介质阻挡放电系统复合气隙中三种放电丝的光谱研究

介质阻挡放电系统（DBD）作为一个典型的非平衡气体放电系统,不仅在工业生产如低温等离子体生产和发光等方面被广泛应用,而且该系统表现出的非线性现象、自组织现象也吸引人们的关注。DBD系统中放电丝的等离子体参量受诸多因素影响,为了探究DBD系统的放电条件对等离子体参量的影响,该实验重新设计放电单元以保证在其他实验条件相同的情况下,对放电气隙间距和气体组分与等离子体参数之间的关系展开研究。本实验的放电单元为一个平板型玻璃框架气隙,该气隙由三个厚度均为1.2 mm,放电区域边长分别为40,30和20 mm的正方形玻璃框架复合而成,因此该放电气隙有三个放电区域,将此复合气隙放置于可调节气体成分和压强的真空室内,可以同时产生三种放电气隙间距分别为1.2,2.4和3.6 mm的等离子体放电丝。高速录像机拍摄的瞬时照片表明三种放电丝均为随机放电丝,即其放电类型均为流光放电。在垂直于放电气隙平面的方向设置光路,使用聚焦透镜获得清晰的成像,移动光纤探头实现空间分辨并采集数据。实验用光谱仪采集三种等离子体的氮分子第二正带系(C3Π_u→B3Π_u) 谱线,根据谱线强度计算得到各类放电丝的分子振动温度;利用谱线中包含的氮分子离子N+₂第一负带系谱线(391.4 nm)和氮分子第二正带系394.1 nm谱线强度的比值反应放电丝中电子平均能量;改变气室内氩气的含量,得到了三种等离子体的分子振动温度和电子平均能量的变化趋势。实验结果表明：在氩气含量0%~60%区间内,随着氩气含量的增加,三种等离子体的分子振动温度均先升高后降低,整体趋势表现为相同氩气含量下放电气隙间距越小分子振动温度越高,即1.2 mm气隙厚度中的放电丝的分子振动温度最高,2.4 mm气隙厚度次之,3.6 mm气隙厚度的最低;随氩气含量的增加放电丝的平均电子能量先升高后降低,氩气含量相同时气隙厚度越小的放电丝的电子平均能量越高,即1.2 mm气隙厚度中放电丝的电子平均能量最高,2.4 mm气隙厚度的次之,3.6 mm气隙厚度中的最低。实验结果对于研究DBD系统中等离子体参量、工业生产等方面具有重要的参考意义。     

A Modified Version of the Grimm's Glow Discharge Lamp for Use as a Demountable Hollow Cathode Emission Source. III. Blackening as a Function of Discharge Parameters

Abstract

The influence of anode distance from hollow cathode on the blackening? of spectral lines excited by means of the modified Grimm's lamp was investigated for three representative cathodic materials, i.e. aluminium, copper and graphite using argon as the carrier gas. On the basis of the experimental results as well as voltage-current characteristic curves at distances of 7, 15, 20, 25 and 33 mm, it was possible to conclude that the optimal sets of discharge parameters for all the materials investigated are based on an electrode distance of 20-25 mm. In the case of copper a distance of 33 mm was also found to be highly suitable. An increase in the emission of copper lines at the largest anodic length with increasing pressure of the noble gas was also observed, in contrast with the behavior of the same element at shorter distances. A tentative interpretation of the phenomenon is given.     

Studying the Generation Stage of a Plasma Jet in a Plasma Focus Discharge

A dense compact plasmoid generated at the pinch collapse stage is revealed in a plasma focus discharge by laser optical methods. The initial size of the plasmoid is ~1 mm, its electron density is more than 2 × 10¹⁹ cm^–3, and the plasmoid propagates along the axis from the anode at an average velocity of more than 10⁷ cm/s. A shock wave is generated in the residual argon plasma during the motion of the bunch, its density decreases to 10¹⁸ cm^–3 at a distance of 3 cm from its place of generation, and the plasmoid expands by 3–5 times and almost merges together with the leading edge of the shock wave.     

Color Ultrafast Photography Study of a High-Current Discharge Initiated by Exploding a Short Wire in the Atmosphere

In this paper, we describe the ultrafast slit-scanning photography of light phenomena arising at the stage of the electrical breakdown in the atmosphere and in a channel initiated by a wire explosion. The characteristics and features of the photographic registration of the SFR-1 camera using color and spectrozonal negative aerial films sensitive in the visible and near infrared regions of the optical spectrum are presented. Using photograms in color, we were able to visualize small-scale inhomogeneities, a current-carrying channel and its “shell,” emissions of matter, and shock waves in the plasma. This technique made it possible to record a secondary shock wave in the plasma on the discharge axis during the explosion of short (length ≈15 mm) copper and nichrome wires with a diameter of 100–150 μm at a stored energy of ~100 J. At the moment of cumulation in the plasma, a “hot spot” with a minimum size of ~0.5 mm was formed on the discharge axis. It may be the source of narrow-beam coherent radiation with X-ray photon energies of 10–30 keV. The cumulation mechanism is discussed based on the regularities of the z-pinch phenomenon in a discharge initiated by a wire explosion.     

喷射等离子体触发气体开关导通特性

利用内嵌微孔火花放电产生喷射等离子体、作用于两电极开关,研究了间隙距离、气压、气体种类、开关工作系数和电压极性配合等因素对等离子体喷射控制开关导通特性的影响。实验结果表明,等离子体喷射触发开关可在工作系数为10%的条件下可靠快速导通,当开关采用0.5 MPa_N₂作为绝缘介质、间隙距离5 mm时,触发导通时延为11.7 μs,抖动为1.42 μs;当间隙距离增大到18 mm时,触发导通时延增大至19.7 μs,触发可靠性降低;当工作系数由10%增大到60%时,触发导通时延由11.7 μs降低至1.1 μs。在确保开关自击穿电压一致的前提下,短间隙、高气压、负触发脉冲电压、正工作电压更有利于减小开关触发导通时延。     

Discharge in the Atmosphere in a Gaussian Beam of Subthreshold Millimeter Waves

The propagation velocities of a subthreshold discharge excited in air at atmospheric pressure by a pulsed microwave beam with a Gaussian field distribution, a wavelength of 4 mm, and an intensity up to 30 kW/cm² have been measured by means of optical and microwave diagnostics. It has been shown that the motion of a discharge front along the path of the beam toward the region of an increasing microwave field is accompanied by an increase in the velocity from subsonic (~10^–4 cm/s) to supersonic (~(6–8) × 10⁴ cm/s). At the same time, motion toward the decreasing field region is accompanied by a decrease in the velocity from supersonic to subsonic. It has been found that the maximum temperature of the gas in the discharge at velocities of ~10⁴ cm/s reaches ~5.3 kK.     

Arc Discharge in a Channel with Transparent Walls at Intense Flow Rates of a Plasma Forming Gas

The arc discharge was studied in a transparent channel at an intense flow rate of nitrogen, hydrogen, air, carbon dioxide in the current range 100–1500 A. The internal diameter of the porous channel varied from 10 to 34 mm, the length - from 50 to 150 mm, the air and nitrogen flow rates - from 0.05 to 1.5 kg/s, hydrogen - from 0.005 to 0.05 kg/s. The electric field strength in the arc channel reached a value of 300 V/cm for N₂ and 500 V/cm for H₂. The effect of plasma thermochemical non-equilibrium was discovered.     

介质阻挡放电中体放电和沿面放电的光谱线形研究

在放电间隙较大的介质阻挡放电中,利用高速照相机,同时观察到了体放电(VD)和沿面放电(SD)。采用光谱法,研究了VD和SD的光谱线形随放电参数的变化。在氩气介质阻挡放电中,测量了VD和SD的Ar Ⅰ(2P₂→1S₅)谱线展宽和频移随气压及放电间隙的变化。结果发现：SD的展宽和频移均比VD的大,说明SD的电子密度高于VD的电子密度;随着压强从40 kPa增大到60 kPa,VD和SD的谱线展宽及频移均增加,表明它们的电子密度均随压强的增大而升高;随着d值从3.8 mm增大到4.4 mm,VD和SD的谱线展宽也增加,反映它们的电子密度均随d值的增大而增加。     

介质阻挡放电中单个新型放电丝放电特征和光谱测量

在放电间隙较大(d=3.8 mm)的介质阻挡放电(DBD)中,通过减小放电区域(S=1 cm×1 cm),首次观察到了单个新型放电丝。与其他实验小组所观察到的单个放电丝相比,该单个新型放电丝由体放电(VD)和沿面放电(SD)二部分构成,其放电稳定性和持续性极好。利用高速照相机和光谱仪,研究了单个新型放电丝在外加电压半周期单次放电中的放电特征和单个新型放电丝侧面放电柱不同位置的等离子体状态。在高速照相机不同曝光时间条件下拍摄得到了单个新型放电丝端面和侧面放电的瞬时照片,并对其外加电压半周期单次放电的放电特征与辉光放电进行了对比。利用发射光谱法,采集了单个新型放电丝侧面放电柱不同位置的氩原子763.26 nm(2P₆→1S₅)和772.13 nm(2P₂→1S₃)发射谱线,并通过两条谱线强度比法,估算出了相应的电子激发温度。实验结果得出：单个新型放电丝由体放电和沿面放电构成,且沿面放电在体放电四周呈枝状扩散;单个新型放电丝在外加电压半周期单次放电中与辉光放电特征相似,且在阴极呈现出漏斗状放电;氩原子谱线强度及其相应的电子激发温度从极板两端到中间均呈减小的变化趋势,表明单个新型放电丝侧面放电柱不同位置的等离子体状态不同。     

Extended Cylindrical Low-Pressure Arc Discharge Plasma Emitter for Generation of a Radially Diverging Electron Beam

Russian Physics Journal - The paper presents the results of studies of processes of generation of a beam-plasma formation in an extended cylindrical hollow mesh anode with a diameter of 115 mm and...     

实现大气压负直流辉光放电的针-柱电极结构设计与实验

为了实现大气压环境下稳定的辉光放电,设计了一种新型的针-柱电极结构放电装置。采用针尖直径为56.4 μm的不锈钢针作为放电阴极,直径为4 mm的紫铜圆柱作为放电阳极,两者通过精密机械结构保持平行。当针-柱之间间距为2 mm、镇流电阻10 MΩ,放电电阻10 MΩ,测试电阻1 kΩ、放电电压-2 740 V、大气压环境、室温、无外部通入气流时,针-柱之间实现了稳定的辉光放电。示波器存储的放电波形和数码相机记录的放电图像验证了从电晕放电到辉光放电,再到火花放电的三种放电模式。该针-柱结构易于用MEMS工艺加工制作,可应用于便携式分析仪器中作为离子源使用。     

Barrier Discharge The Transferred Charge and Ozone Synthesis

We have undertaken an experimental investigation of the influence of the conditions of barrier discharge implementation such as: the discharge gap value, the type of gas, and the polarity and dielectric permittivity of the dielectric electrode on the value of charge transferred in a micro-discharge. It is shown that the increase in the specific capacitance of the electrodes leads to proportional increase in the transferred charge value, reaching 100–200 nC in a discharge gap 1 mm, in air. In this case the amplitude and duration of a current pulse in the microdischarge reach, respectively, 10 to 15 A and 40 ns. It is also demonstrated that in air with increase in the discharge gap value one can observe a decrease in the efficiency of the ozone synthesis whereas in oxygen there exists a more complicated dependence: the maximum of efficiency is observed at a discharge gap value of 0.7 to 1.0 mm.     

Influence of the Inner Diameters of Capillary on the Z‐Pinch Plasma of the Capillary Discharge Soft x‐ray Laser

In this paper, the effects of inner diameters on the Z‐pinch plasma of capillary discharge soft x‐ray laser were investigated with the 3.2 mm and 4.0 mm inner diameter alumina capillaries. The intensities of the laser emitted from the 3.2 mm and 4.0 mm inner diameter alumina capillaries were measured under different initial pressures. To understand the underlying physics of the experimental measurements, the Z‐pinch plasma simulations had been conducted with a one‐dimensional cylindrical symmetry Lagrangian magneto‐hydrodynamics (MHD) code. The parametric studies of Z‐pinch plasma, such as the electron temperature, the electron density and the Ne‐like Ar ion density, were performed with the MHD code. With the experimental and the simulated results, the discussions had been conducted on the Z‐pinch plasma of Ne‐like Ar 46.9 nm laser with the 3.2 mm and 4.0 mm inner diameter alumina capillaries. The analysis had been made on the difference of the gain coefficients under the optimum pressures with both capillaries. Then, the effects of inner diameters on the optimum pressure and the pressure domain were analyzed. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

介质阻挡放电三层放电气隙放电丝的光谱特性研究

在空气与氩气组成的混合气体的介质阻挡放电实验中,采用发射光谱法,首次研究了放电气隙分别为：1, 4和2 mm三层放电气隙中的放电丝的光谱特性。这与以往的单层放电气隙或者是双层放电气隙中的放电丝在光谱特性方面有很大的不同。实验通过采集氮分子第二正带系(C3Π_u→B3Π_g)谱线,计算出不同放电气隙中的放电丝的分子振动温度。利用氮分子离子391.4 nm谱线强度与氮分子394.1 nm谱线的强度之比得到不同放电气隙中放电丝的电子平均能量。增加氩气在混合气体中的比例,得到分子振动温度及电子平均能量随着氩气含量增加的变化趋势。实验结果表明：在同一氩气含量下,分子振动温度从小到大的顺序为：2 mm放电气隙,1 mm放电气隙,4 mm放电气隙。电子平均能量从小到大的顺序为：4 mm放电气隙,2 mm放电气隙,1 mm放电气隙。三层放电气隙中放电丝的分子振动温度及电子平均能量均随着氩气含量的增加而减小。     

直流偏置对射频容性耦合放电特性的影响

直流偏置能较好抑制射频容性耦合等离子体(radio frequency capacitively coupled plasma, RF-CCP)表面充电效应, 但仍存在其对RF-CCP放电参量影响规律不明确, 电源对参量控制复杂等问题. 构建了直流源与射频源的板-板结构RF-CCP仿真模型, 在射频源基础上施加负直流源, 研究直流偏置对RF-CCP放电特性影响, 并比较射频与直流偏置对放电参量影响差异. 结果表明, 无直流源时, 周期平均电子密度N_{e, ave}, 周期平均电子温度T_{e, ave}均为对称分布, N_{e, ave}呈现两端小、中间大的凸函数分布, T_{e, ave}在距极板4 mm以内鞘层区均有陡然上升, 极大值出现在距极板1 mm左右处; 直流源会使等离子体主体区N_{e, ave}升高并发生偏移, 直流源侧N_{e, ave}降低, 对侧N_{e, ave}增加, 且对侧增加速率较快. 直流偏置可改善单侧电子温度与电子通量, 但提高电子密度能力弱于射频源. 实际工程中, 若欲提高单侧电子温度与电子通量, 应施加直流源, 若提高整体电子密度, 应提高射频源功率.      

Transition of Discharge Mode of a Local Hollow Cathode Discharge

The discharge characteristics of hollow cathode discharge in argon in a cylindrical cavity are investigated experi- mentally. The voltage-current （V - I） characteristics and the light emission are measured. It is found that the discharge plasma is localized inside the hollow cavity, with an extensive Faraday dark space between the cathode and the anode. The discharge develops from predischarge to abnormal glow discharge, the hollow cathode effect （HCE） and a hybrid mode as the discharge current increases. The onset of the HCE is found for the first time by the transition from abnormal glow discharge together with a significant decrease in the slope of the V - I curve which shows a positive differential resistivity. The voltage increases proportionally with the current when the HCE is reached.     

Kinetics of the Excited States of Helium in an Atmospheric-Pressure Glow Discharge in a Helium-Nitrogen Mixture

Using an atomic-absorption spectral analysis technique, we determined the concentrations of helium atoms in states 2¹S, 2¹P, 2³S, and 2³P in an atmospheric-pressure glow discharge in helium (99.98%) and in a mixture of helium with nitrogen (99.5%He+0.5%N₂). It is shown that the population of the lower excited levels of helium atoms (n = 2) in its mixture with nitrogen is almost an order of magnitude smaller than in the case of a discharge in helium. The maximum of the concentration of excited atoms in a discharge both in helium and in its mixture with nitrogen is in the cathode region at a distance of about 0.1 mm from the cathode. The reaction of quenching of excited helium atoms by nitrogen molecules is responsible for the sharp decrease in the concentration of He(n = 2) on addition of nitrogen into helium. Presented at the 5th Symposium on Physics and Diagnostics of Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas, Belarus, Serbia and Montenegro, Minsk, Belarus, September 20–23, 2004; 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, October 25–29, 2004, Nice, France. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 530–537, July–August, 2005.     

多针对板负电晕放电电离区形貌确定

在前期对常压下多针对板负电晕放电伏安特性研究的基础上,利用光学发射光谱(OES)法检测放电产生的N₂发射光谱,研究其电离区形貌。根据N₂发射光谱中峰值最大的第二正态激发谱峰强度I_SPB在高压针电极周围的空间分布,较精确地确定了电离区形貌;在电离区内体积分I_SPB,获知I_SPB与放电电流I之间的关系。实验结果表明,电离区大小随着外加电压U升高而增大;电子雪崩始于距离针尖半径约1 mm处的球面上,并且只在mm量级范围内发展,即电离区的大小为mm量级;电子雪崩沿针尖轴向比沿径向发展范围大,电离区形貌为“子弹”状;I_SPB的积分值与I成二次相系数很小的二阶线性关系,故放电中受激物质主要是N₂;高能电子主要存在于电离区,迁移区中形成电流的带电粒子为离子。     

铜镍合金丝电爆炸放电特性与时空演化行为

脉冲电流驱动金属丝电爆炸可产生具有较高能量密度的等离子体,并伴随脉冲电磁辐射、强冲击波等效应,广泛应用于Z箍缩、电热化学武器、油气助采等领域;与纯金属相比,合金具备电阻率高、成分可调、相变复杂等特点,在电爆炸效应参数的调控方面具有很大潜力。开展了大气空气介质中铜、镍、铜镍（康铜）丝在微秒时间尺度电脉冲作用下电爆炸实验研究,通过放电参数与自辐射图像诊断,获取电爆炸过程放电参数与时空演变的特性规律,得到脉冲电流作用下合金电爆炸在相变与等离子体方面的特征。实验发现,在电爆炸早期,铜镍合金的高电阻率能够提高能量沉积效率:铜52%、镍74%、铜镍合金78%;而相爆开始后,合金丝负载则更接近纯镍丝负载性能。等离子体通道早期膨胀速率在5 mm/μs量级,随后迅速衰减;合金丝等离子体膨胀时间更久,击穿后平均电阻率上升缓慢,且等离子体辐射与金属爆炸产物在空间尺度上存在关联性。特别地,铜镍合金气溶胶分层同时具有横向和纵向特征（特征尺度10?1 mm）,但整体较铜气溶胶更为均匀。     

A Kinetic Model for the Reactions of Co and H2 to CH4 and C2H2 in a Flow Microwave Discharge Reactor

A kinetic model was developed to describe the reactions of CO and H2 to CH4 and C2H2in a microwave plasma. The experimental system consisted of a 24 mm I.D. tubular quartz reactor which passed through a microwave cavity. A variable-incident power waveguide system could supply up to 800 watts of incident microwave power to the cavity. The reactant gas mixture of H2 and CO flowed through the reactor, where a plasma was maintained under pressures of 20 - 100 mm Hg. The reactor effluent was analyzed by IR spectroscopy for CH4 and C2H2. Conversions of up to 5.3% CO to C2H2 and 7.2% CO to CH4 were observed. A 26-reaction kinetic model was developed and fitted to the experimental data. The plasma reactor was modeled in two zones: a discharge zone where electron-impact dissociations produce H, C, and O, and a downstream recombination zone where the atomic species from the discharge recombine. The discharge zone was modeled as a well-mixed reactor, and the recombination zone was modeled as a plug-flow reactor. The model was able to explain the asymptotic shape of the observed conversion versus residence time data; the effect is due to a kinetic limitation. This also explains why the conversions obtained in the plasma cannot be predicted by thermodynamic equilibrium.