Vapour Recoil Effect on a Vapour Liquid System with a Deformable Interface

A new two-sided model of vapour-liquid layer system with a deformable interface is proposed. In this model, the vapour recoil effect on the Marangoni-Bénard instability of a thin evaporating liquid layer can be examined only when the interface deflexion is considered. The instability of a liquid layer undergoing steady evaporation induced by the coupling of vapour recoil effect and the Marangoni effect is analysed using a linear stability theory. We modify and develop the Chebyshev-Tau method to solve the instability problem of a deformable interface system by introducing a new equation at interface boundary. New instability behaviour of the system has been found and the self-amplification mechanism between the evaporation flux and the interface deflexion is discussed.     

Ternary Eutectic Growth in a Highly Undercooled Liquid Alloy

The crystal nucleation and growth mechanism during the formation of Ag42.4 Cu21.6 Sb36 ternary eutectic are investigated under substantial undercoo]ing conditions. The x-ray diffraction analysis shows that the solidified eutectic phases are not invo]ved (Ag) within a wide undercooling range of 6-114 K. This indicates that under high undercooling condition, the phase constitution of Ag-Cu-Sb eutectic is different from that in the equilibrium phase diagram. With the increase of undercoo]ing, the crystalline morpho]ogy of Ag42.4 Cu21.6 Sb36 alloy transforms from the mixed structure of primary θ(Cu2Sb), two pseudobinary eutectics and (ε θ Sb) ternary eutectic into a unique (ε θ Sb) ternary eutectic. The calculated results indicate that θ(Cu2Sb) is the leading nucleating phase among the three eutectic phases. In addition, the growth morpho]ogy of primary ε(Ag3Sb) compound in Ag60Cu6Sb34 alloy exhibits the characteristics of solid solution and its orthorhombic dendrite grows along the (111) directions.     

A Possible Liquid–Liquid Transition in a Ga–In Melt Introduced into an Opal Matrix

Physics of the Solid State - The temperature evolution of the Ga94In6 liquid alloy introduced into an opal matrix has been studied by the NMR method in the temperature range 300–155 K. The...     

Is the Luttinger Liquid a New State of Matter?

We are demonstrating that the Luttinger model with short range interaction can be treated as a type of Fermi liquid. In line with the main dogma of Landau’s theory one can define a fermion excitation renormalized by interaction and show that in terms of these fermions any excited state of the system is described by free particles. The fermions are a mixture of renormalized right and left electrons. The electric charge and chirality of the Landau quasi-particle is discussed.     

Liquid—liquid interface in a binary mixture of associating fluids exhibiting a closed-loop immiscibility

We investigate the structure and thermodynamic properties of the liquid-liquid interface for a two-component mixture of associating fluids, exhibiting the closed-loop liquid-liquid immiscibility. In the study we apply the density functional approach and evaluate the density profiles, the ratio of unbound particles and the surface tension in order to investigate how those properties depend on the association energy.     

Anisotropy in Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility of a Squarylium Dye in a Nematic Liquid Crystal

A squarylium dye is dissolved in 4-cyano-4＇-pentylbiphenyl （SCB） and oriented by sandwiching mixtures between two pieces of rubbed glass plates. The optical absorption spectra of the oriented squarylium dye-5CB layers exhibit high anisotropy. The third-order nonlinear optical responses and susceptibilities X^（3）e of squarylium dye in 5CB are measured with light polarizations parallel and perpendicular to the orientational direction by the resonant femtosecond degenerate four-wave mixing （DFWM） technique. Temporal profiles of the DFWM signal of the oriented squarylium dye-5CB layers with light polarizations parallel and perpendicular to the orientational direction are measured with a time resolution of 0.3ps （FWHM）, and are found to consist of two components, i.e., the coherent instantaneous nonlinear response and slow response due to the formation of excited molecules. A high anisotropic ratio of x^（3）e, 10.8 ：k 1.2, is observed for the oriented layers.     

Rapid Hypoeutectic Growth Within a Highly Undercooled Liquid Under containerless Condition

Rapid hypoeutectic growth from a highly undercooled liquid was accomplished by containerless processing Ni-32% Sb hypoeutectic alloy in a 3m drop tube.The containerless state during the free fall of the droplet produces substantial undercooling up to 350K(0.24TL).The growth mechanism is found to transform from primary α Ni dendrite plus lamellar eutectic to lamellar eutectic and finally to anomalous eutectic if droplet undercooling exceeds the two thresholds of 112K and 242K,respectively.Based on the current eutectic and dendritic growth models,the eutectic coupled zone is calculated and used to explain the growth mechanism transition.Calculations also indicate that the growth of α-Ni primary dendrite was mainly controlled by solute diffusion.     

Five Years of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction

Abstract: The present article offers a historical overview and a comprehensive collection of publications devoted to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), including modifications made to it and techniques derived from it. The principle of DLLME is discussed, as are the detection techniques employed, their applications, and milestones in the development of DLLME. The applications and the most important parameters of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and related techniques are summarized in a table.     

High-Voltage Pulsed Discharge at the Gas–Liquid Interface in a Multiphase System

Technical Physics - Experimental data for a high-voltage pulsed discharge simultaneously initiated in gas and liquid at their interface are reported. A multielectrode discharge system in which a...     

Deformed Potential Energy of ^263Db in a Generalized Liquid Drop Model

The macroscopic deformed potential energy for super-heavy nuclei ^263 Db, which governs the entrance and alphadecay channels, is determined within a generalized liquid drop model (GLDM). A quasi-molecular shape is as-sumed in the GLDM, which includes volume-, surface-, and Coulomb-energies, proximity effects, mass asymmetry,and an accurate nuclear radius. The microscopic single particle energies are derived from a shell model in anaxially deformed Woods-Saxon potential with a quasi-molecular shape. The shell correction is calculated by theStrutinsky method. The total deformed potential energy of a nucleus can be calculated by the macro-microscopicmethod as the summation of the liquid-drop energy and the Strutinsky shell correction. The theory is appliedto predict the deformed potential energy of the experiment ^22Ne ^241Am→^263Db^*→^259Db 4n, which wasperformed on the Heavy Ion Accelerator in Lanzhou. It is found that the neck in the quasi-molecular shape isresponsible for the deep valley of the fusion barrier due to the shell corrections. In the cold fusion path, thedouble-hump fusion barrier is predicted by the shell correction and complete fusion events may occur.     

Beam Shaping by Using the Liquid Crystal Panel of a Commercial Display Device

The liquid crystal (LC) panel of a commercially-available LCD projector is successfully used for beam shaping, and a Gaussian beam is converted to a square super-Gaussian beam using the configuration of amplitude modulation. The additional phase modulations imposed by the LC modulator on the shaped beams are measured precisely using an interferometric technique. The experimental results have demonstrated that such a commerciallyavailable programmable spatial light modulator is applicable to beam shaping with negligible additional phase modulation.     

A Simple Model for Measuring Refractive Index of a Liquid Based upon Fresnel Equations

Due to many experimental data required and a lot of calculations involved, it is very complex and cumbersome to model prism-based liquid-refractive-index-measuring methods. We develop a new method of mathematical modelling for measuring refractive index of a liquid based upon the Fresnel formula and prism internal reflection at an incident angle less than the critical angle. With this method, only two different concentrations measurements for a kind of solution can lead to the determination of computational model. Measurements are performed to examine the validity of the theoretical model. Experimental results indicate the feasibility of the theoretical model with an error of 1%. The method is also capable of measuring even smaller changes in the optical refractive index of the material on a metal surface by the surface plasma resonance sensing techniques.     

Monitoring the pH-Dependent Oximation of Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Benzaldehyde by in situ Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy in a Heterogeneous Liquid–Liquid Two-Phase System

In situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy was a useful tool in monitoring the pH-dependent and two-step oximation of methyl ethyl ketone and benzaldehyde in a liquid–liquid two-phase system, one phase of which was water. Carrying out the oximations at pH 8, the oximation was complete within 45 min and the corresponding carbonyl compound–hydroxylamine adduct (2) could be detected as an intermediate, but at pH 10, the corresponding oxime (3) was formed faster, practically without the appearance of the intermediate. At pH ～ 2.5 using methyl ethyl ketone, the protonated form of the corresponding oxime (3'a) developed gradually without the transient appearance of the intermediate (2). pH dependence of the 3a → 3'a and 3'a → 3a interconversions were studied in separate experiments.     

New Liquid Metal Experimental Loop

In this paper we report the rebuilding of liquid metal experimental loop （LMEL） to avoid loop danger in running. In the new loop, We have eliminated the hidden trouble of the inherent safety in the former loop, obtained more stable magnetic field region, upgraded the reliability of the data acquisition and processing. New LMEL can provide the more extensive experiments on MHD effects and their thermal-hydraulics on the liquid metal divertor and the liquid metal blanket.     

Structural Characteristics of Liquid Sn

We investigate the structural properties of liquid Sn. With the help of the internal friction (tanФ) method, it is found that a peak appears in the tan Ф - T curve, suggesting that an anomalous discontinuous temperatureinduced structure change may take place in liquid Sn. From the experimental data of pair distribution functions, we calculate the viscosity η and the excess entropy S and it is found that there are a peak of viscosity in the η-T curve and a bend of excess entropy in the S - T curve, which give a positive support to the appearance of the internal-friction peak in the tan Ф- T curve.     

Determination of Aluminum Ion with Morin in a Medium Comprised by Ionic Liquid?CWater Mixtures

In this study we have employed two ionic liquids (ILs) as a new media for the analysis of aluminum in aqueous solutions by spectrofluorimetric method. ILs are liquid salts and they have no measurable vapor pressure up to their thermal decomposition point, >300 ??C. This lack of vapor pressure makes these materials highly attractive for many studies as they can be used as clean solvents. Besides they are promising environments for analysis purposes and optical sensor designs. The results revealed that absorption, excitation and emission spectra of the morin?CAl complex exhibited considerable changes in moieties. The morin?CAl complex was stable at aluminum concentrations below 9.1?mg?L^?1 in 25% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (IL-I)-water binary mixtures. The higher concentrations of IL (>25% by volume) was not suitable for the complex formation thus in pure IL media the complex formation even at high aluminum concentrations was not observed. The complex stoichiometry ratio of aluminum:morin was 2:1 in IL-I-water binary mixtures. The linear concentration range was 0.045?C7.2?mg?L^?1 with a correlation coefficient of r?=?0.9909. The detection limit was found to be 0.036?mg?L^?1. Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺ and PO ₄ ^3? ions exhibited less interfering effect in presence of IL-I and the tolerance limit of Cu enhanced 10 times when compared with ethanol.     

Deformed Potential Energy of Super Heavy Element Z = 120 in a Generalized Liquid Drop Model

The macroscopic deformed potential energy for super-heavy elements Z=120 is determined within a generalized liquid drop model (GLDM). The shell correction is calculated with the Strutinsky method and the microscopic single particle energies are derived from the shell model in an axially deformed Woods-Saxon potential with the same quasi-molecular shape. The total potential energy of a nucleus is calculated by the macro-microscopic method as the summation of the liquid-drop energy and the Strutinsky shell correction. The theory is adopted to describe the deformed potential energies in a set of cold reactions. The neck in the quasi-molecular shape is responsible to the deep valley of the fusion barrier due to shell corrections. In the cold fusion path, the double-hump fusion barrier is predicted by the shell correction and complete fusion events may occur. The results show that some of projectile-target combinations in the entrance channel, such as ^50Ca ^252Fm→120 and 58Fe 244 pu→^302 120 , favour the fusion reaction, which can be considered as candidates for the synthesis of super heavy nuclei Z=120 and the former might be the best cold fusion reaction to produce the nucleus ^302 120among them.     

Thermal Explosion of a Heterogeneous Liquid–Solid System in a Semibatch Reactor with Consideration for the Temperature Dependence of Distribution Coefficient

The thermal explosion of a heterogeneous liquid–solid reaction system in a semibatch reactor was simulated with consideration for the temperature dependence of distribution coefficient. It was shown that this temperature dependence strongly influences the critical conditions of ignition. At weak temperature dependence of a distribution coefficient in a subcritical mode, the process was a degenerative one. Unlike a classical degenerative thermal explosion of homogeneous systems, which is determined by the small values of thermal effects and activation energies, degeneration in heterogeneous systems is determined by the laws of interphase mass transfer.