Characterization of the Excited State on Methanol/TiO2(110) Interface (cited:2)

The electronic structure of methanol/TiO₂(110) interface has been studied by photoemission spectroscopy. The pronounced resonance which appears at 5.5 eV above the Fermi level in two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (2PPE) is associated with the photocatalyzed dissociation of methanol at vefold coordinated Ti sites (Ti_5c) on TiO₂(110) surface [Chemical Science 1, 575 (2010)]. To check whether this resonance signal arises from initial or intermediate states, photon energy dependent 2PPE and comparison between one-photon photoemission spectroscopy and 2PPE have been performed. Both results consistently suggest the resonance signal originates from the initially unoccupied intermediate states, i.e., excited states. Dispersion measurements suggest the excited state is localized. Time-resolved studies show the lifetime of the excited state is 24 fs. This work presents comprehensive characterization of the excited states on methanol/TiO₂(110) interface, and provides elaborate experimental data for the development of theoretical methods in reproducing the excited states on TiO₂ surfaces and interfaces.     

Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Methanol Adsorbed Rutile TiO2(110) Surface

Methanol/TiO₂(110) is a model system in the surface science study of photocatalysis where methanol is taken as a hole capture. However, the highest occupied molecular orbital of adsorbed methanol lies below the valence band maximum of TiO₂, preventing the hole transfer. To study the level alignment of this system, electronic structure of methanol covered TiO₂(110) surface has been measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the molecular orbitals of adsorbed methanol have been clearly identified. The results indicate the weak interaction between methanol and TiO₂ substrate. The static electronic structure also suggests the mismatch of the energy levels. These static experiments have been performed without band gap excitation which is the prerequisite of a photocatalytic process. Future study of the transient electronic structure using time-resolved UPS has also been discussed.     

Kinetics and Dynamics of Photocatalyzed Dissociation of Ethanol on TiO2(110) (cited: 2)

The kinetics and dynamics of photocatalyzed dissociation of ethanol on TiO₂(110) sur-face have been studied using the time-dependent and time-resolved femtosecond two-photon photoemission spectroscopy respectively, in order to unravel the photochemical properties of ethanol on this prototypical metal oxide surface. By monitoring the time evolution of the photoinduced excited state which is associated with the photocatalyzed dissociation of ethanol on Ti_5c sites of TiO₂(110), the fractal-like kinetics of this surface photocatalytic reaction has been obtained. The measured photocatalytic dissociation rate on reduced TiO₂(110) is faster than that on the oxidized surface. This is attributed to the larger defect density on the reduced surface which lowers the reaction barrier of the photocatalytic reaction at least methodologically. Possible reasons associated with the defect electrons for the acceleration have been discussed. By performing the interferometric two-pulse corre-lation on ethanol/TiO₂(110) interface, the ultrafast electron dynamics of the excited state has been measured. The analyzed lifetime (24 fs) of the excited state is similar to that on methanol/TiO₂(110). The appearance of the excited state provides a channel to mediate the electron transfer between the TiO₂ substrate and its environment. Therefore studying its ultrafast electron dynamics may lead to the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical energy conversion on TiO₂.     

偏振光作用下金红石型TiO2单晶(001)面的表面光电压谱研究

TiO2是一种优异的光电功能材料,被广泛用于有机污染物光降解及太阳能光电转换[1～3].近年来的研究表明,表面原子排布对TiO2光电效能有决定性的影响.如Lowckamp[3]的研究表明,TiO2的(101)晶面与其它晶面相比具有高的光化学还原Ag+的能力.本文结合偏振光技术与表面光电压谱技术对金红石型TiO2单晶(001)面的光伏响应特性进行了研究,通过对TiO2不同晶面的电子跃迁形式的区分及其对偏振光的不同响应,揭示了表面原子排布与TiO2光电性质之间的关系,实现了对材料功能特性的调控.     

TiO2负载单金属镍（铂）催化剂在甲烷解离反应中抗积碳能力的理论研究

研究碳原子在TiO2(101)负载镍或铂原子上的吸附行为对于阐明积碳问题提供了一个热力学线索.广义梯度近似密度泛函理论的PBE计算结果表明,镍在TiO2表面最稳定构型的吸附能为347.16 kJ/mol,铂对应的最稳定构型的吸附能为315.9 kJ/mol,而且2种金属的最稳定构型均处于TiO2表面2个O2c原子之间的桥位.吸附金属原子后,TiO2的态密度图中各电子峰向低能量方向移动,体系趋于稳定.从态密度图可知,碳的p轨道与金属原子的d轨道发生叠加,说明碳原子与金属原子成键,从而使吸附后Ni或Pt与O原子之间的相互作用减弱.碳原子吸附在Ni/TiO2(101)和Pt/TiO2(101)表面的最佳吸附结构的吸附能分别为474.19和570.08 kJ/mol,说明TiO2负载铂催化剂在甲烷重整反应中抗积碳能力较强.     

TiO_2纳米管电极上电化学还原CO_2生成CH_3OH

采用原位阳极氧化-煅烧法制备TiO_2纳米管(TiO_2NTs)电极,运用X射线衍射(XRD)、电场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、双电位阶跃测试等对制备电极进行表征,考察了其在0.1mol?L~(-1) KHCO_3水溶液中电化学还原CO_2的催化活性。结果表明TiO_2NTs电极上电化学还原CO_2的主产物为CH_3OH,CH_3OH由HCOOH和HCHO进一步还原而来。电极制备的最佳煅烧温度为450℃(TiO_2NTs-450),电解电位-0.56 V(vs RHE(可逆氢电极))时反应120 min后,生成CH_3OH的法拉第效率和分电流密度分别为85.8%和0.2 m A?cm~(-2)。与550和650℃煅烧的电极相比,TiO_2NTs-450电极具有更高的催化活性,归因于电极表面更多的三价钛活性位,有利于CO_2吸附,从而对·CO_2-起到稳定的作用,速率控制步骤转变为·CO_2-的质子化反应。     

Cr掺杂金红石相TiO2(110)单晶薄膜的制备、表征及光催化活性

采用脉冲激光沉积术(PLD)同质外延生长了表面原子级平整的6%(原子比)Cr 掺杂的金红石相TiO₂(110)单晶薄膜, 采用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)、扫描隧道谱(STS)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外光电子能谱(UPS)对其进行了表征. 结果表明: Cr 掺杂对TiO₂(110)-(1×1)表面的形貌没有明显影响, 但是提高了掺杂薄膜在负偏压的导电性; Cr与晶格O键合而呈现+3价态, 由此在TiO₂的价带顶上方~0.4 eV处引入杂质能级. 紫外-可见光吸收谱显示薄膜的光吸收能力被扩展到~650 nm, 处于可见光范围. 借助STM以单个甲醇分子的光解反应检测了薄膜的光催化活性. 仅观察到紫外光照射下甲醇分子的脱氢反应, 在可见光照射下(λ>430 nm)甲醇分子没有发生反应, 表明单独的Cr掺杂可能不足以提高TiO₂在可见光下的催化活性.     

云母钛脱水脱硫过程的动力学研究

对强制水解硫酸钛制得的云母钛前驱体进行了ＴＧ分析，利用了Ｆｒｅｅｍａｎ－Ｃａｒｒｏｌｌ方法处理热重数据，得到云母钛热处理的动力学参数，脱水阶段：Ｅ＝９３．３２ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，ｎ＝５．１６，Ａ＝５．３１×１０＾１１ｍｉｎ＾－１脱硫阶段，Ｅ＝１４９．２５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，ｎ＝５．１３，Ａ＝２．７５×１０＾１１ｍｉｎ＾－１。相同条件下制得的水合氧化钛粉末的动力学参数表明，云母钛中水合氧化钛膜层的脱水，脱硫速率     

Methanol Adsorption on TiO2 Film Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (cited:2)

A broadband infrared surface sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) and an in situ UV excitation setup devoted to studying surface photocatalysis have been constructed. With a home-made compact high vacuum cell, organic contaminants on TiO₂ thin lm surface prepared by RF magnetron sputtering were in situ removed under 266 nm irradiation in 10 kPa O₂ atmosphere. We obtained the methanol spectrum in the CH₃ stretching vibration region on TiO₂ surface with changing the methanol pressure at room temperature. Features of both molecular and dissociative methanol, methoxy, adsorbed on this surface were resolved. The CH₃ symmetric stretching vibration frequency and Fermi resonance of molecular methanol is red-shifted by about 6?8 cm^-1 from low to high coverage. Moreover, the recombination of dissociative methanol and H on surfaces in vacuum was also observed. Our results suggest two equilibria exist: between molecular methanol in the gas phase and that on surfaces, and between molecular methanol and dissociative methanol on surfaces.     

介孔掺镧纳米晶TiO2瞬态光伏与表面光声特性

结合瞬态光伏与表面光声技术, 研究介孔掺镧nano-TiO2光生载流子分离与复合过程及其能量转换机制. 结果表明: 锐钛矿中两种不同光伏特性的缺陷态具有光生载流子扩散距离短, 复合速度快的特点; 镧掺杂增加体缺陷态对于光伏效应的贡献, 但在某种程度上抑制主带隙的电荷分离; 模板剂种类对于主带隙电子-空穴对的分离与复合过程, 以及亚带隙无辐射跃迁引起的晶格振动均有显著的影响. 结果证实了样品表面光声与瞬态光伏现象之间存在明显的能量互补关系.     

单个Fe2O3@Au粒子的偏振表面增强拉曼光谱

本文首次报道了单个纺锤形Fe2O3@Au颗粒的偏振相关的SERS光谱, 为研究SERS机理提供了实验依据.     

乙基硫自由基及阴、阳离子低电子激发态从头算研究

采用CASSCF方法和6-311++(3df, 3pd)基组以及Cs对称性优化了乙基硫自由基和阳、阴离子3种分子的12个电子态的几何构型. 利用二级微扰方法(CASPT2)对这12个电子态做了单点能校正. 通过比较自由基与阴阳离子的能量, 得出了绝热电子亲和势和绝热电子电离能, 与实验结果在允许误差范围内基本一致.     

单个水分子对HO2+H2S反应主通道影响的理论研究

采用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)方法对HO2+H2S反应及单分子水参与其主通道的微观机理和速率常数进行了研究.结果表明,HO2+H2S反应主通道为生成产物为H2O2+HS的通道,其表观活化能为14.94 kJ/mol.考虑单分子水对主产物通道的影响发现,所得的势能面比无水参与的反应复杂得多,经历了H2O…HO2+H2S(RW1),HO2…H2O+H2S(RW2)和H2O…H2S+HO2(RW3)3个通道,RW1~RW6共6个路径.其中通道RW1是水分子参与HO2+H2S反应主通道的优势通道.在216.7~298.2K温度范围内通道RW1的有效速率常数呈现出正温度系数效应,在298 K时,k’RW 1/ktotal达到54.2%,表明在实际大气环境中水分子对HO2+H2S反应的主通道具有明显影响.     

Nitric Oxide Biosensors Based on the Immobilization of Hemoglobin on Mesoporous Titania Electrodes

A nanocrystalline TiO₂ film is an electrode material with large surface area which allows high levels of protein adsorption without loss of protein structure or activity. As an optically transparent semiconductor, titania can be used to carry out direct spectroelectrochemistry of proteins such as hemoglobin. We demonstrate that the high protein loading and the optical transparency and electrical conductivity of the Hb/TiO₂ films allow the optical and/or electrochemical sensing of nitric oxide. In particular we demonstrate the nitric oxide cycle of oxyhemoglobin immobilized on TiO₂ films and use it to electrochemically measure micromolar levels of nitric oxide.     

Effect of Doping on Rutile TiO2 Surface Stability and Crystal Shapes

Transition-metal-(TM-)doped TiO₂ has been considered as promising electrode material for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). OER activity is expected to depend on the coordination of the surface atoms. In this study, we theoretically investigate the stability of low-index surfaces of TM-doped rutile, (110), (100), (101) and (001), with 50 % of the Ti atoms substituted by Sc, Y, V, Nb or Ta. For Sc and Y, we also consider models with O vacancies providing the most stable oxidation state of Sc and Y. Surface energies are calculated with DFT(+U). Based on the Gibbs-Wulff theorem, the shape of the single crystals is predicted. It is observed that p-doping leads to spontaneous oxygen loss and O vacancies cause surface reconstruction. The Wulff shapes of n-doped TiO₂ have smaller contributions of the (110) facet and, for Nb and Ta, larger contributions of other facets. Given the higher coordinative unsaturation of the TM atoms in the latter, a higher catalytic activity is expected.     

Adsorption and Reactions of CHCl3 on Powdered TiO2

The adsorption and reactions of CHCl₃ on three commercially available TiO₂ powders have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in a gas‐solid reaction system. Probably, owing to the difference in surface morphology, CHCl₃ is weakly adsorbed on two of the three TiO₂ samples at 35 °C. But, as the more reactive TiO₂ is exposed to CHCl₃ at 35 °C, the surface is found to be covered with CHCl₃, HCOO, H₂O, and CO. In addition to these surface species, gaseous HCl and CO are generated at higher temperatures. Photoirradiation of CHCl₃ on TiO₂ in the absence or presence of O₂ causes the decomposition of CHCl₃. This photoprocess is enhanced in O₂.     

甲醇在CeO2担载Pd催化剂上分解机理的研究

采用原位红外(in-situFTIR)技术对甲醇在CeO₂和Pd/CeO₂催化剂上的吸附和反应进行了研究,提出一个新的甲醇分解反应机理模型.甲醇在CeO₂上容易吸附并结合其晶格氧生成甲酸盐物种,而甲醇分解的产物氢被Pd活化后,溢流到CeO₂上促进了甲酸盐物种的分解.Cl^-的存在加强了Pd/CeO₂催化剂与氢的相互作用,Pd和CeO₂通过对氢和氧物种的作用对甲醇分解反应的过程表现出协同效应.     

Effects of Oxygen Vacancy on the Adsorption of Formaldehyde on Rutile TiO2(110) Surface

Oxygen vacancy (O_v) has significant influence on physical and chemical properties of TiO₂ systems,especially on surface catalytic processes.In this work,we investigate the effects of O v on the adsorption of formaldehyde (HCHO) on TiO₂(110) surfaces through firstprinciples calculations.With the existence of O_v,we find the spatial distribution of surface excess charge can change the relative stability of various adsorption configurations.In this case,the bidentate adsorption at five-coordinated Ti (Ti_5c) can be less stable than the monodentate adsorption.And HCHO adsorbed in O_v becomes the most stable structure.These results are in good agreement with experimental observations,which reconcile the long-standing deviation between the theoretical prediction and experimental results.This work brings insights into how the excess charge affects the molecule adsorption on metal oxide surface.