Calculation of Routh Sea Surface Reflection

A mathematical expression of surface reflectivity based on Fresnel’s formula and Snell’s law was particularly developed for the rough sea surface, the variation of whose slope in response to the surface wind is determined to the isotropic Gaussian distribution. Subsequently, reflection of rough sea surface in band of 3–5 and 8–12 μm was calculated and extensively analyzed in terms of viewing angle and surface wind. The corresponding results are of great practical significance to reducing the interference to the infrared detection due to reflection of the radiation from sun and sky.     

Direct measurement of the spatial distribution of light intensity in a scattering medium

A direct nonperturbative measurement of the spatial distribution of the light intensity in a strongly scattering medium is performed using an optoacoustic method. It is shown that near a surface the intensity can be five times greater than the incident intensity, and the absolute maximum of the intensity is observed at a depth ℓ(1–R)(1–4.0R) determined by the photon transport mean free path ℓ and the effective light reflection coefficient R of the boundary separating the scattering and external media. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 70, No. 3, 187–191 (10 August 1999)     

Appearance of resonant Γ-X mixing in gradient GaAs/AlAs short-period superlattices

We have experimentally investigated the low-temperature (10 K) luminescence and reflection spectra of a gradient GaAs/AlAs superlattice. We have examined the behavior of phonon satellites in the vicinity of the X-Γ resonance. Smooth passage through the resonance was achieved by scanning an exciting light beam along the surface of a gradient sample. Based on our experimental results, we have determined the functional dependence of the Γ-X mixing potential on the resonance detuning. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 822–823 (May 1998)     

Photon channelling in foams

Experiments by Gittings, Bandyopadhyay and Durian (Europhys. Lett. 65, 414 (2004)) demonstrate that light possesses a higher probability to propagate in the liquid phase of a foam due to total reflection. The authors term this observation photon channelling which we investigate in this article theoretically. We first derive a central relation in the work of Gitting et al. without any free parameters. It links the photon's path-length fraction f in the liquid phase to the liquid fraction ɛ. We then construct two-dimensional Voronoi foams, replace the cell edges by channels to represent the liquid films and simulate photon paths according to the laws of ray optics using transmission and reflection coefficients from Fresnel's formulas. In an exact honeycomb foam, the photons show superdiffusive behavior. It becomes diffusive as soon as disorder is introduced into the foams. The dependence of the diffusion constant on channel width and refractive index is explained by a one-dimensional random-walk model. It contains a photon channelling state that is crucial for the understanding of the numerical results. At the end, we shortly comment on the observation that photon channelling only occurs in a finite range of ɛ.     

Bragg reflection waveguide: Anti-mirror reflection and light slowdown

The effect of the light group velocity reduction in dielectric Bragg reflection waveguide structures (SiO₂/TiO₂) in the vicinity of the cutoff frequency is studied experimentally. The effect of anti-mirror reflection specific to Bragg reflection waveguides is described and employed to detect slow light. Experiments were performed using Ti:sapphire laser pulses ∼100 fs in length. The group index n _g ∼ 30 with a fractional pulse delay (normalized to the pulse width) of ∼10 is demonstrated. The problems and prospects of the implementation of slow-light devices based on Bragg reflection waveguide structures are discussed.     

Double pion photoproduction off 40Ca

The photoproduction of π ⁰ π ⁰ and π ⁰ π ^± pairs off ⁴⁰Ca has been investigated with the TAPS detector using the Glasgow photon tagging spectrometer at the Mainz MAMI accelerator. Data have been taken for incident photon energies in the energy range from 200-820MeV. Total cross-sections have been extracted from threshold up to the maximum photon energy and invariant-mass distributions of the pion pairs have been obtained for incident photon energies between 400-500MeV and 500-550MeV. The double π ⁰ invariant-mass distributions show some relative enhancement with respect to the mixed charge channel at small invariant masses. The effects are smaller than previously observed for lead nuclei and the distributions do not significantly deviate from carbon data. The data are in good agreement with the results of recent calculations in the framework of the BUU model, with careful treatment of final-state interaction effects but without an explicit in-medium modification of scalar, iso-scalar pion pairs. This means that for Ca most of the experimentally observed effect can be explained by final-state interactions. Only at low incident photon energies there is still a small low mass enhancement of the double π ⁰ data over the BUU results.     

B meson distribution amplitude from B→γ?ν

We reconsider the utility of the radiative decay B→γℓν with an energetic photon in the final state for determining parameters of the B-meson light-cone distribution amplitude. Including 1/m _b power corrections and radiative corrections at next-to-leading logarithmic order, we perform an improved analysis of the existing BABAR data. We find a provisional lower limit on the inverse moment of the B meson distribution amplitude, λ _B , which, due to the inclusion of radiative and power corrections, is significantly lower than the previous result. More data with large photon energy are, however, required to obtain reliable results, as should become available in the future from SuperB factories.     

Gluon distributions in real and virtual photon and the photon structure function

Gluon distributions in real and virtual photons are calculated using evolution equations in the NLO approximation. The quark distributions in the photon determined on the basis of the QCD sum rule approach in [1] are taken as an input. It is shown that gluon distribution in the photon can be reliably determined up tox=0.03÷0.05, much lower than the corresponding values in the case of quark distributions. Two variants of the calculations are considered: (1) it is assumed that there are no intrinsic gluons in the photon at some low normalization pointQ ²=Q ₀ ² ∼1GeV²; (2) it is assumed that gluonic content of the photon at lowQ ₀ ² is described by gluonic content of vector mesonsρ, ω, ϕ. The gluon distributions in these two variants appear to be different. This fact permits one to clarify the origin of nonperturbative gluonic content of the photon by comparing the results with experiment. Structure functionsF ₂(x) for real and virtual photon are calculated and it is shown that in the regionx≥0.2 where QCD approach is valid, there is a good agreement with experiment.     

Valence band photoemission from in-situ grown GaAs(100)-c(4 × 4)

The electron structure of GaAs(100)-c(4 × 4) has been studied by means of angular-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy for photon energies (20–40) eV. The sample was prepared by molecular beam epitaxy in-situ at the BL41 beamline of the MAX I storage ring of the Max-lab in Lund. Photon energy variation helped in separating dispersing bulk features from nondispersing surface features in the energy distribution curves recorded at normal emission. Two sets of peaks were related to bulk transitions from the two topmost E(k _⊥) branches of the valence band of GaAs and one more set came from the surface state in the center of the 2D Brillouin zone. Good agreement was found between experimental bulk dispersion branches and theoretical calculations based on realistic final state dispersion. The surface state peak, hardly visible at 20 and 22 eV photon excitations, gets clearly enhanced at higher excitation energies. In contrast to earlier measurements of this kind, two major differences have been found: (i) clearly developed surface state peak just below the top of the v alence band, (ii) absence of a large peak in the electron energy distribution at around −6.5eV below the valence band top. Presented at the X-th Symposium on Suface Physics, Prague, Czech Republic, July 11–15, 2005.     

Nonlinear laser-induced regime of surface-electromagnetic-wave generation and submicron periodic relief during liquid-phase photochemical etching of n-III–V semiconductors

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of laser-induced generation of periodic relief on the surface of n-III–V semiconductors during liquid-phase photochemical or photoelectrochemical etching accompanying the resonance interaction of surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs). The increments of the exponentially increasing amplitudes of the dominant Fourier harmonics of the relief have been measured at the initial (linear) stage of the time evolution of the surface profile. It is proven by comparing the theoretical and experimental results that the mechanism for forming periodic structures that we have proposed is adequate. Ways of monochromatizing the generated relief and controlling the line shape of the surface grating are studied. It is experimentally detected for the first time that the nonlinear stage of the time evolution of the relief is characterized, in accordance with the predictions of the theory developed by the authors, by amplitude and phase oscillations of the first and second Fourier harmonics of the surface profile. It is shown to be possible to generate relief that suppresses specular reflection from the surface. A new nonmasked laser method is developed for forming high-quality submicron relief diffraction gratings, combining a holographic method and a method involving laser-induced relief generation during resonance excitation of SEWs. Diffraction gratings with a period of d=0.24–0.54 μm and a depth of h=0.1–0.2 μm over an area of 0.5×31 cm have been created on an n-InP surface. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 174–198 (January 1997)     

Double pair production by ultra-high-energy cosmic ray photons

Using the CompHEP package, we provide a detailed estimate of the influence of double e ⁺ e ⁻ pair production (DPP) by photons on the propagation of ultra-high-energy electromagnetic cascades. We show that in the models where the cosmic ray photon energy reaches a few 10³ EeV, a refined DPP analysis may lead to a substantial difference in the predicted photon spectrum compared to the previous rough estimates. The article is published in the original.     

Resolved photon processes

After giving a very brief introduction to the resolved photon processes, I will summarize the latest experimental information from HERA, on resolved photon contribution to largep _T jet production as well as to direct photon production. I will point out the interesting role that resolved photon processes can play in increasing our understanding of the dynamics of the quarkonium production. I will then discuss the newer information on the parton content of virtual photons as well as thek _T distribution of the partons in the photon. I will end by giving predictions of an eikonalized minijet model for σ _γγ ^inel which crucially uses the experimental measurement of the abovementionedk _T distribution and comparing them with data. On leave of absence from Department of Physics, University of Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India     

On the “supercollimation” of X-ray beams in rough interfacial channels

The transmission of x rays through rough submicron narrow channels is investigated by numerical simulation with diffraction and decay of coherence taken into account. It is found that transmission is strongly increased for directions within the diffraction limit λ/d (d is the channel width). For larger angles strong roughness scattering results in rapid decay of coherence and absorption of the x-ray beams. When the coherent part is a significant portion of the transmitted beam, its divergence is also within the diffraction limit, which can be an order of magnitude smaller than the Fresnel angle of total external reflection. The effects are explained with the statistical theory of x-ray scattering in a rough transitional layer. Such “supercollimation” can be used for fine angular discrimination of x radiation and for the production of very narrow diffraction-quality x-ray beams. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 69, No. 10, 686–690 (25 May 1999) Published in English in the original Russian journal. Edited by Steve Torstveit.     

Unconventional application of the two-flux approximation for the calculation of the Ambartsumyan-Chandrasekhar function and the angular spectrum of the backward-scattered radiation for a semi-infinite isotropically scattering medium

It is commonly accepted that the Schwarzschild-Schuster two-flux approximation (1905, 1914) can be employed only for the calculation of the energy characteristics of the radiation field (energy density and energy flux density) and cannot be used to characterize the angular distribution of radiation field. However, such an inference is not valid. In several cases, one can calculate the radiation intensity inside matter and the reflected radiation with the aid of this simplest approximation in the transport theory. In this work, we use the results of the simplest one-parameter variant of the two-flux approximation to calculate the angular distribution (reflection function) of the radiation reflected by a semi-infinite isotropically scattering dissipative medium when a relatively broad beam is incident on the medium at an arbitrary angle relative to the surface. We do not employ the invariance principle and demonstrate that the reflection function exhibits the multiplicative property. It can be represented as a product of three functions: the reflection function corresponding to the single scattering and two identical h functions, which have the same physical meaning as the Ambartsumyan-Chandrasekhar function (H) has. This circumstance allows a relatively easy derivation of simple analytical expressions for the H function, total reflectance, and reflection function. We can easily determine the relative contribution of the true single scattering in the photon backscattering at an arbitrary probability of photon survival Λ. We compare all of the parameters of the backscattered radiation with the data resulting from the calculations using the exact theory of Ambartsumyan, Chandrasekhar, et al., which was developed decades after the two-flux approximation. Thus, we avoid the application of fine mathematical methods (the Wiener-Hopf method, the Case method of singular functions, etc.) and obtain simple analytical expressions for the parameters of the scattered radiation. Note that the simplicity of the expressions is supplemented with unexpectedly high accuracy. The results demonstrate the unknown possibilities offered by the two-flux approximation, which is the simplest approximate method to solve the equations of transport theory. We assume that the method can be employed in the calculations of the angular characteristics of the reflected radiation for media whose single scattering is described using complicated (in comparison with isotropic) laws.     

Experimental detection of specular reflection of gamma quanta

Scattering of bremsstrahlung electron beam (E _e = 6.25 MeV) collimated with a vertical divergence δ_γ ≈ ±60 μrad and incident on the mercury surface at glancing angles α = −37, −83, and −140 μrad is studied on the 118-m-long path length. The specular reflection effect is detected in the spectral and angular distributions of γ quanta with energies up to 3 MeV. The reflection coefficients vary from 0 to ∼17% depending on the angles of incidence and the γ quanta energy.     

Scanning of a laser beam and purification of materials through the use of light-induced particle drift in semiconductors

The light-induced drift of electrons, light-absorbing impurities, and defects in II-VI semiconductors is investigated experimentally, along with some potential practical applications of the phenomenon. It is shown that the light-induced drift of electrons induces a very pronounced change in the refractive index, |Δn|∼0.01, and can be used to implement effective scanning of nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses through frustration of total internal reflection. The light-induced drift of absorbing particles increases their density in the surface layer of the crystals, and this effect can be exploited in semiconductor technology. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 121–124 (April 1998)     

Formation mechanisms and structure of the luminescence spectra of a dense resonant medium

The purely thermal visible and infrared radiation emitted by a dense resonant medium (sodium vapor) heated nonuniformly to temperatures of 600–1200 K was investigated experimentally for the first time under conditions where the photon mean free path is comparable with the emission wavelength. The profile of the recorded spectra and the absolute luminescence intensities in the different spectral ranges show good agreement with the results of a numerical simulation using a previously developed theory of resonance radiation transport which assumes a Boltzmann spectral distribution of the resonant level population proportional to exp(−ℏω/T). The self-reversed resonant sodium line exhibited strong asymmetry and it was shown that under certain conditions, the luminescence spectrum of the medium may exhibit an additional broad peak on the far “red” limb of the resonance line. Calculations and measurements demonstrated that the intensity of the thermal emission of sodium vapor at this red peak is several orders of magnitude higher than that obtained from the standard theory of resonance radiation transport. This effect is arbitrarily termed an infrared “ catastrophe.” It is noted that in a solar corona plasma and in gas-discharge lamps, the far red limbs of the resonant lines may make a substantial contribution to the total luminescence intensity and in some cases, considerably exceed the intensity of the photorecombination and bremsstrahlung continuum. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 114, 135–154 (July 1998)     

Excited Two-Mode Generalized Squeezed Vacuum State as a Squeezed Two-Variable Hermite Polynomial Excitation State

A new class of excited two-mode generalized squeezed vacuum states denoted by |r,s,m,n〉 are presented, which are obtained by repeatedly applying creation operators a ^† and b ^† on the two-mode generalized squeezed vacuum state. We find that it is just regarded as a generalized squeezed two-variable Hermite polynomial excitation on the vacuum state and its normalization constant is just a Jacobi polynomial. Their statistical properties are investigated such as squeezing properties, photon number distribution and the violations of Cauchy-Schwartz inequality. Especially, the Wigner function for |r,s,m,n〉 depending on the excitation photon numbers is discussed graphically.     

Transmission spectra of thin CdS and CdSe crystals near higher-order isotropic points

Summary For photon energies below the absorption edge in CdS, CdSe and other II–VI crystals the polariton dispersion curves forE⊥c andE‖c (c-axis in a wurtzite crystal) corss at some points called isotropic points (IP). The occurrence of isotropic points provides the possibility of mode coupling between ordinary and extraordinary waves. Since the consequences of mode coupling on the optical properties for photon energies near the lowest IP lying much below the first excitonic state were widely discussed in recent years, more attention is now paid to isotropic points lying near the band gap and related to then=2,3, … excitonic states (?higher isotropic points?). Making use of Stahl's real density matrix approach we derive the polariton dispersion relationsk _⊥ (ω), andk _‖ (ω), for CdS and CdSe bulk crystals and determine the positions of IP's due to the crossing of theB-polariton with higherA-excitonic resonances. By the method of multiple internal reflection we calculate the transmission spectra for various crystal thicknesses (between 3 μm and 0.5 mm) and coupling mechanisms. The calculated transmission shows sharply peaked structures centred at the isotropic points.     

External photoelectric effect and high-efficiency photocathodes in the soft-x-ray region of the spectrum

Two approaches to calculating the “true” x-ray photoemission from high-efficiency photocathodes are analyzed in the photon energy range 1–10 keV. Analytic expressions are derived for the quantum yield of true x-ray photoelectrons. The calculated values of quantum yield are compared with experimentally measured values. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1665–1671 (September 1997)