Aerodynamic sound generation caused by viscous processes

With the aim of resolving some questions arising from previous studies by Morfey, Kempton, Hardin, and Kambe and Minota, the effects of viscosity on aerodynamic sound generation by unheated, low Mach number flow are investigated theoretically. First, an analytical solution in terms of a multipole expansion is derived by means of the method of matched asymptotic expansions. This solution is especially well suited to compare the results obtained by the various authors mentioned above. Second, an estimation of the importance of viscous effects on aerodynamic sound generation is given by which one can show that viscous effects have been overestimated in the past.     

Visualization of flapping wing of the drone beetle

Investigation of flapping wings of insect are focused on low Reynolds number effect and the unsteady aerodynamic properties. Interaction between flapping wing of insects and the air flow became one of important and fundamental research topics in micro air vehicle. The present work is aim to investigate the flow behavior of flapping wings of tethered scarab beetle. The generation mechanisms of velocity field and vortex formation are visualized with smoke-wire method. Tethered flight of the drone beetle shows the motion with elastic deformation of flapping wing. Measured flapping frequency is about 71 Hz and its frequency is higher than for dragonfly and butterfly. Beetle decreases negative lift by feathering motion in the upstroke process and increase positive lift by effect of wake capture in the downstroke process.     

Aerodynamic sound production in low speed flow ducts

Measurements of spoiler aerodynamic noise, generated in a low velocity flow duct and radiated from an open exhaust termination, have been made in the form of sound power spectra. The individual $\text{1}\text{3}$ octave power measurements are satisfactorily collapsed (within ± 3 dB) with the aid of derived theoretical scaling laws. Non-dimensional spectra are presented which permit generalized predictions of flow noise for bluff bodies, including splitter attenuators, mounted in low speed flow ducts.     

Aerodynamic hysteresis in the model of an airplane with a high-aspect-ratio straight wing

Many-loop hysteresis of the pitching characteristics of an airplane model with a high-aspect-ratio straight wing at Re = 0.33 × 10⁶ is studied.     

Numerical simulation of parametric sound generation and its application to length-limited sound beam

In this study we propose a simulation model for predicting the nonlinear sound propagation of ultrasound beams over a distance of a few hundred wavelengths, and we estimate the beam profile of a parametric array. Using the finite-difference time-domain method based on the Yee algorithm with operator splitting, axisymmetric nonlinear propagation was simulated on the basis of equations for a compressible viscous fluid. The simulation of harmonic generation agreed with the solutions of the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov equation around the sound axis except near the sound source. As an application of the model, we estimated the profiles of length-limited parametric sound beams, which are generated by a pair of parametric sound sources with controlled amplitudes and phases. The simulation indicated a sound beam with a narrow truncated array length and a width of about one-quarter to half that of regular a parametric beam. This result confirms that the control of sound source conditions changes the shape of a parametric beam and can be used to form a torch like low-frequency sound beam.     

Aeroacoustic sound generation in simple expansion chambers

A method is presented for measuring the aeroacoustic source strength in ducts with flow at frequencies at which the wave motion can be considered substantially one-dimensional. The method is based on coherent power flux measurements using pairs of microphones positioned both upstream and downstream of the source region. The method is applied to a flow excited expansion chamber with aeroacoustic source measurements presented for chambers with a range of flow velocities and chamber lengths. The results indicate locked-on flow tones are generated in the chamber. The frequency of these locked-on flow tones is compared with that predicted using describing function theory applied to resonators with a grazing flow as well as that of other literature.     

Nonuniform parametric sound generation in acoustic resonator

A theory of sound generation in an open acoustic resonator excited by a monochromatic sound beam, under nonuniform modulation of the speed of sound in the resonator medium, has been developed. The spectral distribution and temporal profile of the resonator stationary radiation are calculated.     

Broadband sound generation by confined turbulent jets

Sound generation by confined stationary jets is of interest to the study of voice and speech production, among other applications. The generation of sound by low Mach number, confined, stationary circular jets was investigated. Experiments were performed using a quiet flow supply, muffler-terminated rigid uniform tubes, and acrylic orifice plates. A spectral decomposition method based on a linear source-filter model was used to decompose radiated nondimensional sound pressure spectra measured for various gas mixtures and mean flow velocities into the product of (1) a source spectral distribution function; (2) a function accounting for near field effects and radiation efficiency; and (3) an acoustic frequency response function. The acoustic frequency response function agreed, as expected, with the transfer function between the radiated acoustic pressure at one fixed location and the strength of an equivalent velocity source located at the orifice. The radiation efficiency function indicated a radiation efficiency of the order (kD)2 over the planar wave frequency range and (kD)4 at higher frequencies, where k is the wavenumber and D is the tube cross sectional dimension. This is consistent with theoretical predictions for the planar wave radiation efficiency of quadrupole sources in uniform rigid anechoic tubes. The effects of the Reynolds number, Re, on the source spectral distribution function were found to be insignificant over the range 20002.5. The influence of a reflective open tube termination on the source function spectral distribution was found to be insignificant, confirming the absence of a feedback mechanism.     

Two-frequency parametric generation of sound in acoustic resonator

Steady-state parametric generation of sound in an acoustic resonator with time modulation of the speed of sound in a resonator material was theoretically studied taking into account quadratic nonlinearity of a medium.     

Underwater optical generation of sound: Oblique incidence

This paper addresses itself to the problem of thermoacoustic generation by an obliquely incident laser beam in a body of water. Far-field directivity pattern of thermoacoustic source (TS) has been studied analytically and numerically. Our study suggests the possibility of getting highly directional sound beams in a simple configuration.     

On generation of sound by an internal bore

Internal bores are nonlinear internal waves that move toward the coast and have a characteristic steplike shape to their fronts. The bore is a frequent phenomenon for shelf zones of seas and oceans. The passage of the bore leads to a substantial change in the conditions of sound propagation in the sea medium and, generally, to the formation of a near-bottom sound channel. In this work, we theoretically consider another effect of the aforementioned phenomenon on underwater acoustics, namely, the generation of sound by the internal bore propagating over the bottom.     

Characteristics of sound wave generation in a gas discharge

An analysis is made of the generation of sound waves in a dc gas-discharge tube by applying an alternating component, and the optimum generation conditions are determined. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 53–56 (August 1997)     

锥形声源的二次谐波声场分布

本文推导了锥形声源的非线性二次谐波声场分布。理论表明锥形源二次谐波声场沿径向呈Bessel函数分布,且与传播距离无关。另一个重要结论是这种声场的二次谐波束宽刚好为基波的1/2,而非一般情况下的$1 / \\sqrt{2}$倍,此外,我们指出了这种声束在非线性参量B/A成象或测量中潜在的应用价值.     

Subsonic flapping flutter

A mathematical model of two-dimensional flow through a flexible channel is analyzed for its stability characteristics. Linear theory shows that fluid viscosity, modelled by a Darcy friction factor, induces flutter instability when the dimensionsless fluid speed, S, attains a critical flutter speed, S₀. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental results, and it is at variance with previous analytical studies where fluid viscosity was neglected and divergence instability was predicted. The critical flutter speed and the associated critical flutter frequency depend on three other dimensionless parameters: the ratio of fluid to wall damping; the ratio of wall to fluid mass; and the ratio of wall bending resistance to elastance. Non-linear theory predicts stable, finite amplitude flutter for S>S₀, which increases in frequency and amplitude as S increases. Both symmetric and antisymmetric modes of deformation are discussed.     

小瓣数贝塞尔声束的二次谐波

采用高斯展开法,研究了具有三个瓣的小瓣数贝塞尔声束的基波和二次谐波的传播性质.根据准线性近似下Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov方程的积分形式解,分析了媒质的声吸收(声衰减)对波束形状的影响.结果表明:吸收参量对二次谐波径向分布有很大的影响.当瓣数较少时,实际的有限孔径贝塞尔声束二次谐波仍然具有理想无限大孔径贝塞尔声束的主要特征,在近场无衍射区,径向几乎无衍射. 关键词： 二次谐波 贝塞尔声束 声吸收 有限孔径声束     

Nonlinear generation of airborne sound by waves of ultrasonic frequencies

The results of research into the design and optimization of laboratory sources of intense airborne ultrasound are reported. Two types of sources are studied: multielement arrays of small-size piezoelectric radiators and single membrane transducers of a capacitor type. The measured characteristics of the ultrasound fields and the audible sound fields generated in air due to the nonlinear interaction of high-frequency waves are presented. Applications of nonlinear acoustic problems in air are discussed.     

气流扬声器全调制发声方法研究

发展了一种耗气量小和背景噪声低的气流声源新调制模型。建立了全调制气流声源模型,零流量被设置为气流扬声器的静态,音频调制信号经过了去下包络预处理。控制通气量与调制信号成正比,降低气流消耗和减小背景噪声,与四类主要气流扬声器调制方式的效率进行了对比。与半通气调制方法相比较,全调制方法对典型语言广播的气流利用率从5%提高到51.5%,播放正弦波的气流利用率始终保持最大值60%,并使播放声音的信噪比提高15 dB以上。