Impact of Oxygen Vacancy on Band Structure Engineering of n-p Codoped Anatase TiO2

Doping with various impurities is an effective approach to improve the photoelectrochemical properties of TiO₂. Here, we explore the effect of oxygen vacancy on geometric and electronic properties of compensated (i.e. V-N and Cr-C) and non-compensated (i.e. V-C and Cr-N) codoped anatase TiO₂ by performing extensive density functional theory calculations. Theoretical results show that oxygen vacancy prefers to the neighboring site of metal dopant (i.e. V or Cr atom). After introduction of oxygen vacancy, the unoccupied impurity bands located within band gap of these codoped TiO₂ will be filled with electrons, and the position of conduction band offset does not change obviously, which result in the reduction of photoinduced carrier recombination and the good performance for hydrogen production via water splitting. Moreover, we find that oxygen vacancy is easily introduced in V-N codoped TiO₂ under O-poor condition. These theoretical insights are helpful for designing codoped TiO₂ with high photoelectrochemical performance.     

金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的TiO2薄膜光催化活性

采用磁控溅射法制备出一组金红石/锐钛矿混晶结构的纳米TiO2薄膜催化剂,并通过光催化降解苯酚实验考察该薄膜的催化性能. 光催化实验证明, 随着催化剂中金红石含量减少, 催化剂的光催化活性逐渐提高. X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、表面光电压谱(SPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)结果表明, 催化剂为金红石和锐钛矿混晶结构, 并随着金红石含量减少, 催化剂的表面羟基(OH)和桥氧(—O—)的含量逐渐增加, 而且费米能级逐渐提高. 表面羟基和桥氧是有利于光催化的“活性物种”; 费米能级的提高使TiO2/H2O 面处TiO2的表面带弯增大, 导致了价带光生空穴参加光催化反应的几率增大, 有效地促进了光生载流子的分离; 这些因素是催化剂光催化活性逐渐提高的主要原因.     

First-Principles Study of La Doping Effects on the Electronic Structures and Photocatalytic Properties of Anatase TiO2

The effects of doping concentration, position and oxygen vacancy defect on the stability, electronic and optical properties of La-doped anatase TiO₂ have been investigated based on DFT+U method. The calculations indicated that the doping concentration and sites of La affected the stability and band gap of La-doped TiO₂ significantly due to the lattice distortion, which obey the ionic Pauling’s rules and crystal field theories; moreover, the simulated adsorption spectrum shows an obviously increase in the photocatalysis properties, which are in good agreement with recently experimental measurements. The oxygen vacancy defect will enhance the structural stability and the adsorption of visible light in La-doped TiO₂ system, which is important in photocatalytic application.     

Photo-depositing Ru and RuO2 on Anatase TiO2 Nanosheets as Co-catalysts for Photocatalytic O2 Evolution from Water Oxidation

TiO₂ nanosheets mainly exposed (001) facet were prepared through a hydrothermal process with HF as the morphology-directing agent. Ru and RuO₂ species were loaded by photo-deposition methods to prepare the photocatalysts. The structural features of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray di raction, transmission electron microscopy, inductively cou-pled plasma atomic emission spectrum, and H₂ Temperature-programmed reduction. The photocatalytic property was studied by the O₂ evolution from water oxidation, which was examined with respect to the in uences of Ru contents as well as the oxidation and reduction treatments, suggesting the charge separation effect of the Ru species co-catalysts on di erent facets of TiO₂ nanosheets. In contrast to Ru/TiO₂ and RuO₂/TiO₂ with the single deposited co-catalyst, the optimized catalyst 0.5%Ru-1.0%RuO₂/TiO₂ with dual co-catalysts achieved a much improved catalytic performance, in terms of the synergetic effect of dual co-catalysts and the enhanced charge separation effect.     

Active Sites for Adsorption and Reaction of Molecules on Rutile TiO2(110) and Anatase TiO2(001) Surfaces (cited: 1)

The reactivity of specific sites on rutile TiO₂(110)-(1×1) surface and anatase TiO₂(001)-(1×4) surface has been comparably studied by means of high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. At the rutile TiO₂(110)-(1×1) surface, we find the defects of oxygen vacancy provide distinct reactivity for O₂ and CO₂ adsorption, while the terminal fivefold-coordinated Ti sites dominate the photocatalytic reactivity for H₂O and CH₃OH dissociation. At the anatase TiO₂(001)-(1×4) surface, the sixfold-coordinated terminal Ti sites at the oxidized surface seem to be inert in both O₂ and H₂O reactions, but the Ti-rich defects which introduce the Ti³⁺ state into the reduced surface are found to provide high reactivity for the reactions of O₂ and H₂O. By comparing the reactions on both rutile and anatase surfaces under similar experimental conditions, we find the reactivity of anatase TiO₂(001) is actually lower than rutile TiO₂(110), which challenges the conventional knowledge that the anatase (001) is the most reactive TiO₂ surface. Our findings could provide atomic level insights into the mechanisms of TiO₂ based catalytic and photocatalytic chemical reactions.     

PFOS在锐钛型TiO2表面吸附行为的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在锐钛型TiO2表面的化学吸附和物理吸附行为进行了研究,其中化学吸附包含双齿双核(BB)和单齿单核(MM)在内的4种可能的吸附构型.吸附能(Eads)及反应吉布斯自由能(ΔGads)的计算结果表明,PFOS分子易于与TiO2表面发生氢键作用吸附;化学吸附表现为PFOS分子与TiO2表面的水分子(H2O)和羟基(—OH)反应,且与取代—OH相比,H2O取代相对更容易发生,其中,MM1构型(取代一个表面水分子)为化学吸附中的优势构型.PFOS在锐钛矿表面吸附的热力学稳定性和反应自发性顺序如下:H-Bonded(氢键吸附)>MM1(取代一个表面水分子)>BB1(取代两个表面水分子)>MM2(取代一个表面羟基)>BB2(取代一个表面水分子和一个表面羟基).成键结构分析表明,TiO2表面H2O/—OH官能团与PFOS上的磺酸基之间形成了中等强度的氢键;在化学吸附过程中,电荷从PFOS分子向TiO2表面发生转移,生成Ti—O—S化学键,电荷转移主要来自PFOS分子的O和F原子.     

稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性影响的理论和实验研究

从理论和实验两方面探讨稀土金属掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性的影响.理论上采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理,对稀土掺杂TiO2前后的几何结构、能带结构、态密度及电子结构进行了系统的研究.结果表明,Y,La,Gd,Lu,Ce,Eu,Yb和Tb掺杂有助于TiO2光催化活性的提高;而对于Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Dy,Ho,Er和Tm掺杂,由于在价带顶和导带底之间形成了较多的可能成为光生电子和空穴的复合中心的杂质能级,故此类稀土的掺杂浓度需要控制在较小的范围内.另一方面,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了9种稀土金属(RE=Y,Ce,Pr,Sm,Gd,Dy,Ho,Er,Yb)掺杂的TiO2粉体,运用X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光谱法(UV-Vis)分别表征其晶体结构和光学吸收性质.结果表明,掺杂前后的TiO2均为锐钛矿相,且Ho,Pr,Ce,Sm,Y,Yb和Gd掺杂使TiO2在可见光区的吸收有不同程度的提高.理论预测与实验结果基本一致,且理论研究结果与周期表中稀土元素外层电子轨道排布规律一致,从而揭示了稀土元素掺杂的本质规律,指明了适量的稀土掺杂有利于TiO2光催化活性的提高.     

Direct View of Cr Atoms Doped in Anatase TiO2(001) Thin Film

Imaging the doping elements is critical for understanding the photocatalytic activity of doped TiO₂ thin film. But it is still a challenge to characterize the interactions between the dopants and the TiO₂ lattice at the atomic level. Here, we use high angle annular dark-field/annular bright-field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF/ABF-STEM) combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to directly image the individual Cr atoms doped in anatase TiO₂(001) thin film from [100] direction. The Cr dopants, which are clearly imaged through the atomic-resolution EELS mappings while can not be seen by HADDF/ABF-STEM, occupy both the substitutional sites of Ti atoms and the interstitial sites of TiO₂ matrix. Most of them preferentially locate at the substitutional sites of Ti atoms. These results provide the direct evidence for the doping structure of Cr-doped A-TiO₂ thin film at the atomic level and also prove the EELS mapping is an excellent technique for characterizing the doped materials.     

Bi掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)下的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法计算了Bi掺杂前后锐钛矿相TiO2的电子结构和光学性质。结果分析发现:掺杂后Ti的电荷布居数下降,O的布居数增加;同时在TiO2禁带中引入了杂质能级,禁带宽度略微变大,但是杂质能级的作用抵消了禁带宽度变大带来的不利影响,使得掺杂后TiO2吸收带边红移并在可见光范围内吸收明显增强。     

Fluoride-assisted synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with tunable shape and band gap via a solvothermal approach

A simple solvothermal approach employing oleic acid has been developed to prepare anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with different shapes, which were tuned from nanorods to nano-ellipsoids by increasing the amount of NaF from 0 to 0.5 mmol, and the optical band gap decreased from 3.47 eV to 3.29 eV accordingly. However, when the fluoride was changed to NH₄F, the resultant TiO₂ nanocrystals possessed an anatase phase but weremade up of smaller-sized nanocrystals and nanorods, and the band gap was increased to 3.53 eV. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results illustrated an increase of fluorine content with an increasing amount of NaF could account for the variation of the shape and optical band gap of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Moreover, the absence of fluorine content brought about less change of shape and increase of optical band gap of the product synthesized in the presence of NH₄F. This result may offer another way to alter the shape and band gap of metal oxide nanocrystals with the assistance of fluoride.     

g-C3N4/SnS2 Heterostructure: a Promising Water Splitting Photocatalyst

Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) based heterostrutures has attracted intensive attention due to their prominent photocatalytic performance. Here, we explore the g-C₃N₄/SnS₂ coupling effect on the electronic structures and optical absorption of the proposed g-C₃N₄/SnS₂ heterostructure through performing extensive hybrid functional calculations. The obtained geometric structure, band structures, band edge positions and optical absorptions clearly reveal that the g-C₃N₄ monolayer weakly couples to SnS₂ sheet, and forms a typical van der Waals heterojunction. The g-C₃N₄/SnS₂ heterostructure can effectively harvest visible light, and its valence band maximum and conduction band minimum locate in energetically favorable positions for both water oxidation and reduction reactions. Remarkably, the charge transfer from the g-C₃N₄ monolayer to SnS₂ sheet leads to the built-in interface polarized electric field, which is desirable for the photogenerated carrier separation. The built-in interface polarized electric field as well as the nice band edge alignment implys that the g-C₃N₄/SnS₂ heterostructure is a promising g-C₃N₄ based water splitting photocatalyst with good performance.     

TiO2 Nanoparticles Produced by Electric-Discharge-Nanofluid-Process as Photoelectrode of DSSC

Self-made TiO₂ nanoparticles were used as photoelectrode material of dye sensitized solar cell. The TiO₂ thin film coats through spreading nanoparticles evenly onto the ITO glass via self-made spin-heat platform, and then TiO₂ thin film is soaked in the dye N-719 more than 12 h to prepare the photoelectrode device. The TiO₂ nanoparticles produced by electric-discharge-nanofluid-process have premium anatase crystal property, and its diameter can be controlled within a range of 20-50 nm. The surface energy zeta potential of nanofluid is from -22 mV to -28.8 mV, it is a stable particle suspension in the deionized water. A trace of surfactant Triton X-100 put upon the surface of ITO glass can produce a uniform and dense TiO₂ thin film and heating up the spin platform to 200 oC is able to eliminate mixed surfac-tant. Self-made TiO₂ film presents excellent dye absorption performance and even doesn't need heat treatment procedure to enhance essential property. Results of energy analysis show the thicker film structure will increase the short-circuit current density that causes higher conversion efficiency. But, as the film structure is large and thick, both the open-circuit voltage and fill factor will decline gradually to lead bad efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell.     

Eu2O3修饰对纳米TiO2热稳定性及光催化活性的影响

通过浸渍过程实现了Eu2O3对溶胶水热法合成的锐钛矿相TiO2纳米粒子的表面修饰改性.重点研究了表面修饰对纳米锐钛矿相热稳定性及光催化活性的影响.结果表明,Eu2O3表面修饰抑制了锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,相变温度由550℃左右升高到700℃左右,提高了纳米锐钛矿相TiO2的热稳定性,这与Eu2O3修饰在表面而阻碍了锐钛矿纳米粒子的直接接触有关.与未修饰的TiO2相比,经过700℃高温热处理的Eu2O3修饰的TiO2样品表现出了较高的光催化活性,这与其结晶度提高而有利于光生电荷分离有关.     

纳米结构TiO2/PS及TiO2空心球的自组装与表征

以TiCl₄的盐酸溶液配制的TiO₂溶胶为前驱体, 以聚苯乙烯微球为载体, 在表面活性剂存在下, 通过逐层自组装技术制备了纳米结构TiO₂/PS及TiO₂空心球. 利用XRD, SEM, TG-DTA等对复合颗粒进行了表征. 研究表明: 纳米结构TiO₂/PS的组成、结构、形貌和粒度可通过溶胶酸度、组装时水解反应温度、煅烧温度、硫酸根的加入量来控制.     

N/F掺杂和N-F双掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2(101)表面电子结构的第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)平面波赝势方法计算了N/F掺杂和N-F双掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2(101)表面的电子结构. 由于DFT方法存在对过渡金属氧化物带隙能的计算结果总是与实际值严重偏离的缺陷, 本文也采用DFT+U(Hubbard 系数)方法对模型的电子结构进行了计算. DFT的计算结果表明N掺杂后, N 2p轨道与O 2p和Ti 3d价带轨道的混合会导致TiO2带隙能的降低, 而F掺杂以及氧空位的引入对材料的电子结构没有明显的影响. DFT+U的计算却给出截然不同的结果, N掺杂并没有导致带隙能的降低, 而只是在带隙中引入一个孤立的杂质能级, 反而F掺杂以及氧空位的引入带来明显的带隙能降低. DFT+U的计算结果与一些实验测量结果能够较好地符合.     

磁性TiO2/CoFe2O4纳米复合光催化材料的制备

以磁性CoFe2O4为核,采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法,制备了磁性TiO2/CoFe2O4纳米复合光催化材料.利用VSM(振动样品磁强计)技术对其磁性能进行了研究,结果表明:由该法所得的TiO2/CoFe2O4纳米复合光催化材料的饱和磁化强度虽稍弱于纯CoFe2O4纳米材料,但其矫顽力则优于CoFe2O4.TEM、XRD、UV-Vis等的结果表明,该纳米复合材料中的TiO2为锐钛矿结构;与TiO2相比,纳米复合材料对光的吸收拓展到了整个紫外-可见区,且吸收强度大大增强.对染料废水光催化降解的模拟研究表明,该复合材料在紫外光下,6 h可以使亚甲基蓝染料溶液的脱色率达95%,且重复使用3次时染料溶液的脱色率仍能保持在90%,明显优于纯TiO2.     

V掺杂锐钛矿相TiO_2的光吸收特性

使用V2O5和乙醇作为V掺杂TiO2的滴加液,运用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了不同浓度的V掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2的薄膜样品.对这些样品进行了紫外-可见透射光谱实验,发现V掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2的光谱响应范围向可见光区域移动,掺杂浓度为1.0%(摩尔分数)时红移效果最明显.此外,运用第一性原理,对V掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2的电子结构进行了研究,并运用能带结构理论对实验现象进行了解释.研究中发现:在V掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2后,随着V浓度的增加,TiO2的禁带宽度逐渐减小,光谱响应范围扩大,能提高它的可见光响应;但是由于掺杂后价带与导带比较接近,容易形成新的空穴-电子复合中心,以及导带区域V3d轨道上电子与Ti3d轨道上的电子强关联作用也会降低电子的还原性,所以V浓度的增加会使TiO2的光催化性能降低.理论上计算出在V掺杂浓度为6.25%(摩尔分数)时,TiO2的光吸收边红移最大,与实验得到的变化趋势相吻合.     

TiO_2-Al_2O_3复合载体的制备及Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

通过改进的溶胶-凝胶法(SG)、共沉淀法(CP)、表面沉淀法(PR)及混捏法(ME)制备TiO_2-Al_2O_3复合载体,考察了不同制备方法对复合载体物理性质的影响。采用浸渍法制备Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3-X加氢脱硫催化剂,研究了Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3-X加氢脱硫催化剂的脱硫性能。利用XRD、BET、SEM等表征手段对复合载体及催化剂进行表征分析。结果表明,SG法制备的复合载体粒径均一,具有较大的比表面积、孔径和孔体积;CP法制备复合载体时TiO_2以单层或亚单层的分散状态高度分散于γ-Al_2O_3中。在氢气压力3.0 MPa、反应温度280℃、反应时间4 h、液时空速1.4 h-1和氢油比600的条件下,SG法制备的Co-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂具有较高加氢脱硫活性,噻吩转化率达到96.6%。     

一维TiO2锐钛矿/金红石异相结的制备及光催化降解甲醛性能

TiO₂异相结主要通过高温方法制备,所制备材料的形貌和组成较难控制,尤其是在较低温度下一步制备一维TiO₂异相结仍具有一定的挑战性。采用简单、方便的一步水热法,在较低温度下(180℃)制备了一维纳米TiO₂异相结材料。X射线衍射(XRD)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)分析表明,制备的材料以一维金红石相TiO₂纳米棒(长度：(400±50) nm,直径：(60±5) nm)为基本结构,粒径分布均匀的锐钛矿相TiO₂纳米粒子(直径：(9.5±0.5) nm)高密度、单分散地负载在纳米棒上。通过控制水热反应时间成功调控了异相结中锐钛矿相TiO₂的含量(20%～50%),进而实现了其光催化降解HCHO性能的调控。实验结果表明,当锐钛矿相TiO₂的含量为33%时(TiO₂-24,水热时间24 h制备的样品),异相结光催化剂表现出最佳的HCHO降解性能：在低光强LED灯(波长为365 nm,光强为12.26 mW·cm     

Synthesis, crystal structure and optical properties of an indium phosphate K3In3P4O16

An alkali-metal indium phosphate crystal, K₃In₃P₄O₁₆, has been synthesized by a high-temperature solution reaction and exhibits a new structure in the family of the alkali-metal indium phosphates system. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows the structure to be monoclinic with space group P2₁/n, and the following cell parameters: a=9.7003(18), b=9.8065(18), c=15.855(3) Å, β=90.346(3)°, V=1508.2(5) Å³, Z=4, R=0.0254. It possesses three-dimensional anionic frameworks with tunnels occupied by K⁺ cations running along the a-axis. The emission and absorption spectra of the compound have been investigated. Additionally, the calculations of energy band structure, density of states, dielectric constants and refractive indexes have been performed with the density functional theory method. Also, the two-photon absorption spectrum is simulated by two-band model. The obtained results tend to support the experimental data.