4 with Improved Electrochemical Properties through a Cobalt‐Doped MnCO3 Precursor

We have synthesized spinel type cobalt‐doped LiMn₂O₄ (LiMn_2?yCo_yO₄, 0≤y≤0.367), a cathode material for a lithium‐ion battery, with hierarchical sponge structures via the cobalt‐doped MnCO₃ (Mn_1‐xCo_xCO₃, 0≤x≤0.204) formed in an agar gel matrix. Biomimetic crystal growth in the gel matrix facilitates the generation of both an homogeneous solid solution and the hierarchical structures under ambient condition. The controlled composition and the hierarchical structure of the cobalt‐doped MnCO₃ precursor played an important role in the formation of the cobalt‐doped LiMn₂O₄. The charge–discharge reversible stability of the resultant LiMn_1.947Co_0.053O₄ was improved to ca. 12 % loss of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles, while pure LiMn₂O₄ showed 24 % loss of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles. The parallel control of the hierarchical structure and the composition in the precursor material through a biomimetic approach, promises the development of functional materials under mild conditions.     

LiCoO2对LiMn2O4改性过程的研究

在LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2这三种锂离子电池正极材料中,尖晶石LiMn2O4由于具有价廉、对环境友好、使用安全的显著优点,被普遍认为是最有希望的新型正极材料。但该材料在高温下较快的容量衰减制约了其规模应用[1~3]。为改善LiMn2O4的高温性能,各国学者普遍采用掺杂法,即在制备L     

The effect of Al substitution on the reactivity of delithiated LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co(1/3−z)AlzO2 with non-aqueous electrolyte

The high temperature reactions between 1 M LiPF₆ EC:DEC and Al-doped LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_(1/3−z)Al_zO₂ charged to 4.3 V were studied by accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and compared with those of charged LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ and LiMn₂O₄. Al substitution for Co in LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ improves the thermal stability. Materials with z > 0.06 are less reactive with electrolyte than spinel LiMn₂O₄ at all temperatures studied. The maximum self-heating rate (SHR) attained and the specific capacity decrease as the Al content increases. There is a range of compositions near z = 0.1 that show excellent promise as materials which are both safer than and more energy dense than spinel LiMn₂O₄.     

NMR and FT-IR Investigation of Spinel LiMn2O4 Cathode Prepared by the Tartaric Acid Gel Process

The structure of the lithium manganese tartrate precursor and the synthesis mechanism of LiMn₂O₄ were investigated by FT-IR, NMR, TG/DSC, and XRD in this study. The results of FT-IR and ⁷Li and ¹³C NMR measurements revealed that lithium ions bond with carboxylic acid ligands and the O–H stretching modes of tartaric acid. Manganese ion bonds only with carboxylic acid. Lithium and manganese ions were trapped homogeneously on an atomic scale throughout the precursor. Such a structure eliminates the need for long-range diffusion during the formation of lithium manganese oxides. Therefore, spinel LiMn₂O₄ was synthesized at temperatures as low as 300°C. In this work, the electrochemical properties of Li/Li_xMn₂O₄ were studied. It is clear that the discharge curves exhibit two pseudo plateaus as the LiMn₂O₄ is fired to higher temperatures. The discharge capacity of LiMn₂O₄ increases from 84 to 117 mAh/g as the calcination temperature increases from 300 to 500°C. The LiMn₂O₄ powders calcined at low temperatures with a high specific surface area and an average valence of manganese exhibit a better cycle life.