核物质对称能斜率对快转中子星性质的约束（英文）

在过去的十余年中,对非对称核物质的对称能的研究无论从实验还是理论上都取得了较大的突破,这对中子结构及其物态方程的理解具有十分重要的意义。本研究将采用一个相对保守的对称能斜率范围(25 Me VL105Me V)来研究其对快速转动中子星性质的约束,这些性质包括:质量-半径关系、转动惯量、引力红移以及转动形变等。通过该对称能斜率的约束,发现典型中子星(M=1.4M⊙)的半径约束在10.28～13.43 km范围内,这与最近的相关观测相一致。如果观察发现了质量较小的毫秒脉冲星,则将为核物质的对称能较软提供有效的证据。另外还发现,对角动量的一致性可为快转中子星转动惯量的上限提供约束。最后,根据具有低质量伴星的双星EXO0748-676的红移观测,给出了该脉冲星的质量下限(1.5M⊙)。     

原子核转动惯量奇偶差的大幅度涨落与非相加性

对关联对原子核的各种性质都有重要影响, 包括结合能、低激发谱和转动带的角动量顺排等. 系统观测到的原子核转动惯量奇偶差的大幅度涨落和转动惯量的非相加性, 不能用传统的处理原子核对关联的BCS方法来说明, 而用粒子数守恒方法则可给予满意的解释, 在此方法中Pauli堵塞效应已严格考虑.     

热力学自洽的质量密度依赖夸克模型与混合星

用热力学自洽的质量密度依赖夸克模型描述夸克物质研究了混合星的基本性质, 计算了混合星内粒子分布、状态方程和对应的质量-半径关系. 结果表明, 质量密度依赖夸克模型中由热力学自洽处理所引起的压强附加项使整个混合星的状态方程变软, 相变始末点推迟, 从而使混合星的最大质量由无附加项时的大于2.4M_⊙, 变到小于1.8M_⊙, 相应的半径R由大于15km变到小于12.0km. 与NJL模型类似, 该模型更适合描述大质量的混合星.     

包含暗物质的强子夸克混合星

研究了含有暗物质的夸克核心混合星的观测属性。用相对论平均场理论和有效质量口袋模型分别描述夸克核心的混合星物质内强子相和夸克相,用Gibbs相平衡条件描述强子-夸克混合相,研究了由于包含强、弱相互作用的费米子暗物质对混合星质量、半径、引力红移、自转频率和转动惯量等整体观测属性的影响。结果表明,在强、弱相互作用下,暗物质粒子质量大于等于0.5 GeV时暗物质会使混合星的状态方程比无暗物质时有一定软化,相应的混合星最大质量减少。当调节暗物质粒子质量研究表明,随着暗物质粒子质量的增大,夸克核心的混合星物质的状态方程变软,混合星的质量、半径变小,并且引力红移、自转频率和转动惯量等整体观测属性也明显依赖于暗物质粒子的质量。当暗物质粒子质量0.1 GeV时,包含强、弱作用暗物质的混合星质量达到2.0 M_⊙和2.8 M_⊙（其中M_⊙为太阳质量）,说明大质量脉冲星PSR J1859-0131和J1931-01可能是包含小质量暗粒子暗物质的强子夸克的混合星。整体观测属性的计算结果均在中子星的天文观察数据范围内,也说明强子夸克的混合星内可能包含暗物质。The observational properties of quark core hybrid star contain dark matter are studied. The influences of containing of strongly or weakly interacting dark matter to global observational features of hybrid stars, mass, radius, gravitational red-shift, rotational period and moment of inertia are studied by using relativistic mean field theory to describe hadron phase, effective mass bag model to quark phase, and Gibbs phase equilibrium conditions to hadron-quark mixed phase respectively. Our results indicate that, both in the strong and weak interacting case, the equation of state for hybrid star matter contain dark matter become softer than that of without dark matter while the mass of dark matter particles larger than 0.5 GeV, which leads to the decrease of the mass and corresponding radius of hybrid star. With the increase of the dark matter particle mass, the equation of state for hybrid star matter become softer, this cause the decrease of the mass and radius of hybrid star obviously. The gravitational red-shift and the rotational period, obviously increase of the moment of inertia of the hybrid stars are influenced by the dark matter particle mass. When the dark matter particle mass is equal to 0.1 GeV, the masses of the star with strong and weak interacting dark matter reach to 2.0 M_⊙ and 2.8 M_⊙(M_⊙ is the solar mass), this result indicates that the giant mass PSR, J1859-0131 and J1931-01, can be a hadron-quark hybrid star and containing dark matter with small dark particle mass. The computational results of all above global observational features of hybrid stars are in the range of astronomical observation data, these also indicate that hybrid star with quark core may contains dark matter.     

密度依赖口袋常数下奇异物质的热力学自洽处理及其对混合星性质的影响

在MTT口袋模型的基础上采用密度依赖口袋常数,给出了奇异夸克物质的热力学关系,并用于描述奇异夸克物质及混合星内的夸克相,研究了奇异星、混合星的性质.结果表明,密度依赖口袋常数下,奇异夸克物质的压强公式中有一个附加项,而能量密度中则没有,从而保证了系统的热力学自洽性.在新的热力学关系下,奇异夸克物质的状态方程变软,相应的奇异星的引力质量和对应的半径均变小;混合星的状态方程也变软,其质量变小,而对应的半径也变小.说明经热力学自洽处理后该模型对中子星的状态方程及相应的质量-半径关系等都有显著的影响.     

苏丹红系列染料在有机溶液中的紫外-可见光谱研究

研究了苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅲ和苏丹红Ⅳ在非极性溶剂石油醚和极性溶剂乙腈及乙腈-水混合溶液中的紫外-可见光谱特征。在极性溶剂中苏丹红系列的可见区特征吸收峰比在非极性溶液中略有红移;在乙腈-水混合溶液中,苏丹红Ⅰ的特征吸收峰比在乙腈溶剂中红移,最大红移达13 nm,吸收强度最大增幅为34.5%;苏丹红Ⅲ的特征吸收峰红移8 nm,吸收强度增幅为11%;苏丹红Ⅳ的特征吸收峰先红移后蓝移,吸收强度增幅数仅为2.5%。造成这一变化的原因是在乙腈-水混合溶液中,苏丹红Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ分子内氢键被破坏,扩大了π键离域范围所致。     

典型习题中的现代物理知识（第二讲） 黑洞,GM/c2还是2GM/c2?

 上一讲所说引力红移,即频率为v₀的光子从质量为M、半径为R的天体表面发射到无穷远,频率会变为v（v0）,引力为红移: Z=（v₀-v）/v=（1-GM/c²R）^-1-1…（1） 由此可知,一定质量的天体,其半径越小,周围的引力场越强,光的引力红移现象越显著。当R缩到R_g=GM/c²…（2）时,v将变为零（Z→∞）,这意味着光子的动能mc²=hv₀在引力场中全部耗尽（hv₀=GMm/R）;若Rg,光子的动能再也无法满足引力势能增加的需要,这时该天体的引力场就强到了连光子也不能从其表面逃逸的程度。 第五届全国中学生物理竞赛（1988年）决赛中就有一题涉及到这种天体:“有一种超高密度的天体,其巨大引力使得光子也无法逃逸出来,……,这种天体叫黑洞。     

热中子星r-mode 不稳定性的研究

理论上,不稳定的中子星r-mode 能辐射可探测的引力波。采用具有超软对称能的非对称核物质物态方程,并考虑非牛顿引力效应影响,数值计算了由于CFS(Chandrasekhar-Friedmann-Schutz) 不稳定性引起的年轻热中子星的r-mode 不稳定窗口,给出了引力辐射时标和耗散时标随温度的变化关系。利用中子星观测对非牛顿引力参数的约束,给出了热中子星在高温区不稳定窗口边界的约束,并发现较大的非牛顿引力参数对应着较宽的r-mode 不稳定窗口。研究结果可为地面引力辐射探测提供有意义的参考。Theoritically, instable r-mode in neutron star may radiate detectable gravitational waves. In this work,considering the non-Newtonian gravity proposed in the grand unification theories, we numerically calculate the CFS instabilities of r-mode s in the hot neutron stars by using an equation of state with super-soft symmetry energies. The changes of the gravitational radiation time scales and the viscous time scales versus the stellar temperatures are obtained.And according to the constraint of the neutron star observation on the parameter of non-Newtonian gravity, the constraint on the boundary of the instability window is also given. It is found that a stronger non-Newtonian gravity corresponds with a wider r-mode instability window. These results may provide interesting reference for the gravitational wave detection.     

气体运动论统一算法在跨流域转动非平衡效应模拟中的应用

从考虑转动松弛变化特性的Rykov模型出发,基于Boltzmann模型方程求解跨流域气体运动论统一算法原理与计算规则,采用转动惯量描述气体分子自旋运动,研究考虑转动非平衡影响的Boltzmann模型方程数值求解方法.通过对氮气激波结构、二维钝头体和三维尖双锥跨流域绕流的模拟分析,验证该算法的跨流域一致适用性.     

转动双星同步和轨道圆化的物理过程研究

潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化非常重要的物理因素.本文研究了影响潮汐同步和轨道圆化的物理因素,如恒星质量、初始转速、轨道周期、金属丰度、对流超射等,并根据转动恒星的角动量转移和元素扩散方程,给出了这些因素对转动双星演化和元素混合的影响.结果表明：具有大质量子星、初始转速慢、对流超射小、轨道周期短的双星系统,能更早地达到平衡速度和轨道圆化;初始转速快的恒星,由于潮汐同步过程减速,双星系统中氮元素增丰没有单星的氮元素增丰显著;大质量星、高金属丰度、超射大和短周期的双星系统,氮增丰相对显著;质量小、金属丰度低、转速慢、超射大的恒星具有较小的恒星半径,而低金属丰度恒星表面却具有较高的有效温度,快速转动单星向低温和低光度端演化.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.