演示钾在空气中燃烧实验的改进

人教版《化学2(必修)》物质结构元素周期律一章里第一节元素周期表中安排了钾在空气中燃烧的实验,并且明确规定此实验由教师演示[1],但是用教材中安排的操作将一干燥的坩埚加热,同时取一小块钾,擦干表面的煤油后,迅速投到热坩埚中,观察现象。作为演示实验,钾在坩埚中燃烧不利于学生观察。     

Mathematical Modeling of the Stefan Flow Effect on Process in a Catalyst Grain Using Mathcad

Weekman and Gorring [2] considered the problem of the influence of the Stefan flow in a catalyst grain for mth order gas-phase chemical reaction A → nB. Special numerical methods were used to solve the problem. This paper proposes a simple method for solving the problem of a first-order gas-phase chemical reaction A → 2B using the Mathcad program. As an illustration of the method, the profiles of dimensionless reagent concentration and gas velocity of the Stefan flow at the Thiele parameter ψ = 1 and the molar fraction of reagent A outside the grain θ = 1, the dependence of the catalyst effectiveness factor on the parameters ψ and θ in the ranges ψ = 0.1–10 and θ = 0.1–1, and the dependence of a ratio between the catalyst effectiveness factor at θ = 1 and an analogous parameter in the absence of the Stefan flow on the Thiele parameter were calculated.     

Study of Condensed Phases,of Vaporization Temperatures of Aluminum Oxide and Aluminum,of Sublimation Temperature of Aluminum Nitride and Composition in an Air Aluminum Plasma

With the Gibbs free energy method, we determine the molar fraction in a plasma at and out of thermal equilibrium consisting of air and aluminum for several percentages in the temperature range of 500–6000 K. We take three temperatures into account (T _rot  = T _h ; T _vib ; T _ex  = T _e ). We indicate the formulae and the numerical method used to perform the calculation taking three condensed phases AlN, Al, Al₂O₃ into account. We show that the air percentage plays a major role to create these phases. We clarify the role plays on the vaporization temperatures and on the sublimation temperature by the non-thermal equilibrium of the plasma. This kind of plasma is found in arc roots, near a wall, in plasmas with a high value of electrical field,… The influence of the pressures until 30 × 10⁵ Pa. is shown on molar fraction of the chemical species, on the vaporization temperatures and on the sublimation temperature. The vaporization temperatures are given versus the thermal non equilibrium versus various mixtures (air, aluminum) and versus the pressures (10⁵ Pa–30 × 10⁵ Pa).     

电镀渗氢的数学模型

提出电镀中渗氢的新数学模型,导出渗氢电流暂态关系式,并用于解释文献中的实验结果。对渗氢电流曲线的分类以及渗氢物理参数的测定进行了讨论。     

钠在空气中燃烧实验探究

钠在空气中燃烧要得到明显的淡黄色固体(Na2O2)生成的现象比较难,常出现黑色颗粒夹杂灰白色粉末的异常现象,尤其是按人教版高一教材的装置进行实验.为此笔者对此实验进行了深入探究,以期寻求教材装置难以得到淡黄色的原因并提出该实验在操作上的一些注意点,另外,介绍了一种改进方法,并分析其易于得到淡黄色的原因,现将探究过程记录如下.     

Mathematical Modeling of Silica Anode Decomposition

The volatilization of quartz in a transferred arc plasma followed byquench and recondensation is a promising route to the production offumed silica. In this work, an existing model of a transferred arcwas modified and combined with a newly developed model of a moltensilica anode to predict the behavior of a transferred arc evaporatoras a function of current and plasma gas flow rate. The model predictstemperature, current, and flow fields in both the plasma and anode aswell as evaporation rates. Although quantitative agreement withexperimental results was not possible because of insufficient propertydata for silica at high temperature, the results were within an orderof magnitude of those measured experimentally. The model developed isuseful for the design and scaleup of this type of reactor.     

非绝热聚合波的数学模拟

对非绝热波聚合体系进行了数学模拟, 将反应器尺寸与聚合波关联, 建立了非绝热条件下蔓延聚合波波速和最大波温的数学模型; 利用所建模型计算不同引发剂浓度、 不同环境温度、 不同试管直径下淀粉接枝聚合波的波速和波温, 并与实验测定值进行了比较. 结果表明, 非绝热聚合波的数学模型对无相变体系的拟合结果令人满意, 对聚合波的发生条件及反应器尺寸的影响有很好的预见性; 另一方面, 对于存在相变及与环境有质量交换的波聚合体系, 所建模型的预测性受到了限制.     

空气污染各组分对甲烷超声速燃烧性能的影响

在与甲烷详细化学反应机理对比验证基础上,采用18组分24步简化反应机理模拟甲烷超声速燃烧过程,从化学动力学和热力学角度用数值方法研究了乙醇燃烧加热空气中的七种主要污染组分(H2O,CO2,O,OH,CO,H,H2)对甲烷超声速燃烧性能的影响.分析结果表明:在一定条件下,进口空气中污染组分H2O的增加造成平均比热容增加,总温降低,并作为第三体抑制甲烷的燃烧过程,使超燃室的性能下降;CO2因大分子量特性使燃气平均分子量增大,降低超燃室做功能力,H2O和CO2两组分对甲烷超燃性能都起消极作用;污染组分自由基H、O、OH和燃烧中间产物CO、H2使燃烧室燃烧效率上升,对甲烷超燃性能起积极作用.     

硫在空气和氧气中燃烧实验的新探究

利用三口烧瓶、打火枪和恒压滴液漏斗等常见的实验仪器设计了一套实验装置,将硫在空气中的燃烧、氧气的制备、硫在氧气中的燃烧以及二氧化硫的吸收处理在一个密闭装置中完成,解决了教材中实验存在的不足。实验改进有利于培养学生的创新能力和环保意识,提高课堂的教学效果。     

Mathematical Modeling of Arborescent Polyisobutylene Production in Batch Reactors

A novel model describes copolymerization of isobutylene and inimer (initiator‐monomer) via living carbocationic polymerization. Six different propagation rate constants and two types of equilibrium reactions are considered. Simplifying assumptions are made to enable implementation in PREDICI, so that the molecular weight distribution (MWD) could be predicted for molecules with different branching levels. Four apparent rate constants were estimated from experimental data with <5 branches per molecule. Model predictions provide a good fit to data, and simulation results show that polymers with high‐branching levels and ≥15 inimer units contribute significantly to the MWD, even though their concentrations are very low.

     

Mathematical Modeling of the Plasma-Chemical Pyrolysis of Methane

A mathematical model was developed for the plasma-chemical pyrolysis of methane, which includes the latest data on the mechanism and kinetics of chemical processes of hydrocarbon pyrolysis and mixing of methane jets with hydrogen heated in an arc plasma torch. The results of calculations on methane conversion and the synthesis of acetylene and its homologues satisfactorily agree with experimental data over a wide range of parameters of the process. It was shown that the methane conversion is initiated via interaction with atomic hydrogen, acetylene is produced through the dissociation of intermediate products involving radicals, and the consumption of acetylene is due to the synthesis of its homologues involving vinylidenecarbene and methylenecarbene in the ground and excited states.     

Mathematical Modeling of the Operational Activity of Adsorbents

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - The features of cyclic adsorption processes are considered and the fact of necessity to predict a decrease in the dynamic activity of adsorbents during their...     

Radiolysis of Aqueous Ammonia Solutions: Mathematical Modeling

High Energy Chemistry - A mathematical model has been developed for the radiolysis of an aqueous solution containing the VVER primary coolant components ammonia and boric acid. The test results...     

A Mechanistic Overview of the Current Status and Future Challenges in Air Cathode for Aluminum Air Batteries

Aluminum air batteries (AABs) are a desirable option for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh K⁻¹), low cost, and high safety compared to state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, numerous unresolved technological and scientific issues are preventing AABs from expanding further. One of the key issues is the catalytic reaction kinetics of the air cathode as the fuel (oxygen) for AAB is reduced there. Additionally, the performance and price of an AAB are directly influenced by an air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst, which is thought to be the most crucial element. In this study, we covered the oxygen chemistry of the air cathode as well as a brief discussion of the mechanistic insights of active catalysts and how they catalyze and enhance oxygen chemistry reactions. There is also extensive discussion of research into electrocatalytic materials that outperform Pt/C such as nonprecious metal catalysts, metal oxide, perovskites, metal-organic framework, carbonaceous materials, and their composites. Finally, we provide an overview of the present state, and possible future direction for air cathodes in AABs.     

Mathematical Modeling of the Bulk Photopolymerization of Furfuryl Acrylate

Summary: Experimental data for the photopolymerization of furfuryl acrylate (FA) conformed satisfactorily to the kinetics model proposed for the photopolymerization of furfuryl methacrylate (FM). This model allowed the kinetic constants of the basic steps of the studied mechanism, namely propagation, degradative transfer, re‐initiation and cross‐termination, to be determined. The calculated values of these constants were in agreement with the chemical nature of FA. For each of these constants, the confidence intervals were determined, and the statistical dependence between some of them was analyzed using the ellipse error method. The equations of moments of the distribution of molecular sizes of the primary chains in the network with order greater than one were developed to describe different molecular averages, such as weight‐average chain length and size‐average heterogeneity of the primary chains. The results found for the monomer conversion, the cross‐link degree and number‐average length of the primary chains of the network for FA were compared with those obtained for FM, and it was shown that the process of polymerization of the former monomer was more retarded and produced gels with a greater degree of cross‐linking than the latter as expected.

Network structures with different heterogeneity in size of the primary chains.