CSR电子冷却系统电子束空间电荷效应对电子束温度的影响

 通过求解电子冷却系统中冷却段漂移管区的强流电子束产生的空间电荷场,研究了电子束空间电荷效应对电子温升的影响。结合HIRFL CSR电子冷却系统的典型参数,得到了电子在自身空间电荷场和纵向螺线管磁场组成的交叉场作用下产生的漂移速度和由此引起的附加温度大小,并指出减小电子束空间电荷效应的方法。     

Possible cooling of electrons in solids in the presence of an electric field

A possible cooling of electrons at low temperatures is predicted from a newly-developed approach to steady-state nonlinear transport in the presence of an electric field. The lowering of the electron temperature below the lattice temperature occurs in low-impurity samples and at such a current density for which the average drift velocity of the carriers is near the sound speed.     

激光固体靶相互作用产生正电子的模拟研究

采用Monte Carlo程序Geant4对激光固体靶相互作用正电子产生进行了研究。研究了超热电子能量分布函数对正电子产生的影响,结果表明采用不同的分布函数,最多可致正电子产额约3倍的差异,分布函数的最大截止能量在30 MeV以上时正电子产额趋于饱和。研究了正电子产生与超热电子发散角的关联,结果表明发散角模型对正电子产额影响不大,而正电子角分布对超热电子发散角较为敏感,且靶背鞘场对正电子发散角的减小贡献巨大。模拟结果显示靶厚度的增加可导致正电子发散角的增大,而当靶厚度超过2mm时,发散角基本保持不变。此外,模拟了超热电子发散角、靶厚度及靶背鞘场对正电子电子份额比及正电子γ份额比角分布的影响。     

LEPTA project: Formation and injection of positron beam

The project of the Low-Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA) has been developed and is put into operation at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna). The LEPTA facility is a small positron storage ring equipped with an electron cooling system. The project positron energy is 2?C4 keV. The main purpose of the facility is to generate an intense flux of positronium atoms (the bound state of the electron and positron). The LEPTA storage ring was commissioned in September 2004. The positron injector was designed in 2005?C2010, and the beam transport channel was constructed in 2011. The experiments on electron and positron injection from the injector into the accumulator were started in August 2011. The results are reported here.     

Development of the Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator project

The Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA), a positron storage ring with electron cooling, was constructed and put in operation at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna). The storage ring is a generator of directed beams of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) produced upon the recombination of the beam of positrons circulating in the storage ring with a single-pass electron beam. In 2004 the storage ring was put in operation with the circulating electron beam. The source of positrons of the positron injector was tested with a new radioactive source delivered from South Africa. The positron trap was put in operation for electrons. The electron cooling system was tested with a pulsed electron beam. The progress in commissioning LEPTA is described in this paper.     

Transverse cooling of electron beams

The possibility of cyclotron maser cooling of the transverse motion of electrons in a beam with the oblate velocity distribution characteristic of the setups with electron cooling has been analyzed.     

高功率微波管收集极的散热分析北大核心CSCD

利用欧拉两相流模型和沸腾换热模型计算了高功率微波管收集极的散热问题。在给出电子束能量沉积规律的基础上,得到了热源项在收集极及冷却水中的分布形式。利用CFD软件计算了脉宽为45ns、重频为5OHz、平均功率为27kW电子束作用下的收集极温度分布,重点研究了冷却水流速对散热效果的影响。研究结果表明,冷却水流速为1．5m／s时,内壁面稳态峰值温度超过了收集极材料的熔点,会导致一定时间后收集极损坏;散热峰值处对流换热大约占总换热量的71．7％,激冷换热大约占28．1％,相变换热占0．2％。冷却水流速小于5m／s时,收集极最高温度随流速增加快速下降;5～10m／s时,温度下降缓慢;超过10m／s后,温度下降速度增大。针对该电子束条件,收集极安全工作要求冷却水流速不得低于5m／s。     

Pair annihilation effects on dust ion acoustic surface wave in semi-bounded magnetized pair–ion–dust plasmas

The electron–positron pair annihilation effects on the dust ion acoustic surface wave are investigated in semi-bounded magnetized electron–positron–ion–dust plasmas. The dispersion relation of the low frequency dust ion acoustic surface wave is obtained by the plasma dielectric function with the specular reflection boundary condition. The results show that the frequency of the dust ion acoustic surface wave is found to be increased with increasing the annihilation of the electron–positron pair. In addition, the group velocity of the dust ion acoustic surface wave is also found to be increased with the annihilation of the electron–positron pair.     

A new way of gas cooling by light

The gas behaviour in the presence of monochromator laser radiation is considered. The change of the collision cross-section as a result of the excitation of the colliding particles is taken into account. The total velocity distribution is found as a steady-state Boltzmann equation solution. The appearance of a light-induced heat flux in the gas is predicted and the application of this effect for gas cooling is discussed.     

Weak-interaction-mediated rates on iron isotopes for presupernova evolution of massive stars

During the presupernova evolution of massive stars, the isotopes of iron, ^{54, 55, 56}Fe , are advocated to play a key role inside the cores primarily decreasing the electron-to-baryon ratio (Y_e) mainly via electron capture processes thereby reducing the pressure support. Electron decay and positron capture on ⁵⁵Fe , on the other hand, also have a consequential role in increasing the lepton ratio during the silicon burning phases of massive stars. The neutrinos and antineutrinos produced, as a result of these weak-interaction reactions, are transparent to the stellar matter and assist in cooling the core thereby reducing the entropy. The structure of the presupernova star is altered both by the changes in Y_e and the entropy of the core material. The aim of this paper is to report the improved microscopic calculation of Gamow-Teller (GT_±) strength distributions of these key isotopes of iron using the pn-QRPA theory. The main improvement comes from the incorporation of experimental deformation values for these nuclei. Additionally six different weak-interaction rates, namely electron and positron capture, electron and positron decay, and, neutrino and antineutrino cooling rates, were also calculated in presupernova matter. The calculated electron capture and neutrino cooling rates due to isotopes of iron are in good agreement with the large-scale shell model (LSSM) results. The calculated beta decay rates, however, are suppressed by three to five orders of magnitude.     

Production and use of low-energy,monoenergetic positron beams from electron LINACS

Low-energy intense positron beams derived from pair production can be made at high-energy electron linacs and such beams are in operation or under installation at several linac facilities. Using a pulsed position beam made at a 100 MeV electron linac, we have measured the intensity and velocity distribution of positronium emitted from materials by measuring the time-of-flight of annihilating positronium. The time-of-flight data are augmented by positron lifetime and angular correlation measurements performed with the beam. Positronium spectra have been measured for a number of metallic samples. Several new observations have been made including details of the energy distribution of positronium emission formed by a thermalized positron and a conduction electron and the production of positronium from energetic positrons scattered out of the sample.This paper is based upon an invited talk given by R.H.H. at the International Symposium Production of Low-Energy Positrons with Accelerators and Applications Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, FRG (25–27 September, 1986)     

Radiative transfer in the lyman α spectral line with self-consistent electron velocity distribution

Radiative transfer in the Ly α spectral line in a stationary, plane-parallel plasma of constant temperature and electron density is studied using model H-atoms with only two bound levels and a continuum. For this purpose, the equation of radiative transfer is solved simultaneously with the steady-state equations of the atomic levels and the kinetic equation of the electrons. The numerical results indicate that, in hydrogen plasmas with temperatures T ? 12,000°K and electron densities n_e ? 10¹⁶cm^?3, the high-energy tail of the electron velocity distribution deviates from a Maxwell distribution, even in cases of rather large optical thicknesses and that therefore the deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium are increased compared with estimates based on the assumption of a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution. This qualitative conclusion should hold in spite of some deficiencies of the model which are discussed.     

正电子湮没参量及其所反映物质信息的探讨

本根据正电子在凝聚态物质中的湮没机制及捕获模型,讨论了正电子湮没参量——正电子寿命谱和多普勒线形等参量所反映的物质信息,给出了各正电子湮没参量与所反映的物质信息之间的定量关系。分析了在该体系中正电子寿命参量与局域电子密度、多普勒线形参量和角关联参量与电子动量密度分布和费米面之关联。     

Theoretical assessment of electronic transport in InN

Among the group-III nitrides, InN displays markedly unusual electronic transport characteristics due to its smaller effective mass, high peak velocity and high background electron concentration. First, a non-local empirical pseudopotential band structure of InN is obtained in the light of recent experimental and first-principles results. This is utilized within an ensemble Monte Carlo framework to illuminate the interesting transport properties. It is observed that InN has a peak velocity which is about 75% higher than that of GaN while at higher fields its saturation velocity is lower than that of GaN. Because of the strongly degenerate regime brought about by the high background electron concentration, the electron–electron interaction is also investigated, but its effect on the steady-state and transient velocity–field characteristics is shown to be negligible. Finally, hot phonon generation due to excessive polar optical phonon production in the electron scattering and relaxation processes is accounted for. The main findings are the appreciable reduction in the saturation drift velocity and the slower recovery from the velocity overshoot regime. The time evolution of the hot phonon distribution is analysed in detail and it is observed to be extremely anisotropic, predominantly along the electric force direction.     

Three-dimensional electrostatic waves in a nonuniform quantum electron-positron magnetoplasma

The dispersion properties of three-dimensional electrostatic waves in a nonuniform quantum electron-positron magnetoplasma are examined. A new dispersion relation is derived using the electron and positron densities response arising from the balance between the quantum Bohm and electrostatic forces, and from the electron and positron continuity and Poisson equations. In the local approximation regime, the dispersion relation admits both oscillatory and purely growing instabilities those depend on the quantum parameters as well as the density, velocity and magnetic field inhomogeneities.     

Temporal relaxation of plasma electrons acted upon by directcurrent electric and magnetic fields

On the basis of the time-dependent electron Boltzmann equation the temporal relaxation of the electrons in the presence of electric and magnetic fields in weakly ionized, collision dominated plasmas has been studied. The relaxation process is treated by using a strict time-dependent two-term approximation of the velocity distribution function expansion in spherical harmonics. A new technique for solving the time-dependent electron kinetic equation in this two-term approximation for arbitrary angles between the electric and magnetic fields has been developed and the main aspects of the efficient solution method are presented. Using this new approach and starting from steady-state plasmas under the action of time-independent electric fields only, the impact of superimposed DC magnetic fields on the electron relaxation is analyzed with regard to the control of a neon plasma. The investigations reveal an important effect of the magnetic field on the temporal relaxation process. In particular, it has been found that the relaxation time of the electron component with respect to the establishment of steady-state can be enlarged by some orders of magnitude when increasing the magnetic field strength     

Position passage through an electron gas

The analysis of the passage of a charged particle through an electron gas is given in this paper. The electron gas is considered as a plasma which oscillates with the Debye frequency. At the same time the electron gas polarization by the electric field of a passing positron is taken into account. The positron energy loss per unit time is calculated. The thermalization time of high velocity positrons is obtained. This time depends on the density of a metal, namely on the electron gas density according to the experimental data.     

Diffusion near nonequilibrium steady state

The diffusion equation describing the response of a system in a steady nonequilibrium state to a nonuniform external perturbation is derived from the Boltzmann equation. For transient processes, the diffusion equation governs the slow (final) stage of the process, irrespective to the form of the initial distribution. The initial velocity distribution becomes the local steady-state distribution during the first fast stage of the process. This fast initial relaxation affects only the initial condition for the diffusion equation. Some principal features of the nonequilibrium diffusion constant are discussed. As an illustration, the diffusion constant of hot electrons is calculated in the electron temperature approximation.     

Spatial-Resolved Measurement and Analysis of Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission Spectra from Laser-Produced Al Plasmas

Extreme ultraviolet emission from laser-produced A1 plasma is experimentally and theoretically investigated.Spatial-evolution emission spectra are measured by using the spatio-temporally resolved laser produced plasma technique.Based on the assumptions of a normalized Boltzmann distribution among the excited states and a steady-state collisional-radiative model,we succeed in reproducing the spectra at different detection positions,which are in good agreement with experiments.The decay curves about the electron temperature and electron density,as well as the fractions of individual A1 ions and average ionization stage with increasing the detection distance are obtained by comparison with the experimental measurements.These parameters are critical points for deeply understanding the expanding and cooling of laser produced plasmas in vacuum.     

Lifetime measurements with a scanning positron microscope

First lifetime results obtained with a scanning positron microscope will be presented. A pulsed positron beam with a variable energy from 0.5 to 20 keV, with a spot diameter of 2 microm, can be electronically scanned over an area of 0.6x0.6 mm(2). This beam is formed after a double-stage stochastic cooling (moderation) of positrons emitted from a radioactive isotope. Included in the system is a conventional scanning electron microprobe for surface analysis. Three-dimensional positron lifetime spectra of a GaAs sample with a small surface scratch reveal the range due to the mechanical damage.