Hyperidentities and solid varieties

Let V be a variety of type τ. A type τ hyperidentity of V is an identity of V which also holds in an additional stronger sense: for every substitution of terms of the variety (of appropriate arity) for the operation symbols in the identity, the resulting equation holds as an identity of the variety. Such identities were first introduced by Walter Taylor in [27] in 1981. A variety is called solid if all its identities also hold as hyperidentities. For example, the semigroup variety of rectangular bands is a solid variety. For any fixed type τ, the collection of all solid varieties of type τ forms a complete lattice which is a sublattice of the lattice L(τ) of all varieties of type τ. In this paper we give an overview of the study of hyperidentities and solid varieties, particularly for varieties of semigroups, culminating in the construction of an infinite collection of solid varieties of arbitrary type. This paper is dedicated to Walter Taylor. Received July 16, 2005; accepted in final form January 3, 2006. This paper is an expanded version of a talk presented at the Conference on Algebras, Lattices and Varieties in Honour of Walter Taylor, in Boulder Colorado, August 2004. The author’s research is supported by NSERC of Canada.     

On finite hyperidentity bases for varieties of semigroups

For any varietyV of semigroups, we denote byH(V) the collection of all hyperidentities satisfied byV. It is natural to ask whether, for a givenV, H(V) is finitely based. This question has so far been answered, in the negative, for four varieties of semigroups: for the varieties of rectangular bands and of zero semigroups by the author in [8]; for the variety of semilattices by Penner in [5]; and for the varietyS of all semigroups by Bergman in [1]. In this paper, we show how Bergman's proof may in fact be used to deal with a large class of subvarieties ofS, namely all semigroup varieties except those satisfyingx ² =x ^2+m for somem. As a first step in the investigation of these exceptional varieties, we also present some hyperidentities satisfied by the variety B_1,1 of bands, and, using the same technique, show thatH(V) is not finitely based for any subvarietyV of B_1,1. These proofs all exploit the fact that the particular variety in question has hyperidentities of arbitrarily large arity. We conclude with an example of a variety for which even the collection of hyperidentities containing only one binary operation symbol is not finitely based.Presented by W. Taylor.Research supported by Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

Hyperidentities of lattices and semilattices

Following W. Taylor we define a hyperidentity ∈ to be formally the same as an identity (e.g.,F(G(x, y, z), G(x, y, z))=G(x, y, z)). However, a varietyV is said to satisfy a hyperidentity ∈, if whenever the operation symbols of ∈ are replaced by any choice of polynomials (appropriate forV) of the same arity as the corresponding operation symbols of ∈, then the resulting identity holds inV in the usual sense. For example, if a varietyV of type <2,2> with operation symbols ∨ and ∧ satisfies the hyperidentity given above, then substituting the polynomial (x∨y)∨z for the symbolG, and the polynomialx∧y forF, we see thatV must in particular satisfy the identity ((x∨y)∨z)∧((x∨y)∨z)=((x∨y)∨z). The set of all hyperidentities satisfied by a varietyV, will be denoted byH(V). We shall letH ^m (V) be the set of all hyperidentities hoiding inV with operation symbols of arity at mostm, andH _n (V) will denote the set of all hyperidentities ofV with at mostn distinct variables. In this paper we shall show that ifV is a nontrivial variety of lattices or the variety of all semilattices, then for any integersm andn, there exists a hyperidentity ∈ such that ∈ holds inV, and ∈ is not a consequence ofH ^m (V)∪H _n (V). From this it is deduced that the hyperidentities ofV are not finitely based, partly soling a problem of Taylor [7, Problem 3]. The research of the author was supported by NSERC of Canada. Presented by W. Taylor.     

Super-De Morgan functions and free De Morgan quasilattices

A De Morgan quasilattice is an algebra satisfying hyperidentities of the variety of De Morgan algebras (lattices). In this paper we give a functional representation of the free n-generated De Morgan quasilattice with two binary and one unary operations. Namely, we define the concept of super-De Morgan function and prove that the free De Morgan quasilattice with two binary and one unary operations on nfree generators is isomorphic to the De Morgan quasilattice of super-De Morgan functions of nvariables.     

Finite modular congruence lattices

We consider the variety of modular lattices generated by all finite lattices obtained by gluing together some M₃’s. We prove that every finite lattice in this variety is the congruence lattice of a suitable finite algebra (in fact, of an operator group). Received February 26, 2004; accepted in final form December 16, 2004.     

Congruence-preserving subdirect products

An algebra A is said to be a congruence-preserving extension of a subalgebra B if the mapping from the congruence lattice of B to that of A, assigning to each congruence relation β on B the minimal congruence relation on A containing β, is an isomorphism. We give a necessary and sufficient condition on the congruence lattice of a subdirect product B of finitely many algebras in a congruence-distributive variety that the full direct product be a congruence-preserving extension of B. We give several applications to congruence lattices of lattices. Received May 25, 2000; accepted in final form January 22, 2001.     

A basis for the type 〈n〉 hyperidentities of the medial variety of semigroups

Summary The medical varietyMV of semigroups is the variety defined by the medial identityxyzw = xzyw. This variety is known to satisfy the medial hyperidentitiesF(G(x ₁₁ ,, x _1n ),, G(x _n1 ,, x _nn )) = G(F(x ₁₁ ,, x _n1 ),, F(x _1n ,, x _nn )), forn 1. Taylor has observed in [2] thatMV also satisfies some other hyperidentities, which are not consequences of the medial ones. In [4] the author introduced a countably infinite family of binary hyperidentities called transposition hyperidentities, which are natural generalizations of then = 2 medial hyperidentity. It was shown that this family is irredundant, and that no finite basis is possible for theMV hyperidentities with one binary operation symbol.In this paper, we generalize the concept of a transposition hyperidentity, and extend it to cover arbitrary arityn 2. We show that theMV hyperidentities with onen-ary operation symbol have no finite basis, but do have a countably infinite basis consisting of these transposition hyperidentities.Research supported by NSERC of Canada.     

Iterative hyperidentities for theA n,m varieties of semigroups

Iterative hyperidentities are hyperidentities of the special formF ^a (x ₁,...,x _k =F ^a+b (x ₁,...,x _k ). This type of hyperidentity has been considered by Denecke and Pöschel, and by Schweigert. Here we consider iterative hyperidentities for the variety A_n,m of commutative semigroups satisfyingx ⁿ =x ^n+m ,n,m 1. We introduce two parameters(m, n) and(m) associated withn andm, and show thatA _nn,m satisfies the iterative hyperidentitiesF (x ₁,...,x _k =F ^+b (x ₁,...,x _k ) for every arityk. Moreover, the numbers and are minimal, making these hyperidentities irreducible in the sense of Schweigert. We also show how these hyperidentities for A_n,m may be used to prove that no non-trivial proper variety of commutative semigroups can have a finite hyperidentity basis.Presented by W. Taylor.Research supported by NSERC of Canada     

Hybrid bases for varieties of semigroups

We consider the lower part of the lattice of varieties of semigroups. We present finite bases of hybrid identities for the varieties of normal bands, commutative bands and abelian groups of finite exponent.The variety A_n,0 of abelian groups provides an example of a variety which has no finite base of hyperidentities (cf. [12]) but has a finite base of hybrid identities.     

Clones of implicit operations

There is a close connection between a variety and its clone. The clone of a variety is a multibased algebra, where the different universes are the sets of n-ary terms over this variety for every natural number n and where the operations describe the superposition of terms of different arities. All projections are added as nullary operations. Subvarieties correspond to homomorphic images of clones. Subclones can be described by reducts of varieties, isomorphic clones by equivalent varieties. Clone identities correspond to hyperidentities and varieties of clones to hypervarieties. Pseudovarieties are classes of finite algebras which are closed under taking of subalgebras, homomorphic images and finite direct products. Pseudovarieties are important in the theories of finite state automata, rational languages, finite semigroups and their connections. In a very natural way, there arises the question for the clone of a pseudovariety. In the present paper, we will describe this algebraic structure. Received April 6, 2004; accepted in final form March 28, 2005.     

Stone duality for lattices

We present a new topological representation and Stone-type duality for general lattices. The dual objects of lattices are triples , where X, Y are the filter and ideal spaces of the lattice, endowed with a natural topology, and is a relation from X to Y. Received September 27, 1995; accepted in final form January 22, 1997.     

The probability of triviality

Given a variety of algebras, what is the probability that for an arbitrary identity p q the only algebra in that satisfies p q is the trivial algebra? More generally, if is a subvariety of what is the probability that p q together with the identities of forms an equational basis for ? We consider these questions for various and and we provide criteria that allow for explicit determination of these probabilities. Received April 14, 1997; accepted in final form January 19, 1998.     

Many varieties of lattices with nonsurjective epimorphisms

We use dominions to show that many varieties of lattices have nonsurjective epimorphisms. The variety D of distributive lattices is treated in detail. We show that the dominion in D of a sublattice is the closure of M under relative complementation in L. This dominion is also the largest sublattice of L in which M is epimorphically embedded. In any variety of lattices larger than D, the dominion of M in L is just M. Received May 1, 2001; accepted in final form October 4, 2005.     

Reducible classes of finite lattices

In this paper we study a notion of reducibility in finite lattices. An element x of a (finite) lattice L satisfying certain properties is deletable if L-x is a lattice satisfying the same properties. A class of lattices is reducible if each lattice of this class admits (at least) one deletable element (equivalently if one can go from any lattice in this class to the trivial lattice by a sequence of lattices of the class obtained by deleting one element in each step). First we characterize the deletable elements in a pseudocomplemented lattice what allows to prove that the class of pseudocomplemented lattices is reducible. Then we characterize the deletable elements in semimodular, modular and distributive lattices what allows to prove that the classes of semimodular and locally distributive lattices are reducible. In conclusion the notion of reducibility for a class of lattices is compared with some other notions like the notion of order variety.     

Separation in distributive congruence lattices

We define separable sets in algebraic lattices. For a finitely generated congruence distributive variety V \mathcal{V} , we show a close connection between non-separable sets in congruence lattices of algebras in V \mathcal{V} and the structure of subdirectly irreducible algebras in V \mathcal{V} . We apply the general results to some lattice varieties.     

Riesz ideals in generalized effect algebras and in their unitizations

We show that quotients of generalized effect algebras by Riesz ideals preserve some important special properties, e.g., homogeneity and hereditary Riesz decomposition properties; moreover, quotients of generalized orthoalgebras, weak generalized orthomodular posets, generalized orthomodular lattices and generalized MV-algebras with respect to Riesz ideals belong to the same class. We give a necessary and sufficient condition under which a Riesz ideal I of a generalized effect algebra P is a Riesz ideal also in the unitization E of P. We also study relations between Riesz ideals and central elements in GEAs and in their unitizations. In the last section, we demonstrate the notion of Riesz ideals by some illustrative examples. Received June 28, 2005; accepted in final form January 23, 2007.     

On complete congruence lattices of join-infinite distributive lattices

In [5] G. Gr?tzer and E. T. Schmidt raised the problem of characterizing the complete congruence lattices of complete lattices satisfying the Join-Infinite Distributive Identity (JID) and the Meet-Infinite Distributive Identity (MID) and proved the theorem: Any complete lattice with more than two elements and with a meet-irreducible zero cannot be represented as the lattice of complete congruence relations of a complete lattice satisfying the (JID) and (MID). In this note we generalize this result by showing that the complete congruence lattice of every complete lattice satisfying (JID) and (MID) is a zero-dimensional complete lattice satisfying (JID). Some consequences are discussed. Received March 6, 2000; accepted in final form September 12, 2000.     

\mathcal{l} -prime elements in multiplicatice lattices

In this paper we study -prime elements in C-lattices and characterize Prüfer lattices, almost principal element lattices and principal element lattices in terms of -prime elements. Using these results, some new characterizations are given for general ZPI-rings and almost multiplication rings. Finally some new equivalent conditions are given for Dedekind lattices. Received August 18, 2000; accepted in final form April 22, 2002.     

M-solid varieties generated by lattices

Following W. Taylor, we define an identity to be hypersatisfied by a variety V iff, whenever the operation symbols of V are replaced by arbitrary terms (of appropriate arity) in the operations of V, then the resulting identity is satisfied by V in the usual sense. Whenever the identity is hypersatisfied by a variety V, we shall say that is a hyperidentity of V, or a V hyperidentity. When the terms being substituted are restricted to a submonoid M of all the possible choices, is called an M-hyperidentity, and a variety V is M-solid if each identity is an M-hyperidentity. In this paper we examine the solid varieties whose identities are lattice M-hyperidentities. The M-solid varieties generated by the variety of lattices in this way provide new insight on the construction and representation of various known classes of non-commutative lattices. Received October 8, 1999; accepted in final form March 22, 2000.     

n-distributivity,dimension and Carathéodory's theorem

A. Huhn proved that the dimension of Euclidean spaces can be characterized through algebraic properties of the lattices of convex sets. In fact, the lattice of convex sets of isn+1-distributive but notn-distributive. In this paper his result is generalized for a class of algebraic lattices generated by their completely join-irreducible elements. The lattice theoretic form of Carathéodory's theorem characterizesn-distributivity in such lattices. Several consequences of this result are studied. First, it is shown how infiniten-distributivity and Carathéodory's theorem are related. Then the main result is applied to prove that for a large class of lattices beingn-distributive means being in the variety generated by the finiten-distributive lattices. Finally,n-distributivity is studied for various classes of lattices, with particular attention being paid to convexity lattices of Birkhoff and Bennett for which a Helly type result is also proved.Presented by J. Sichler.