铁-水杨基荧光酮-CPB多元体系显色反应的研究及应用

微量铁的测定,通常采用硫氰酸盐法、磺基水杨酸法、邻菲罗啉法。近年来国内外就应用三元络合物光度法测定铁进行了很多研究,如EDTA-H_2O_2法、Phen-SCN~-法、Phen-I~-法、CAS-CTMAB法、CAS-Zeph法、茜素紫-CPB法、CAS-CTMAC法及Triton X-100法等。这些方法的摩尔吸光系数达10~4、10~5量级。本文采用一种新的显色体系,即在乙酰丙酮及EDTA存在下,应用溴化十六烧基吡啶(CPB)及根据资料合成的显色剂水杨基荧光酮测定铁。实验部分一、主要试剂与仪器     

物理化学中的热力学方法、拓展及应用

主要依托物理化学中的热力学基本原理,浅议热力学方法、简介化工热力学方法和工程热力学方法及应用等。热力学方法主要有循环法、特性函数法、变量变换法、标准状态法、平衡法及极值法、微元法等,并归纳了各种方法的特点、作用及意义。对于学生学习物理化学中的热力学,具有一定的指导意义,拓展了热力学的基本知识。     

热裂解气相色谱法测定丁苯胶乳的橡胶组成

丁苯胶乳中的橡胶组成通常采用硝化法、碳氢法及折光指数法测定。近年来随着热裂解气相色谱法的发展,已使该方法能应用于橡胶组成的定性或定量分析。 硝化法、碳氢法及折光指数法所使用的仪器设备及操作步骤繁杂,分析的周期也较长,不能满足工业分析的快速要求。 热裂解气相色谱法,不仅在精确性方面达到要求,而且具有操作简便、分析时间周期短的优点。     

测定吸附等温线的三元氮吸附法

本文介绍一种改进的氮吸附等温线测定方法——三元氮吸附法。与经典BET容量法及Lippens法不同,此法操作简便,在20小时内,可同时测出三个不同样品的比表面、孔容及孔分布。一、三元氮吸附装置及实验方法     

Origin软件在竞聚率计算教学及实践中的应用

将Origin软件用于竞聚率测定实验数据处理及竞聚率计算相关内容的教学及实践,提高了效率,也避免了主观误差,提高了结果的准确性及客观性,并且使各种竞聚率计算方法都变得简单易行,特别是使基于摩尔分数共聚物组成微分方程的NLLS法或T-M法成为比F-R法、YBR法及K-T法等更加简单易行、准确可靠的方法,同时能使学生树立使...     

聚醚型非离子表面活性剂分子量测定方法的研究(Ⅰ)

关于聚醚型非离子表面活性剂分子量的测定方法主要有用对甲苯磺酸及4-N,N二甲氨基吡啶或N-甲基咪唑为乙酰化催化剂测定聚醚多元醇的羟基数(即羟值法),用蒸气压渗透(VPO)法测定数均分子量,以及用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)法进行分子量分级测定等。70年代以来,已开始将红外光谱、核磁共振谱、高效液相色谱及质谱等方法用于非离子表面活性剂的平均分子量测定。由于羟值法简便、快速和仪器简单,在工业生产中一直沿用为聚醚分子量测定的常规分析方法。但由于羟值法与VPO法的理论基础不同,两法所测分子量往往有一定差别。为此我们用羟值法对不同分子量的聚乙二醇(PEG)标样及本实验室合成的各种聚环氧乙烷无规聚醚进行分子量测定,并与VPO法对照,考察两方法的差别及羟值法的适用范围。     

关于光谱分析中化学反应的应用

一、前言近代技术的发展对許多物质的分析灵敏度和准确度提出了愈来愈高的要求,促使光谱分析研究者不断提出和完善了种种有效的途径;例如:各种形式的分餾法(包括各种双电弧法和电弧浓缩法)有效地利用缓冲物质或载体分馏法、蒸发法、化学(分离及富集)-光谱法及各种溶液法、利用合适的气体介质和使用高灵敏度的仪器及激发光源等等。但是,目前有效地利用缓冲物质及载体分餾法仍然是最普遍和最方便的一个     

车用塑料耐刮擦测试方法概述

耐刮擦测试是汽车内外饰塑料零件质量控制的一项重要指标。介绍了耐刮擦测试原理,刮擦头、负载、样品与刮擦头相对运动状态等是决定测试方法的关键技术要素,评价塑料耐刮擦性的方法分为目视法及仪器测量法。综述了五指刮擦法、硬度试验笔刮擦法、网格刮擦法、摩擦色牢度刮擦法及其他刮擦法测试方法,分析和总结了不同测试方法的特点和应用范围。     

制备方法对甲烷干重整催化剂Ni/La2O3/Al2O3结构及性能的影响

采用浸渍法及蒸发法制备了Ni/La₂O₃/Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了制备方法对其结构及甲烷干重整催化性能的影响。通过XRD、H₂ TPR、BET、TEM、TG-DSC等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,浸渍法制备的催化剂具有较好的Ni分散性、更均匀的粒径分布,较大的比表面积及更优的孔结构,从而具有更好的Ni抗烧结能力及抗积炭性。浸渍法制备的催化剂平均积炭速率很低,约为0.6737mg/(g_cat·h),相当于蒸发法制备催化剂的21%。活性测试结果表明,浸渍法制备的催化剂上CH₄、CO₂转化率及H₂、CO选择性比蒸发法制备的催化剂分别高约5%、10%及4%、3%,具有更好的稳定性。     

固体芯材微胶囊制备技术研究进展

文章主要介绍了微胶囊研究背景、用途及制备方法。从固体芯材料水溶性的角度,可把芯材分为亲水性和疏水性两种类型。对于水溶性芯材微胶囊的制备方法,介绍了原位聚合法、油相相分离法、喷雾干燥法和喷雾冷凝法的技术进展;对于疏水性芯材,介绍了界面聚合法、原位聚合法、水相相分离法等方法包覆微胶囊的技术进展。此外,本文还对不同类型的固体芯材所适应的制备方法及壳材料进行了探讨,从试验条件、芯材料的特性及目标产品性能等角度来选取适当的微胶囊壳材及制备方法,以期探索出更经济、实用、高效的固体芯材微胶囊化制备方法。     

Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

An integrated strategy of secondary metabolomics and glycomics to investigate multi-component variations in wine-processing of medicinal herbs and functional foods: A case study on Fructus Corni

Fructus Corni (FC), as a promising Chinese medicinal herb, has aroused considerable interest. Generally, FC needs to be processed according to the limited standard policy in China before clinical application, while the investigations on the specific processing methods (such as wine steaming or high-pressure wine steaming) are unclear. A comprehensive metabolomics strategy based on integrated non-targeted metabolomics and targeted glycomics in this paper was implemented to investigate the influences of the different processing technologies such as steaming, wine steaming, high-pressure steaming, high-pressure wine steaming, wine immersion, and wine stir-frying on FC, respectively. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was employed for identifying and distinguishing the secondary metabolites. A total of 85 components were identified in all groups. The results of PCA score plots showed that the crude and processed samples had a complete separation, and wine steamed and high-pressure wine steamed samples could be a category, indicating that the two processed products had a similar quality. Multiple chromatography including HPLC (C₁₈)-PDA, HPLC (NH₂)-ELSD, and HPGPC-ELSD was used for determining the molecular weight distributions, the monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides, and the contents of free monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. The results indicated that the content and composition of saccharides were different in crude and different processed FC. The polysaccharides were composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid, mannose and rhamnose, and the free monosaccharides were composed of fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and fructose in all FC samples. The PCA score plots of the glycomics indicated that the crude and high-pressure wine steamed FC could be a category, showing that the two groups had similar chemical compositions. Ultimately, the simulation processing experiments indicated that the transformation of morroniside, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, fructose, and glucose to 5-HMF through the reactions of dehydration and deglycosylation was the potential mechanism of enhancing the effects by processing. Conclusionly, the saccharides should be investigated as thoroughly as the secondary metabolites, and the high-pressure wine steamed FC could be an alternative to wine steamed FC.     

“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器的设计、调控及在锂硫电池正极中的应用研究

锂硫电池具有理论能量密度高等优势,被认为是最有前景的一类新型二次电池.硫正极存在硫和硫化锂的导电性差、可溶性多硫化物的扩散/穿梭、循环过程中硫的体积膨胀以及氧化还原过程慢等问题,严重制约着电池的活性和循环稳定性.设计“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器应用于锂硫电池正极,可通过调控其“蛋黄”、“蛋壳”和“空腔”结构缓解充放电过程中电极的体积变化,为离子/电子输运提供快速通道,强化对多硫化物的吸附和催化转换作用等,进而提高电极的活性和循环性能,有利于推进锂硫电池的商业化进程.本文总结了“蛋黄-蛋壳”结构纳米反应器的设计和调控策略,包括单核-单壳、单核-多壳、多核-单壳以及多核-多壳等,并结合锂硫电池的工作特点和目前应用存在的问题,对未来发展前景进行了展望.     

Green synthesis of biogenic metal nanoparticles by terrestrial and aquatic phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents

The size, shape and controlled dispersity of nanoparticles play a vital role in determining the physical, chemical, optical and electronic properties attributing its applications in environmental, biotechnological and biomedical fields. Various physical and chemical processes have been exploited in the synthesis of several inorganic metal nanoparticles by wet and dry approaches viz., ultraviolet irradiation, aerosol technologies, lithography, laser ablation, ultrasonic fields, and photochemical reduction techniques. However, these methodologies remain expensive and involve the use of hazardous chemicals. Therefore, there is a growing concern for the development of alternative environment friendly and sustainable methods. Increasing awareness towards green chemistry and biological processes has led to a necessity to develop simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly procedures. Phototrophic eukaryotes such as plants, algae, and diatoms and heterotrophic human cell lines and some biocompatible agents have been reported to synthesize greener nanoparticles like cobalt, copper, silver, gold, bimetallic alloys, silica, palladium, platinum, iridium, magnetite and quantum dots. Owing to the diversity and sustainability, the use of phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents for the synthesis of nanomaterials is yet to be fully explored. This review describes the recent advancements in the green synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles by plants, aquatic autotrophs, human cell lines, biocompatible agents and biomolecules.     

纳米粒子的精准组装

纳米材料由于其独特的光、电、磁、力学等性质,成为了构建功能材料与器件的理想基元。实现纳米粒子的精确组装,是探究粒子之间的耦合聚集性质和制备宏观功能器件的基础。但是由于纳米粒子的小尺寸以及在溶液中运动的随机性与复杂性,精准控制纳米粒子组装体的形貌以及在空间中的相对位置仍存在巨大挑战。为了将纳米粒子组装成理想的有序结构,许多控制粒子组装的策略与方法得到发展。本文首先概述了纳米粒子自组装的控制方法与典型形貌,着重分析了影响粒子精准排布的因素与控制方法,并对纳米粒子及其组装体的光学性质与器件应用的最新研究进展进行了讨论,最后对目前纳米粒子精准组装所面临的挑战以及未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

Poly(lactide) stereocomplexes: formation, structure, properties, degradation, and applications

Poly(lactide)s [i.e. poly(lactic acid) (PLA)] and lactide copolymers are biodegradable, compostable, producible from renewable resources, and nontoxic to the human body and the environment. They have been used as biomedical materials for tissue regeneration, matrices for drug delivery systems, and alternatives for commercial polymeric materials to reduce the impact on the environment. Since stereocomplexation or stereocomplex formation between enantiomeric PLA, poly(L-lactide) [i.e. poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)] and poly(D-lactide) [i.e. poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA)] was reported in 1987, numerous studies have been carried out with respect to the formation, structure, properties, degradation, and applications of the PLA stereocomplexes. Stereocomplexation enhances the mechanical properties, the thermal-resistance, and the hydrolysis-resistance of PLA-based materials. These improvements arise from a peculiarly strong interaction between L-lactyl unit sequences and D-lactyl unit sequences, and stereocomplexation opens a new way for the preparation of biomaterials such as hydrogels and particles for drug delivery systems. It was revealed that the crucial parameters affecting stereocomplexation are the mixing ratio and the molecular weight of L-lactyl and D-lactyl unit sequences. On the other hand, PDLA was found to form a stereocomplex with L-configured polypeptides in 2001. This kind of stereocomplexation is called "hetero-stereocomplexation" and differentiated from "homo-stereocomplexation" between L-lactyl and D-lactyl unit sequences. This paper reviews the methods for tracing PLA stereocomplexation, the methods for inducing PLA stereocompelxation, the parameters affecting PLA stereocomplexation, and the structure, properties, degradation, and applications of a variety of stereocomplexed PLA materials.     

无机-无机复合电致变色材料的研究进展

在外加电压的作用下,电致变色材料的光学性能（颜色、透光率等）能够可控制、可逆地变化,在节能减排领域有重要应用前景。随着相关研究的不断创新、深入和拓展,单一组分的电致变色材料因受到其自身结构和性能的限制,不能表现出人们所期望的电致变色性能,并且在结构和性能上不具有可设计和调控性,因而越来越无法满足实际应用的需求。与非复合电致变色材料相比较,复合型材料在这方面具有明显的优势,其优势体现在通过合理的材料设计,借助复合材料各组分的协调作用,充分激发各组分的优点,克服各自的缺点,可以获得结构和性能优异的电致变色材料。因此,近年来越来越多的研究聚焦于复合型电致变色材料。目前已开展研究的复合型电致变色材料的种类很多,根据复合组分是无机材料还是有机材料来对复合型电致变色材料分类的话主要可分为无机-无机复合、无机-有机复合和有机-有机复合3大类。相比有机电致变色材料,无机电致变色材料在材料成分控制、机械性能、光调制、使用稳定性、寿命等方面优势显著,因此,单一组分的和复合型的无机电致变色材料始终是本领域研究的重要方向。因此,本文致力于近年来无机-无机复合电致变色材料、器件和电解质的研究现状和未来的发展动态,对其研究进展、所存在的问题和发展趋势进行了归纳总结,为复合型电致变色材料的进一步研发和应用提供依据。     

A review on elastic graphene aerogels: Design,preparation, and applications

Graphene aerogels with unique properties, such as ultralow density, super-elasticity, high specific surface area, and excellent thermal stability, have undergone great progress in the past decades. Especially, super-elastic graphene aerogels provide a highly attention-catching platform for developing advanced energy devices, pressure sensors, contaminates adsorbents, and electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption materials, and so forth. In this review, we begin with the introduction and discussion of various fabrication techniques and compare their advantages and disadvantages, focusing on the template-free assembly process and template-assisted assembly process. Then, we summarize the factors influencing the compressibility and elasticity of graphene aerogels, including intrinsic properties of building blocks, constituent materials, and structure design, and their wide applications. At the end, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of this field.     

纳米粒子与细胞相互作用的力学-化学偶联研究进展

纳米粒子在生物医学和大气环境领域的广泛研究使得其生物安全性越来越受到重视。目前已经有许多研究关注纳米粒子与细胞的相互作用及细胞毒性问题。本综述从细胞力学-化学偶联的角度总结了近五年来有关纳米粒子与细胞相互作用的研究进展。首先介绍了与细胞力学-化学偶联性质相关的分子基础以及目前检测细胞机械性质的纳米技术,然后重点讨论了纳米粒子对细胞粘附、骨架、刚度和迁移性质的影响。在此基础上,进一步指出了纳米生物力学-化学偶联的挑战与展望。