光散射方法表征聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺薄膜的结构特征

采用光散射方法研究了聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA)浓硫酸溶液于不同凝固条件下成膜时得到的球晶和草席晶等结构。PPTA的球晶由一些各向异性棒状微晶呈辐射型有序排列聚集而成的。红外二向色性的研究证明,PPTA草席晶中分子链沿“草席方向”高度取向。基于光栅衍射效应的角度依赖性认为,草席结构中条带的亮暗主要是由于它们取向方向上稍有差异引起的。以光栅效应计算了PPTA草席晶结构的长周期数据值及条带的取向状况,得到了较好的结果。根据在切应力作用下液晶的光散射图象认为,草席状结构是在切应力作用下于各向异性液业已形成,快速凝聚的方法可以把该种结构的特征保留在所获得的薄膜之中。     

聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺取向态结晶的超分子结构

本文以光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜法研究了聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺的100％硫酸溶液剪切取向下凝固结晶所形成的超分子结构,发现各向异性态溶液中取向了的微区结构在不同松弛阶段凝固结晶时可以形成球晶、串晶和草席晶等结晶形态的微区结构的聚集体。     

用条带织构装饰技术研究液晶全芳共聚酯的取向和非取向膜

用退火使条带织构装饰在全芳共聚酯的取向膜上，在偏光显微镜下同时观察到微纤和条带。微纤分三个层次，即直径分别为数十微米的微纤束、数微米的微纤和０．３微米的亚微纤，退火后三个层次的微纤松弛成不同的形态，微纤束仍笔直沿剪切方向取向，微纤松弛成螺旋形，而亚微纤松弛成波浪形从而观察到条带织构：微纤直径越小越易松弛，另一方面，非取向态织构退火后由亚微纤形成的条带装饰结果直观地揭示了微区内外分子指向矢的分布和它们在边界上的变化。退火时条带织构的形成被解释为分子的弹性回缩力缓慢发生作用使分子松弛所致。     

热致液晶含氯侧基聚芳醚酮的单晶状条带织构

通常主链液晶高分子在受到剪切作用时 ,分子微纤呈周期性锯齿状排列 ,其光学效应表现为在偏光显微镜下可观察到相互平行且与剪切方向垂直的条带织构 [1] .而厚度适中的主链液晶聚合物薄膜经过热处理 ,即使没有受到剪切取向的作用 ,介晶微区的尺寸发展到一定大小时也会形成条带织构 ,即所谓结晶诱导[2 ] 和固化诱导 [3,4 ] 的条带织构 .在所报道的条带织构中 (包括剪切和非剪切 ) ,分子链均平行于膜平面 .本文研究发现 ,热致液晶氯代聚芳醚酮的薄膜样品在其高有序液晶温区经热处理 ,可形成结晶诱导的单晶状条带织构 ,其分子链垂直于膜平面 .…     

含柔性间隔基的热致液晶性共聚酯的结晶形态

采用偏光显微镜、扫描和透射电镜从不同层次的结构水平上研究了含柔性间隔基热致液晶性共聚酯的结晶形态。在偏光显微镜下观察到典型的负光性球晶形态,透射电镜揭示了球晶是由厚度为10nm并沿着径向生长的片晶结构所组成,分子链沿晶片厚度方向取向排列。并研究了分子链的刚性程度对热致聚芳酯结晶性质的影响。结果表明,分子链刚性越大其结晶性和球晶的完善性越高。     

聚对苯甲酰胺液晶态球晶生长机理

本文用热台偏光显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了聚对苯甲酰胺(PBA)/H_2SO_4液晶态生长球晶的形态结构和结晶机理。结果表明,PBA/H_2SO_4向列型液晶相具有过冷状态,可达30—40℃左右,并可生长球晶结构,一般直径可达5毫米左右。20Wt％溶液在不同的过冷态结晶时,可以生成三种形态的球晶结构,这是由于构成球晶的基本结构单元——有序微区结构在不同过冷条件下堆砌排列的规整程度不同的缘故。球晶的形态结构只与过冷程度有关,而与溶液的浓度无关。同时还研究了变温和剪切应力下结晶的球晶形态。     

手征性侧链液晶高分子取向结构的研究

用偏光显微镜,红外二色性和Ｘ 射线衍射研究了一种手征性侧链液晶高分子的相态织构和弛豫行为．偏光显微镜观察这种侧链液晶高分子冻结取向液晶态薄膜时,可观察到与剪切方向垂直的明暗相间的条带织构．红外二向色性的结果表明,取向态中侧链上的介晶基元倾向于与剪切方向垂直排列．取向和非取向膜的Ｘ射线衍射揭示了该侧链液晶高分子具有反铁电性液晶的两套反相螺旋结构．取向薄膜在液晶态的弛豫行为表明,取向作用能促进侧链高分子近晶相层状结构的生长,而且介晶基元的取向在弛豫过程中能保持下来．     

两种新碗形分子的合成及其纤维状晶的研究

以香兰素为原料,采用三聚法合成了2种外围脂肪族基团碳数分别为3和5的环三亚藜芦基(cyclotriveratrylene,CTV)系衍生物碗形分子--CTV-3和CTV-5,其中,用先关环后衍生化的合成路线克服了因CTV-5的外围基团太长、分子对称性不好而无法用传统方法合成的难题.产物的化学结构经1H NMR、13CNMR、质谱以及元素分析确认.在偏光显微镜下观察到纤维状晶叠加在碗形分子的向列液晶织构上.纤维状晶是从液晶态冷却时形成并装饰在原液晶织构上的一种结晶形态.通过SEM测定,观察到纤维状晶实际上是由厚度约为100-200m、宽度为2-5μm的无限长的单层片晶组成的多层片晶,而片晶则是由直径约为100nm的微纤组成的.微纤可以推断是碗形分子柱的束状聚集体.     

乙基醋酸纤维素液晶态的结构形态

本文利用偏光显微镜、电镜、小角激光光散射(SALS)和X-射线衍射仪研究了乙基醋酸纤维素溶致性液晶态从非平衡到平衡过程的转变,同时研究了从液晶态结晶的固体形态。在两玻片之间受力的液晶溶液,需要一定的时间才能重新形成。主要以带状和球晶的形态存在,溶剂挥发以看,部分球晶发生变化,还观察到各区域的取向结构,并证实了从液晶态结晶的晶型与各向同性溶液结晶的晶型相同,但完整度不同。     

原子力显微镜研究环带球晶的形貌和片晶结构

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)的轻敲模式, 研究了聚 e-己内酯/聚氯乙烯(PCL/ PVC)(质量比90︰10)共混体系形成的环带球晶的表面形态和片晶结构. PCL/PVC环带球晶的表面由周期性高低起伏的环状结构组成, 其凸凹起伏的周期与球晶在偏光显微镜下的明暗交替的周期相对应. 这种周期性的凸凹起伏和明暗交替消光的原因是由不同取向的片晶交替排列造成的, 片晶在凹下环带区域的排列主要是Flat-on取向, 而凸起环带区域的片晶排列主要是Edge-on取向. 同时用原子力显微镜原位观察了PHB-co-HHx共聚物环带球晶生长时片晶的动态扭转过程, 初步的研究结果发现片晶的扭转不是均匀连续的, 而是出现在相对较窄的区域.     

Synthesis and characterization of indium-doped ZnO nanowires with periodical single-twin structures

In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanowires have been synthesized by a thermal evaporation method. The morphology and microstructure of the IZO nanowires have been extensively investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The products in general contain several kinds of nanowires. In this work, a remarkable type of IZO zigzag nanowire with a periodical twinning structure has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HRTEM observation reveals that this type of IZO nanowire has an uncommonly observed zinc blend crystal structure. These nanowires, with a diameter about 100 nm, grow along the [111] direction with a well-defined twinning relationship and a well-coherent lattice across the boundary. In addition, an IZO nanodendrite structure was also observed in our work. A growth model based on the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism is proposed for interpreting the growth of zigzag nanowires in our work. Due to the heavy doping of In, the emission peak in photoluminescence spectra has red-shifted as well as broadened seriously.     

Quiescent and strain-induced crystallization of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) from sulfuric acid solution

Quiescent and strain-induced crystallization of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) from sulfuric acid solution has been studied. Negative spherulites (SA-PPTA spherulites) are formed from hot concentrated solutions by cooling. The spherulite consists of radiating fibrous lamellae several hundred angstroms wide. The electron diffraction pattern indicates that PPTA molecules are oriented perpendicular to the long axes of the fibrous lamellae and that the [010] or [110] direction of the modification I crystal and [010] direction of the modification II crystal are parallel to the long axes of the fibrous lamellae. The width of the lamellae is much smaller than the chain length of the starting PPTA. It appears that hydrolysis of PPTA during melting crystallization determines the chain length, i.e., the width of the fibrous lamella. Stacked, lamellar structures like “row structures” are formed under shear. The longer axes of the fibrous lamellae are oriented perpendicular to the shear direction. It is confirmed by electron diffraction studies that the PPTA molecules are oriented parallel to the shear direction. Well-developed fibrils with the PPTA molecules oriented to the fibril axis, are formed by adding the SA-PPTA spherulites to water with vigorous stirring.     

Self-assembly and solid-state photo polymerization of acrylamide crystal film

Solid-state polymerization has many advantages such as solvent-free, environmental friendly, less cost, and high purity of product. In this study, a crystal film of polyacrylamide was synthesized by solid-state polymerization. Firstly, gelatin was used for inducing acrylamide to form monomer crystal film through self-assembly in an aqueous solution. Then, the monomer crystal film underwent a photo-initiating polymerization to give the corresponding polymer crystal film. The structure of the crystal film was confirmed by Fourier-transformed infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, microscopic melting point detector, and differential scanning calorimeter. The morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography. It was found that a well-organized polyacrylamide crystal film was formed by controlling the synthetic conditions. The lattice size of the crystal changed very little before and after polymerization. The crystal film displayed a fibrous shape and was well-organized.     

Morphology of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers

Fibers of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) have a fibrillar morphology, the individual fibrils having a high proportion of extended chains passing through periodic defect layers. A pleat structure is superimposed. The fibers are fully crystalline (within the limits of determination) with a small fraction of randomly oriented crystalline material. The major distinction between PPTA and conventional fibers lies in the high level of extended chains passing through the defect layers of the former structure. These extended chains result in crystallographic register being maintained between adjacent ordered zones. Quantitatively, a measure of this order is obtained from a comparison of the correlation length, obtained from meridional x-ray peak widths, and the defect spacing. In conventional fibers the defect spacing, i.e., long period, is longer than the correlation length (i.e., crystal size). In PPTA, the analog of the long period, the defect spacing (about 35 nm) is smaller than the correlation length, which is over 80 nm.     

AFM研究PCL薄膜的结晶形态

利用原子力显微镜 (AFM)详细研究了聚己内酯 (PCL)超薄膜及其在特殊限制环境下的结晶形态 .AFM的观察表明 ,PCL在石英基板上的结晶形态呈现典型的球晶及比较少见的树枝状晶两种形态 .认为主要是超薄膜结晶过程中由于几何受限及基板吸附导致分子链扩散移动速度大大降低 ,由此形成的扩散控制结晶过程从而导致最终形成树枝状的分形结构 .将聚合物限制在间距为 10 μm的凹槽内 ,发现PCL的结晶有比较规整的排列 ,而且沿着凹槽的方向结晶排列取向优先 .当在凹槽两侧铝条上施加强电场后 ,发现在静电场作用下 ,PCL的结晶取向生长方向发生改变 ,沿着电场方向排列生长的结晶增多     

Lamellar metal-organic complex and its rod-like nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic technique

Metal-organic complex (H3NCH2CH2NH2)3[MoO2(OC6H4O)2] with a lamellar morphology has been syn- thesized. Its crystal structure was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The morphology of the crystal was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The metal-organic nanoparticles have been prepared by using an ultrasonic method. The morphology of the as-prepared nanoparticles was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The possible formation mechanism has also been proposed.     

Studies on the morphology and structure of aromatic polyester films

Oriented films of an aromatic polyester containing a triad ester mesogenic group and a decamethylene flexible spacer were studied by polarized light microscopy, small-angle light scattering, and polarized infrared spectroscopy to determine the nature of the alignment of the polymer chains, induced by shearing, which is responsible for the banded or striped morphology observed. The stripes are apparently composed of fibrils arranged in a zigzag manner containing polymer chains packed in a highly ordered, parallel alignment at an angle of ±26° to the shearing direction.     

Morphology and mechanical properties of blown films of a low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene blend

The morphologies of films blown from a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), a linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), and their blend have been characterized and compared using transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, infrared dichroism, and thermal shrinkage techniques. The blending has a significant effect on film morphology. Under similar processing conditions, the LLDPE film has a relatively random crystal orientation. The film made from the LDPE/LLDPE blend possesses the highest degree of crystal orientation. However, the LDPE film has the greatest amorphous phase orientation. A mechanism is proposed to account for this unusual phenomenon. Cocrystallization between LDPE and LLDPE occurs in the blowing process of the LDPE and LLDPE blend. The structure–property relationship is also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 507–518, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10115