Low-energy electron bremsstrahlung from metal clusters

Expressions are derived allowing numerical calculation of the matrix element of the dipole moment between states that belong to a continuous spectrum for the case where a charged particle in an arbitrary orbital state is scattered by a spherically symmetric short-range potential. The calculation scheme is based on expanding a diverging matrix element into a sum of converging integrals. The method is used to study static bremsstrahlung of a slow electron scattered by sodium clusters. The bremsstrahlung cross section is shown to be resonant. The resonances arise at certain energies (depending on a cluster) of an electron having emitted a photon and are due to electron capture on quasi-steady-state levels.     

Absolute doubly differential cross sections for electron bremsstrahlung from rare gas atoms at 28 and 50 keV

Absolute doubly differential bremsstrahlung cross sections from Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne have been measured for electron bombarding energies of 28 and 50 keV. Bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at 90 degrees to the incident electron beam at energies ranging from 5 keV up to the kinematic end point. The results are compared with predictions of ordinary bremsstrahlung and of total bremsstrahlung that include polarizational bremsstrahlung from the target atom calculated in the stripping approximation. All previous absolute cross sections have been from thin-film solid targets and have not shown any polarizational bremsstrahlung contribution. The present results, the first from free atoms, provide definitive evidence for the contribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung to the photon spectrum from electron bremsstrahlung.     

Bremsstrahlung in intermediate-energy nucleon reactions within an effective one-boson exchange model

Within a covariant effective one-boson exchange model for the T matrix of NN interactions we present detailed calculations of bremsstrahlung cross sections for proton-proton and proton-neutron reactions at beam energies in the 1 GeV region. Besides pure bremsstrahlung processes we consider photons from Λ decays and contributions from the η → γγ process. At beam energies above 700 MeV the Λ decay channel dominates the spectra at large photon energies, where the interference between non-resonance processes and the Λ decay channel becomes also important. Low energy photons stem from pure bremsstrahlung processes. The available experimental data at 730 MeV beam energy is well described. We extrapolate the model down to 280 MeV, where more detailed experimental data exist, and find agreement with angular distributions.     

Double internal bremsstrahlung in electron capture

Double internal bremsstrahlung has been observed in the electron capture decay of ³⁷Ar. The energy distribution of the two photons has been investigated, using a dual parameter pulse-height analysis system, at an angle of θ = 90° between two photon propagation vectors. For sum photon energies in the interval of 210–810 keV and at θ = 90° the ratio of the transition probabilities of double to single bremsstrahlung emissions was found to be (4.8±0.4)×10^?5.     

The bremsstrahlung induced by 0.3–2 keV electron scattering by Ar atoms

The differential spectra of a bremsstrahlung resulting from a 0.3–2 keV electron scattering by Ar atoms are studied. Photon energies within the ultrasoft X-ray band from 124 to 190.8 eV, which is characterized by the low dynamic polarizability of the Ar atom, are considered. For the entire spectrum of photon energies (124–190.8 eV), the intensity of the bremsstrahlung differential spectra first grows with an increase in the electron energy from 0.3 to 0.7 keV and then decreases as the electron energy increases from 0.7 to 2 keV. The increase in intensity is directly proportional, and the decrease is inversely proportional to the square root of the energy of the scattered electrons. Within the context of a "low-energy" approximation, the increase in the number of photons with the electron energy is due to the contribution of the atomic excitation and ionization channels being available during the bremsstrahlung process.     

Coherent photon production in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

We have studied photon production in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies in the Molecular Dynamics approach, where the radiation amplitudes have been derived from the many-body dynamics in the classical bremsstrahlung formalism. This concept allows for a comparison of cross sections obtained by coherent and incoherent summation of amplitudes. The numerical results show a significant enhancement of the coherent cross section for photon energies below 40 MeV due to the dynamical influence of the nuclear mean field.     

Observation of the beam-size effect at HERA

A precise measurement of the spectrum of the photons fromep bremsstrahlung with the ZEUS luminosity monitor at HERA is reported. The measurement shows a reduced rate compared to the Bethe-Heitler spectrum for photon energies below 5 GeV. This suppression, called the beam-size effect, is explained by the finite transverse size of the beam overlap relative to the typical impact parameter in the process ofep bremsstrahlung at HERA energies.piotrzkowski@desy.de     

Study of electron bremsstrahlung in strong Coulomb fields at the ESR storage ring

Electron bremsstrahlung has been investigated for collisions of 223.2 MeV/amu He-like uranium ions with N₂ and Ar gaseous targets. The doubly differential cross-sections for bremsstrahlung are compared to the predictions of relativistic first order Born calculations (Bethe-Heitler formula with Elwert correction factor) and to the calculations based on the exact wavefunctions for electrons moving in the external point-Coulomb potential of the projectile. Whereas the “exact” IPA calculations give an improved agreement with experimental data, as compared to the Bethe-Heitler theory, in particular at the end-point region of the bremsstrahlung spectra, discrepancies still remain at lower photon energies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of the total bremsstrahlung photon flux from electron accelerators by simultaneous activation of two monitors

We have determined the total bremsstrahlung photon fluxes with end-point energies in the giant dipole resonance (GDR) region produced by electron accelerator Microtron MT??25 (the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia) and that of 65 MeV bremsstrahlung produced by the linear electron accelerator (the Pohang Neutron Facility, Pohang, South Korea). The method that we used was the photon activation technique. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we carried out simultaneous photon activation of two monitors made of Cu and Au foils in the same irradiation conditions. The results are discussed in the paper.     

Electroweak radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering at HERA

Analytic results are presented on electroweak radiative corrections for neutral-current deepinelastic electron proton scattering at HERA energies. Single photon bremsstrahlung is included without cuts.     

Photon energy dependence of the differential cross section for atomic-field bremsstrahlung

In a coincidence experiment we have measured the absolute fully differential cross section for atomic-field bremsstrahlung over a range of photon energies for electrons of 140 keV incident on gold and aluminum. The results are compared with the available calculations.     

Proton–proton bremsstrahlung towards the elastic limit at 190 MeV incident beam energy

A series of nucleon–nucleon bremsstrahlung (NNγ) experiments at 190 MeV incident beam energy have been performed at KVI in order to gain more insight into the dynamics governing the bremsstrahlung reaction. After initial measurements wherein the bremsstrahlung process was studied far away from the elastic limit, a new study was used to probe the process nearer to the elastic limit by measuring at lower photon energies. Measured cross sections and analyzing powers are compared with the predictions of a microscopic model and those of two soft-photon models. The theoretical calculations overestimate the data by up to ≈30%, for some kinematics.     

Atomic analogue of photonuclear configurational splitting

It is shown that the polarized bremsstrahlung (PB) emitted upon the scattering of a relativistic charged particle’s Coulomb field by atomic electrons yields direct information on the electronic structure of a medium. Indeed, in the X-ray photon energy range 1–10 keV, PB exhibits collective features and the PB intensity sharply increases. At higher photon energies, the coherence of shell electrons rapidly collapses, which is accompanied by a drastic decrease in the PB intensity; hence, the position of the PB spectrum kink allows estimation of the atomic size.     

Electroweak radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering at HERA. Charged current scattering

Analytic results are presented on electroweak radiative corrections for charged-current deep-inelastic electron proton scattering at HERA energies. Single photon bremsstrahlung is included without cuts.     

Multiple bremsstrahlung in gauge theories at high energies (I). General formalism for quantum electrodynamics

Multiple bremsstrahlung is studied on the level of tree diagrams for gauge theories. At high energies and in most of the kinematic region, the fermion mass can be neglected. In this case, it is natural to introduce helicity states for both fermions and gauge particles. Our general formalism is given in detail for quantum electrodynamics. In particular, it is expedient to use photon polarization vectors which depend on the fermion helicities. In this way, extensive cancellations between Feynman diagrams are accomplished automatically.     

Threshold phenomena in electron-atom scattering in a laser field

Effective-range theory is developed to describe the processes of multiphoton bremsstrahlung absorption and the emission of laser radiation that accompanies the scattering of electrons from atoms in a laser field. It is found that the cross sections for multiphoton absorption in the plateau region increases resonantly for electron energies corresponding to the thresholds of induced bremsstrahlung (i.e., multiples of the photon energy). It is shown that this effect is caused by the laser-field modified threshold phenomena in the cross sections for multichannel reactions (Baz’ threshold anomalies).     

Photo-protons from beryllium irradiated with intermediate energy bremsstrahlung

Data on the differential cross-sections for the emission of photo-protons from beryllium irradiated with bremsstrahlung of various end-point energies up to a maximum of 600 MeV are presented and discussed. Particular attention has been paid to the photon energy-region around 150 MeV, where a dip in the total cross-sections for photon absorption has been reported. No evidence of anomalous structure is observed. The data are compared with the predictions of the intra-nuclear cascade model PICA. Good fits can be obtained with a value of 7.2±1.0 for the quasi-deuteron constant.     

Energie- und Winkelverteilung sekundärer Photonen bei der Wechselwirkung eines 6,2 GeV-Gammastrahls mit komplexen Kernen

The energy spectra of secondary photons from the interaction of a 6.2 GeV bremsstrahlung beam with targets of H₂, Be, C, Al and Cu are measured for laboratory angles from 35° to 120°. All spectra exhibit an exponential decrease of the photon yield with increasing momentum. Difference measurements with energies of the bremsstrahlung beam from 3.5 to 6.2 GeV for a center of mass angle of 90° are compared with the thermodynamical model of Fermi and the reaction temperature is determined to be 83MeV±8%. The results agree approximately with the measurements of p-Be-collisions at small laboratory angles.     

Differential cross sections for photoemission of deuterons from the nitrogen nucleus

Momentum distributions for inclusive photoemission of deuterons from nitrogen have been measured at laboratory angles of 43° and 50°, and for maximum energies of the bremsstrahlung photon beam of 725, 775 and 825 MeV. The double differential cross sections of deuterons emitted from nitrogen are obtained for photon energies of 750 and 800 MeV and for laboratory angles of 43° and 50°. The photon energy is determined by the photon subtraction method. Results are examined by a π⁰ photoproduction process off a quasi-deuteron in nitrogen (γ″d″→π⁰d) and by a two-step process. The two-step process means the following: first, a nucleon is produced by a photo-pion production process from a quasi-free nucleon in the nitrogen nucleus (γ″N″→πN); second, the nucleon produced at the first step picks up another nucleon in the nucleus and then a deuteron is emitted (N+A→d+anything).