修正的卵形弹丸侵彻带有预制孔混凝土靶板的理论模型与数值模拟研究

应用AUTODYN-2D程序对卵形弹丸侵彻混凝土靶板进行数值仿真,以实验为依据,确定了合理的计算参数。针对不同预制孔孔径大小,进行了一系列关于弹丸侵彻带有预制孔混凝土靶板的数值实验。对Teland侵彻带有预制孔混凝土靶板理论中靶体阻力参数进行重新定义。通过与仿真结果的对比,发现改进的Teland理论能够对侵彻深度进行很好的预测。     

浅埋炸药爆炸形貌及其冲击作用效应

为研究浅埋炸药爆炸形貌及其冲击作用效应,提出了一套新型试验工装,通过浅埋砂爆试验,系统探究了浅埋爆炸过程中冲击波的传播、爆炸产物与砂土的喷射轨迹、靶板的变形形貌以及爆炸载荷的空间分布情况。结果表明:浅埋爆炸在空气中产生冲击波,其传播速度大于爆炸产物与砂土的喷射速度;起爆后的爆炸产物与砂土迅速向外喷射,体积随时间不断膨胀,撞击到靶板后向四周扩散;通过特 殊设计的试验工装与靶板,定性得出浅埋砂爆载荷产生的冲量在空间中呈非均匀分布,即中间最大,向四周逐渐减小。对比分析2次不同试验,发现炸药埋深影响爆炸产物和砂土喷射时的相对位置:埋深较小时,爆炸产物会冲破覆盖的砂层,直接作用到靶板;埋深较大时,爆炸产物基本被砂层包覆,随砂土共同作用到靶板;此外,增大炸药埋深会延缓爆炸产物与砂土的喷射时间。砂土的类型直接影响靶板的变形形貌,按北约标准AEP-55配做的砂土不仅使靶板产生整体弯曲变形,还在靶板上形成大量凹坑,产生侵彻效果,而普通的河砂仅使靶板产生整体弯曲变形,无明显的侵彻效果。     

压缩载荷作用下复合材料开孔补强稳定性分析

运用有限元软件MSC.Nastran分别分析了压缩载荷作用下的复合材料板在无孔、开孔及开孔补强后的稳定性问题.在开孔复合材料板稳定性分析中,讨论了开孔孔径和开孔位置的影响;在补强中,分别选取不同开孔孔径和开孔位置研究补强参数对板稳定性的影响.研究表明:开孔降低了复合材料板的稳定性,通过补强可提高其稳定性;开孔孔径和开孔位置对复合材料板稳定性的影响较大,补强参数随开孔孔径和开孔位置改变而改变,且对复合材料板的稳定性有所影响;补强后板的稳定性要好于无孔复合材料板的稳定性.     

空中爆炸冲击波下结构动响应及其抗冲击波设计研究进展

随着军事需求的不断增加,多种武器设备都会面临爆炸冲击波环境生存问题,例如,水下爆炸冲击波对船舶的作用、空中爆炸冲击波对飞机、导弹等结构的影响等,因此爆炸冲击波载荷作用下结构的动态响应及防护研究是一个急需关注的热点与难点问题。本研究主要对空中爆炸冲击波方向的研究进行了详细的梳理及综述。首先对空中爆炸冲击波载荷的参数经验公式计算、数值模拟及载荷试验验证研究进展进行了综述;进一步详细介绍了冲击波作用下平板结构、加筋结构及其他典型结构的动响应研究及抗冲击波结构设计进展,研究成果内容涉及爆炸冲击波作用下结构的理论与数值模拟方法研究、结构损伤及破坏效应研究、结构抗冲击波及防护设计研究、结构抗爆吸能特性研究、空中爆炸冲击波试验方法及验证研究等;最后基于目前已有的研究成果,从技术成熟的角度对此领域进行了总结与展望,并提出了几方面急需研究解决的关键技术问题,为后续的工程类结构抗冲击波设计研究提供参考。     

爆炸载荷下RC单向简支板的能量法优化设计

由钢筋混凝土(RC)板的抗力-位移(R-y)曲线特性可知,曲线下方面积代表板 在爆炸载荷作用下可能吸收的能量. 对爆炸载荷作用下RC板的R-y曲线采用双折线模型,计 算不同配筋率的R-y曲线下方面积,面积最大时的配筋率即可定义为相应设计的最佳配筋率. 考虑材料非线性及高应变率对混凝土和钢筋强度的影响,采用分层法迭代求解抗 力-挠度(R-y)曲线. 研究结果可供受爆炸载荷的RC板优化设计借鉴.     

船用加筋板架爆炸载荷下动态响应数值分析

针对船用加筋板架复杂结构在爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应 ,采用商用高动态非线性有限元程序MSC/Dytran ,讨论了大尺寸加强结构板架迎爆承载问题 ,提出了复杂板架结构爆炸冲击波作用下动态响应的有限元计算方法 ,并进行了模型试验。试验结果与计算结果吻合较好 ,验证了应用程序及计算模型参数的稳定性和可靠性。对加筋板架两种承载形式 (大尺寸加强构件迎爆或背爆设置 )在爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应 (板架中心挠度和塑性分布 )差异的分析研究表明 ,大尺寸骨架 (纵骨和肋骨 )背向爆炸冲击波设置将分散爆炸冲击波的冲击作用、减小板架变形、增强其抵抗爆炸冲击波冲击的能力 ,使结构偏于安全。     

脉冲载荷下加筋圆板的各向同性快速等效方法

加筋板在爆炸与冲击防护中应用广泛,而其动力响应的快速求解一直是工程中关注的重点。对于径向均匀加筋的圆板,基于刚度叠加思想,提出了一种将其等效为各向同性平板的方法,用于分析其在脉冲载荷下弹性阶段的动力响应。结合理论推导与数值方法,显式地给出了简洁的等效平板厚度公式。经验证,提出的等效方法建立了加筋圆板与均质圆板间的内在联系,适用于多种加筋尺寸、材料及载荷形式。等效圆板与加筋圆板的最大挠度偏差不超过6%,低阶振动频率偏差不超过10%。相比于直接对加筋圆板进行计算,等效分析方法大大提高了求解效率,且保证了很高的计算精度,在冲击响应预测和结构优化等工程应用中具有重要意义。     

两装药同时起爆时金属靶板的动态响应

采用量纲分析的方法，分析了两装药同时爆炸加载下金属薄板动态响应过程中的相关独立变量，并使用有限元软件进行数值计算，研究了两装药同时起爆情况下装药量、装药间距及炸距对45钢靶板响应特性的影响。基于数值模拟和量纲分析的结果，分别建立了相关参量与金属靶板最大变形挠度的函数关系，获得了适用于一定范围的靶板挠度计算模型。该研究能够在一定程度上实现不同分布装药的爆炸效应快速计算。     

舱内爆炸载荷及舱室板架结构的失效模式分析

通过对典型半穿甲导弹打靶实验中舰艇结构破坏模式的观察，结合数值模拟，分析了舱内爆炸载荷的特征以及舱内爆炸下舱室板架结构的失效模式。结果表明，舱内爆炸下，舱室板架结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式与敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式有较大区别，其动态响应难以用敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构的动态响应描述；舱内爆炸载荷主要有壁面反射冲击波、角隅汇聚冲击波以及准静态气体压力，其中两壁面和三壁面角隅汇聚冲击波的强度分别为相同部位壁面反射冲击波强度的5倍和12倍以上；舱室板架结构主要有4种失效模式，其中模式Ⅲ、Ⅳ较常发生；舱室板架结构加强筋布置在迎爆面将使板架中部的局部破坏程度增加，但有利于削弱角隅汇聚冲击波强度，减小板架沿角隅部位的撕裂破坏。     

爆炸载荷下聚氨酯泡沫材料中冲击波压力特性

采用间接测压法,对爆炸载荷作用下聚氨酯泡沫材料中的冲击波压力特性进行了研究。结果表明,在装药特性相同的爆炸载荷作用下,聚氨酯泡沫材料中的初始冲击波压力随初始孔隙度增大而显著下降;冲击波传播衰减效应受初始孔隙度影响同样显著,但不呈单一加快或减慢趋势;当初始孔隙度在０．２５左右时,聚氨酯泡沫材料对爆炸载荷具有较强的抗冲击减压效能。     

Impact non-pénétrant sur le thorax : influence de la courbure sur la propagation des ondesNonpenetrating impact on the thorax: influence of curvature on wave propagation

Theoretical studies of the propagation of impact waves through the thorax are needed to improve the design of bulletproof jackets and blast protections (Fung in ‘Biomechanics Motions, Flow, Stress, and Growth’, Springer-Verlag, 1990; Cooper et al., J. Trauma 40 (1996) S38–S41). The influence of the weak acoustic coupling at the interface between the thoracic wall and the lung were described in (Grimal et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. IIB 329 (2001) 655–662); in this work, we study, within the frame of elastodynamics and with an approximate analytical method, the effects of the curvature of this interface. Results are given in terms of strain energy for the pressure wave, transmitted or converted. Focalisation of energy in the medium representing the lung is important for curvatures measured in humans. To cite this article: Q. Grimal et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 569–574.     

Vérification expérimentale de la relation de réciprocité d'Onsager pour l'électro-osmose et l'électro-filtration dans une argile naturelleExperimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations for electro-osmosis and electro-filtration phenomena on a saturated clay

This Note is devoted to the experimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations in the particular case of electro-osmosis and electro-filtration. A special set up has been designed to carry out the measurements of both the electro-osmotic permeability and the streaming potential. This has been performed by using a natural material i.e., saturated kaolinite. To cite this article: K. Beddiar et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 893–898.     

Use specification of multiscale materials for life spanned over macro-, micro-, nano-, and pico-scale

Multiscale material intends to enhance the strength and life of mechanical systems by matching the transmitted spatiotemporal energy distribution to the constituents at the different scale, say—macro, micro, nano, and pico,—, depending on the needs. Lower scale entities are, particularly, critical to small size systems. Large structures are less sensitive to microscopic effects. Scale shifting laws will be developed for relating test data from nano-, micro-, and macro-specimens. The benefit of reinforcement at the lower scale constituents needs to be justified at the macroscopic scale. Filling the void and space in regions of high energy density is considered.Material inhomogeneity interacts with specimen size. Their combined effect is non-equilibrium. Energy exchange between the environment and specimen becomes increasingly more significant as the specimen size is reduced. Perturbation of the operational conditions can further aggravate the situation. Scale transitional functions and/or f_j/j+1 are introduced to quantify these characteristics. They are represented, respectively, by , and (f_mi/ma,f_na/mi,f_pi/na). The abbreviations pi, na, mi, and ma refer to pico, nano, micro and macro.Local damage is assumed to initiate at a small scale, grows to a larger scale, and terminate at an even larger scale. The mechanism of energy absorption and dissipation will be introduced to develop a consistent book keeping system. Compaction of mass density for constituents of size 10⁻¹², 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻³ m, will be considered. Energy dissipation at all scales must be accounted for. Dissipations at the smaller scale must not only be included but they must abide by the same physical and mathematical interpretation, in order to avoid inconsistencies when making connections with those at the larger scale where dissipations are eminent.Three fundamental Problems I, II, and III are stated. They correspond to the commonly used service conditions. Reference is made to a Representative Tip (RT), the location where energy absorption and dissipation takes place. The RT can be a crack tip or a particle. At the larger size scales, RT can refer to a region. Scale shifting of results from the very small to the very large is needed to identify the benefit of using multiscale materials.     

Methode zum Messen des Langzeitverhaltens von Thermoplasten

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue berührungslose optische Dehnungsmeßeinrichtung für biaxiale Langzeit-Zug- bzw. Torsionsversuche vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche an kugel- und kurzglasfasergefülltem Polyamid 6 (PA6) zeigen, daß dieses System genügend genau arbeitet. Das untersuchte Material weist sowohl im Zugversuch als auch im Torsionsversuch nichtlineares Verhalten auf. Bei überlagerten Zug/Torsions-Belastungen verschieben sich die Dehnungen, verglichen mit denen bei gleicher einaxialer Last zu höheren Werten. Durch die Füllstoffzugabe ergeben sich unterschiedliche Verstärkungseffekte. Die faserverstärkten Proben sind erwartungsgemäß eher in Richtung der Rohrachse verstärkt, während das kugelgefüllte System eine höhere Verstärkungswirkung bei Torsionsbelastung erkennen läßt.

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A new optical device for strain measurement in long-term tension and torsion tests is presented. The new system has been compared with others and the results of the experiments with glass bead and short, glas-fiber-filled Polyamid 6 show that it works well. With a dead-weight loading machine used it is possible to perform combined tension/torsion creep experiments or simple tension and simple torsion tests. The materials under consideration here exhibit nonlinear behavior in tension as well as in torsion tests. Under combined loading, which is tensile stress with a superimposed torsional stress, or vice versa, the amounts of the strains compared with those of the one-dimensional stress state are increasing. The fillers produce different reinforcement effects. The bead-filled system is stiffer when subjected to a torsional load, which may be explained by different load carrying mechanism in tension and torsion. The glassfiber-filled system is stiffer in axis direction, because the fibers are aligned to a considerable extent by the flow of the melt during molding.

Vortrag gehalten auf der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Rheologischen Gesellschaft, TH Darmstadt, 19.–21. 4. 1989.     

Methode zum Messen des Langzeitverhaltens von Thermoplasten

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue berührungslose optische Dehnungsmeßeinrichtung für biaxiale Langzeit-Zug- bzw. Torsionsversuche vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche an kugel- und kurzglasfasergefülltem Polyamid 6 (PA 6) zeigen, daß dieses System genügend genau arbeitet. Das untersuchte Material weist sowohl im Zugversuch als auch im Torsionsversuch nichtlineares Verhalten auf. Bei überlagerten Zug/Torsions-Belastungen verschieben sich die Dehnungen, verglichen mit denen bei gleicher einaxialer Last zu höheren Werten. Durch die Füllstoffzugabe ergeben sich unterschiedliche Verstärkungseffekte. Die faserverstärkten Proben sind erwartungsgemäß eher in Richtung der Rohrachse verstärkt, während das kugelgefüllte System eine höhere Verstärkungswirkung bei Torsionsbelastung erkennen läßt.

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A new optical device for strain measurement in long-term tension and torsion tests is presented. The new system has been compared with others and the results of the experiments with glass bead and short, glas-fiber-filled Polyamid 6 show that it works well. With a dead-weight loading machine used it is possible to perform combined tension/torsion creep experiments or simple tension and simple torsion tests. The materials under consideration here exhibit nonlinear behavior in tension as well as in torsion tests. Under combined loading, which is tensile stress with a superimposed torsional stress, or vice versa, the amounts of the strains compared with those of the one-dimensional stress state are increasing. The fillers produce different reinforcement effects. The bead-filled system is stiffer when subjected to a torsional load, which may be explained by different load carrying mechanism in tension and torsion. The glass-fiber-filled system is stiffer in axis direction, because the fibers are aligned to a considerable extent by the flow of the melt during molding.

Vortrag gehalten auf der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Rheologischen Gesellschaft, TH Darmstadt, 19.–21. 4. 1989.     

Pont entre les « micro » et « méso » mécaniques des composites stratifiésRelationships between ‘micro’ and ‘meso’ mechanics of laminated composites

A relatively complete bridge is built between the micromechanics of laminates for which there are numerous theoritical and experimental works and the mesomechanics of laminates introduced and developped in particular at Cachan for more than 15 years. At the ‘meso’ scale, the ply and the interface are homogeneized. To cite this article: P. Ladevèze, G. Lubineau, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Laser-based measurements of gas-phase chemistry in non-equilibrium pulsed nanosecond discharges

Detailed experimental investigation of a non-equilibrium nanosecond pulsed discharge in premixed CH₄/air mixtures at atmospheric pressure has been carried out. The experiments demonstrated significant reductions in ignition delay and increased lean burn capability relative to conventional spark ignition. Advanced laser diagnostics have been used to identify the physical processes which lead to these improvements. The electron temperature and density properties were measured using laser Thomson scattering (LTS). Temperature measurements were performed using N₂ CARS thermometry to quantify the energy transfer in the gas mixture. Effect of the discharge on the local temperature shows the existence of the ignition of the gas mixture for equivalence ratio between 0.7 and 1.3. Fast development of a flame kernel is then observed. The experiment also shows that the flame can be sustained above the discharge due the repetitive ignition of the flame at the plasma repetition rate. Finally, OH and CH PLIF experiments were performed to confirm the large OH and CH streamer-induced production over the discharge volume. To cite this article: F. Grisch et al., C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

Viscoelastic properties of polymerlike reverse micelles

A dramatic increase in the viscosity of reverse micellar solutions of lecithin in a variety of organic solvents of up to a factor of 10⁶ upon the addition of a small amount of water can be observed. The formation of viscoelastic solutions can be explained by a water-induced aggregation of lecithin molecules into flexible cylindrical reverse micelles and the subsequent formation of a transient network of entangled micelles. The viscoelastic properties of these solutions are characterized as a function of water content and temperature for different organic solvents by means of dynamic shear viscosity measurements. The results are interpreted by making analogies to the behavior of semidilute polymer solutions and living polymers.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. J. Meissner on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

Lie–Bäcklund and Noether Symmetries with Applications

New identities relating the Euler–Lagrange, Lie–Bäcklund and Noether operators are obtained. Some important results are shown to be consequences of these fundamental identities. Furthermore, we generalise an interesting example presented by Noether in her celebrated paper and prove that any Noether symmetry is equivalent to a strict Noether symmetry, i.e. a Noether symmetry with zero divergence. We then use the symmetry based results deduced from the new identities to construct Lagrangians for partial differential equations. In particular, we show how the knowledge of a symmetry and its corresponding conservation law of a given partial differential equation can be utilised to construct a Lagrangian for the equation. Several examples are given.