Phase Transfer Catalysis Preparation of Aryl Thioethers

Phase transfer catalyzed displacement of halogen from activated aromatic rings by thiophenoxide ion has formed aryl thioethers in good yield.     

Sulfoxides from Thioethers and MnO2-HCl

Treatment of thioethers with manganese(IV)oxide-35% aqueous hydrogen chloride in methanol gives sulfoxides in high yields; sulfones are not produced     

Synthesis of Novel Thioethers from Polyhalobutadienes and Thiols

Abstract

Substituted perchlorobutadienes were synthesized from the reactions of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene with some thiols in ethanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The oxidation products were obtained from the reactions of thioethers with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The structures of the new compounds were characterized by microanalysis and spectroscopic data.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT      

单电子转移反应

本文对重要有机反应之一的单电子转移过程作了综述。单电子转移反应与极性反应的根本区别在于,前者每次只发生一个电子的转移,而后者通常每次发生一对电子的转移。影响这二种历程的主要因素是反应物的立体因素,电子结构及氧化还原能力。单电子转移按其反应方式又被细分(?)inner-sphere ET (?) outer-sphere ET 二种历程。一些典型的单电子转移反应已被分类介绍。     

Electron Transfer Chain Catalysis

Electron-transfer chain (ETC) catalysis belongs to the family of chain reactions where the electron is the catalyst. The ETC mechanism could be initiated by chemical activation, electrochemistry, or photolysis. If this pathway is applied to the preparation of organometallic complexes, it utilizes the greatly enhanced reactivity of organometallic 17e and 19e radicals. The chemical propagation is followed by the cross electron-transfer while the electron-transfer step is also followed by the chemical propagation, creating a loop in which reactants are facilely transformed into products. Interestingly the overall reaction is without any net redox change.     

Photodriven Electron and Energy Transfer from Copper Phenanthroline Excited States

Electron and energy transfer from copper 1,10-phenanthroline excited states is observed at room temperature in organic solvents. The copper phenanthroline excited states are metal-to-ligand charge-transfer in nature and have lifetimes of approximately 70-250 ns in dichloromethane solution if methyl or phenyl substituents are placed in the 2- and 9-positions of the phenanthroline ligand. The unsubstituted cuprous compound Cu(phen)(2)(PF(6)) is nonemissive under these conditions, and the excited state lifetime is <20 ns. The rate and efficiency of energy transfer to anthracene or electron transfer to viologens is reported. The cage escape efficiency of [Cu(dpp)(2)(2+), MV(+)(*)], where dpp is 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, is close to unity within experimental error. Back electron transfer to ground state products occurs at the diffusion limit, 2 x 10(10) M(-)(1) s(-)(1).     

Ultrafast Electron Transfer from Photoexcited CdSe Quantum Dots to Methylviologen

The ultrafast charge separation at the quantum dot (QD)/molecular acceptor interface was investigated in terms of acceptor concentration and the size of the QD. Time‐resolved experiments revealed that the electron transfer (ET) from the photoexcited QD to the molecular acceptor methylviologen (MV²⁺) occurs on the fs time scale for large acceptor concentrations and that the ET rate is strongly reduced for low concentrations. The increase in the acceptor concentration is accompanied with a growth in the overlap of donor and acceptor wavefunctions, resulting in a faster reaction until the MV²⁺ concentration reaches a saturation limit of 0.3–0.4 MV²⁺ nm^?2. Moreover, we found significant QD size dependence of the ET reaction, which is explained by a change of the free energy (ΔG).     

Electron Transfer in Frozen Media

Classical theories of electron transfer are modified to take into account the differences between electron transfer in a rigid medium and in a fluid. Intramolecular vibrations and part of the dielectric polarization are assumed to remain dynamic in rigid media while the remaining part of the polarization, arising from dipole reorientations, is frozen. In rigid media, electron transfer occurs with the solvent locked into the dipole orientations of the initial state. This causes an increase in the free energy change and a decrease in the solvent reorganizational energy. It also increases the activation free energy for electron transfer. For photoinduced electron transfer, the analysis is more complex because multiple states are involved. The activation free energy can either be greater or less than in a fluid depending on charge distributions before and after electron transfer. The same analysis can be applied to interconversion between excited states in rigid media.     

DNA内电子传递特性的研究现状*

DNA是生物体中储存和传递遗传信息的重要物质。双链DNA分子中碱基对的紧密堆积为电子传递提供了有利条件,DNA内的电子转移与许多生物学功能密切相关,可能诱发遗传信息的错读和引起DNA损伤,导致细胞的突变和癌变。本文介绍了DNA电子传递的多种可能机理,就DNA电子传递的各种理论模型进行了讨论,详细介绍了实验体系的设计和研究方法,分析了各种影响电子传递的因素,对近10多年来DNA电子传递的研究工作进行了综述。     

Electron Transfer Through Macromolecular Systems

Electron transfer between metal complexes which can be in intimate contact has been the subject of systematic study for about four decades. A major conclusion of the vast amount of work which has been done with intermolecular reactions of ordinary metal complexes is that the reactions are adiabatic, or nearly so (i.e., the only barriers to the reactions are the work of bringing the reagents into contact and the work of exciting them to the isoergic state, which is the configuration reached after the nuclei have readjusted so that the energy of the system is independent of the alternate sites the electron occupies). In adiabatic transfer, the rate of chemical change does not depend on the frequency of electron transfer between the two sites in the isoergic state. The measurement of the rate of electron transfer over large distances, especially when the intervening matter is made up of protein, has been a matter of great interest. At present, it is a very active field of investigation and several different methods for making such measurements have been introduced. The results obtained with one such method, developed by S. S. Isied in 1973, are emphasized. A key feature of the method is that reactions are studied in the intramolecular mode. This is a great simplification because the work of assembling the precursor complex is no longer a factor, and the interesting effects which arise from nonadiabatic behavior are more directly exposed. The method was first applied to simple bridging groups such as 4,4′-bipyridine, which tie the metal-containing moieties (NH₃)₅Co(III) and (NH₃)₅ Ru(III) together. An external reducing agent reduces Ru(III) in preference to Co(III), and the subsequent chemical change, which involves reduction of Co(III) by Ru(II) by an intramolecular process, can be followed spectrophotometrically. The work with these simple bridging ligands showed that unless measures are taken to uncouple the two centers electronically, electron transfer in these systems is adiabatic, a conclusion confirmed by studies of the properties of mixed valence molecules with the same bridging groups. Isied has gone on to study electron transfer through polyprolines using the same general kind of technique. Even with the simplest bridging group of the series, the reactions are nonadiabatic. They become quite slow as the length of the polypeptide chain increases, and with longer chains a conformation change in which the metal centers are brought closer together precedes electron transfer. A similar technique has also been applied by Isied and others to studying the rate of electron transfer between the iron center of cytochrome C and a ruthenium complex attached to a histidine diametrically opposite the heme group.     

富电子芳烃的电子转移光氧化反应

9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)敏化的烯烃和某些小环化合物的电子转移光氧化反应近年来研究很活跃。在芳烃光氧化方面,单重态氧反应限于多环芳烃和高度富电子的苯衍生物。一般烷基苯和富电子程度较小的芳烃,对~1O_2为隋性。因而电子转移历程为芳烃光氧化反应提供了新途径。但迄今芳烃的电子转移光氧化仍研究较少,历程看法也存在分歧。本文报道DCA和四氯对苯二醌(TCBQ)敏化的邻、间、对二甲苯(1,2,3),对-甲氧基     

电子穿梭体介导的微生物胞外电子传递:机制及应用

厌氧条件下微生物将电子传递给胞外电子受体的现象非常普遍,电子穿梭体(electron shuttle,ES)是介导胞外电子传递过程的重要途径之一,但其具体的机制尚未明晰。一部分微生物自身能分泌一些物质作为内生ES,另一部分微生物能利用天然存在或人工合成的某些物质作为外生ES,并将其携带的电子传递至微生物胞外电子受体。ES介导微生物胞外电子传递的基本过程为:氧化态电子穿梭体(ES_ox)接受电子变成还原态(ES_red),ES_red传递电子给胞外电子受体,自身再次氧化成ES_ox,从而循环往复。本文重点介绍不同种类ES及其电子穿梭机制,以及ES的分子扩散、氧化还原电势及电子转移能力对胞外电子传递过程的影响。ES介导的胞外电子传递过程直接影响污染物转化和微生物产电,因此在污染修复及生物能源等方面具有重要的应用前景。     

邻苯二甲酰二肽的光诱导单电子转移环化反应合成哌嗪酮类化合物

邻苯二甲酰化的二肽(1)在光照下,经过单电子转移形成分子内双自由基(5),自由基(5)分子内耦合成环得到含哌嗪酮的化合物.此反应产率较好,可以成为合成哌嗪酮类化合物的新方法.所有新化合物均经NMR和MS确定其结构.     

氰基苯阴离子与CO2间的内球电子转移

用半经验AM1方法以及从头算方法在3-21G和6－31G*基组水平上研究了从氰基苯阴离子到CO2的电子转移过程．结果表明，对于先驱物(precursor),三种计算方法得出的给体、受体间的距离分别为0.2728nm(AM1)、0.2479nm（UHF/3-21G）和0.2769nm(UHF/6-31G*)．在这样短的距离内给体的HOMO与受体的LUMO轨道具有相当程度的重叠，应产生较强的相互作用，说明此反应是内球电子转移反应，从而解释了此类体系的电子转移反应不符合Marcus理论的原因．计算给出先驱物的束缚能为0.19eV(AM1)和0.26eV(6-31G*)     

Electrochemical Studies of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Laccase from Trametes versicolor

This paper describes electrochemical behavior of laccase from the fungus Trametes versicolor. The issues related to discrimination of the redox potentials corresponding to copper centers T1 and T2/T3 in the active site and possible mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer have been discussed. The electron‐transfer rate constant for laccase immobilized on carbon electrode is 3.4 s^?1. The bioelectrocatalytic activity of the enzyme was studied in the presence of 1,4‐hydroquinone (HQ). The kinetics of HQ oxidation is very fast (K_M=3.8 μM). However, the catalytic activity of laccase in the presence of high concentration of HQ decreases drastically. It is suggested that the T2/T3 copper center is able to accept electrons from HQ molecules directly via intramolecular channel.