醇酸树脂固化过程的FTIR跟踪

本文用FTIR内标法跟踪观察了醇酸树脂的固化过程,选取1600cm~(-1)处的苯环振动峰作内标峰。结果表明,随着固化的进行,不饱和键递减,涂膜的羧基、羟基等含氧基团递增。固化过程的快慢同涂膜厚度有关,它是受氧扩散作用控制的。     

红外光谱定量法研究醇在正烷烃中的氢键缔合

测定了正十六醇-正己烷烃溶液(0.01～0.20 mol·L~(-1))在不同浓度下的红外光谱, 并用付里叶自去卷积-曲线拟合法(Fourier Self-decon-volution and curve-fitting)对谱图进行了解析。结果将醇羟基峰归属为: (1)单体羟基峰(3646.6 m~(-1))、(2)链状缔合体末端游离羟基峰(3633.8 cm~(-1))、(3)环状二聚体羟基峰(3535.1 cm~(-1))、(4)链式二聚体缔合羟基峰(3474c m~(-1))和(5)链状多聚体组合羟基峰(3337 cm~(-1))五种类型, 并得出它们随浓度的分布规律。     

Hβ沸石及其稀土改性后红外光谱研究

用红外光谱(IR)研究了Hβ沸石和稀土(La、Ce、Nd)氧化物改性的Hβ沸石,同时测定了苯-异丙醇烷基化反应后的Hβ沸石和La-Hβ沸石的红外光谱。考察了吸附吡啶后不同温度脱附时1545cm~(-1)吸收峰(Bronsted酸)和1454cm~(-1)吸收峰(Lewis酸)强度的变化。实验发现,在波数为3615cm~(-1)和3740cm~(-1)处有两个表示OH基振动的谱峰,前者与Bronsted酸相对应,酸性较强。稀土氧化物改性降低了B酸量,增加了L酸量,而且在波数为1603cm~(-1)和1445cm~(-1)处出现两个新的吸收峰。本文讨论了苯-异丙醇烷基化反应活性、稳定性与沸石表面酸性质的关系。     

2,4,6-三(羟基苯甲基氨基)-均三嗪的合成及其与双酚A型环氧树脂的固化行为研究

合成了一种含三嗪环结构的环氧树脂固化剂2,4,6-三(羟基苯甲基氨基)-均三嗪(MFP).用动态DSC和原位红外光谱对MFP/DGEBA(双酚A型环氧树脂)体系的固化行为进行了研究.动态DSC研究表明,由于MFP分子结构中存在两种活泼氢(酚羟基氢和仲胺氢),固化反应存在明显的两个峰,相对应的表观活化能分别为70.5 kJ.mol-1和86.5 kJ.mol-1(Kissinger法),通过与另一相似化合物固化DGEBA的比较可知,在MFP固化DGEBA的过程中,酚羟基与环氧基反应相对较难.原位红外动力学结果很好地支持了上述结论.     

天然产物Combretastatin A-1和Combretastatin B-1的合成

基于Perkin反应策略合成了具有强效抗肿瘤、抗血管活性的天然产物Combretastatin A-1(CA1)和Combretastatin B-1(CB1).以2,3,4-三羟基苯甲醛(1)为起始物, 经单甲基化反应得到2,3-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛(2), 再经酚羟基保护得到2,3-二异丙基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛(3), 该化合物与3,4,5-三甲氧基苯乙酸(4)发生Perkin反应分离得到E-2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-3-(2',3'-二异丙氧基-4'-甲氧基)丙烯酸(E-5), 经脱羧反应得到Z-3,4,4',5-四甲氧基-2',3'-二异丙氧基二苯乙烯(6), 最后经脱保护反应得到CA1.另外, 将E-2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-3-(2',3'-二异丙氧基-4'-甲氧基)丙烯酸(E-5)脱去保护基得到E-2-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-3-(2',3'-二羟基-4'-甲氧基)丙烯酸(7), 该化合物经脱羧-异构化反应得到E-3,4,4',5-四甲氧基-2',3'-二羟基二苯乙烯(E-CA1), 最后经催化氢化得到CB1.     

芳香胺参加的Mannich反应 Ⅴ.芳香胺与苄叉丙酮的Mannich反应

在前文所叙述的反应条件下’,苄叉丙酮或对甲氧基苄叉丙酮均能与芳香胺顺利发生Mannich反应: 我们共合成了15个Mannich碱,这些化合物的IR图谱均具有羰基吸收峰(1670 cm~(-1))与仲胺基吸收峰(3400cm~(-1)),~1H NMR图谱在δ3.05及3.55 ppm有两组相互偶合的三重峰.     

LaHY分子筛的羟基及其酸性的红外分析

在原位红外光谱装置上, 通过氨的吸,脱附, 对脱水(320 ℃)LaHY分子筛上形成的羟基峰作了归属, 对酸性质作了进一步的分析. 其结果是: 除强酸性羟基3638 cm~(-1) (HY), 3631 cm~(-1)(LaHY)和3536 cm~(-1)(HY)、3556 cm~(-1)(LaHY)外, 还有二种直接与镧离子联结的羟基, 3520 cm~(-1)归属为弱酸性, 3531 cm~(-1)归属为非酸性. 从红外和固体核磁谱来说明, 超笼中高频羟基的酸强度是非均一的。     

β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙含量测定及掺假判别

建立了一种测定β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙的定性定量方法。采用红外吸收光谱法定性测定β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙,其特征吸收峰为2969 cm~(-1)、1551 cm~(-1)、1405 cm~(-1)、1254cm~(-1)和1195 cm~(-1);采用原子吸收光谱法定量测定β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙的钙含量,对样品的加标回收率为93.0%;采用高效液相色谱法定量测定β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙的β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸含量,加标回收率为99.0%。该法准确可靠,灵敏度高,适用于β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙含量测定。     

外电场作用下离子液体振动光谱变化的分子动力学模拟研究（英文）

振动光谱学是研究液体分子微观结构的强有力工具,利用振动光谱学探究外界条件作用下液体结构性质的变化是可行的。本文利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了从0到10 V·nm~(-1)变化的外加电场对1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体的振动光谱的影响,并且详细分析了位于50,183,3196,3396 cm~(-1)的振动峰的强度及位置随外加电场变化而变化的内在原因。随着外加电场从0增大到10 V·nm~(-1),由于模拟体系中平均每对阴阳离子的总偶极矩增大(从4.34到5.46 Debye)和阳离子的取向更加一致,使得位于50、183 cm~(-1)的振动峰的强度相应地逐渐增强。位于3196 cm~(-1)的振动峰的强度明显减弱,因为外加电场的作用使甲基和乙基侧链上碳原子周围的氢原子不断增多,从而使烷基链上碳氢键的伸缩振动受限。外加电场作用下分子间~+C-H…F~-氢键的减少使位于3396 cm~(-1)的振动峰的强度逐渐减弱。而位于50和3396 cm~(-1)的振动峰的红移现象分别归因于每对离子平均相互作用能的减小(从-378.7到-298.0 kJ·mol~(-1))和有利于氢键结合的弛豫效应。     

含氟苯并异噁唑衍生物的合成及活性研究

以2,4-二甲氧基苯胺为起始原料,通过乙酰化保护合成N-(2,4-二甲氧基苯基)乙酰胺(2),经傅克反应合成N-(4-羟基-2-甲氧基-5-丙酰基苯基)乙酰胺(3),3再与盐酸羟胺反应生成N-(4-羟基-5-(1-(羟基亚氨基)丙基)-2-甲氧基苯基)乙酰胺(4),4在DMF-DMA作用下生成N-(3-乙基-6-甲氧基...     

Influence of Residual Polyesterification Catalysts on the Curing of Polyesters

 Unsaturated polyesters are synthesized by means of polyesterification, often with catalysts like strong acids, metal oxides and metal-organic salts. Most often, the catalysts used cannot be separated from the bulk of the polyester. Also, some organic or inorganic additives – called fillers – which are used with the polyester in order to decrease cost, affect the curing of the polyester. In this work the effect of residual catalyst on the curing of unsaturated polyester is studied. Unsaturated polyesters were prepared using propylene glycol with a 10% molar excess over stoichiometry and a mixture of dicarboxylic acids, namely maleic acid (unsaturated) adipic acid (saturated) and phthalic anhydride (saturated) at a molar ratio 1:2:2. Lead dioxide, p-toluenesulfonic acid and zinc acetate were used as catalysts, at 0.1% w/w. After the polyesterification, the polymers were diluted with styrene at a proportion of 100:30 w/w. The resins were cured by using MEKP (methylethylketone peroxide) as initiator and CoNp (cobalt naphthenate) as accelerator. Catalysts affect the final color of the polyester. The kinetics of curing of the resins was studied by DSC analysis based on the exothermic peak due to the double bonds breaking to give crosslinked macromolecules. The heat released ΔH is decreased by the presence of catalyst, while activation energy, the frequency factor and the order of reaction are increased.     

Solid state 13C NMR study of hexa(methoxy methyl)melamine and melamine-formaldehyde selfcondensates

The structure and molecular dynamics of self-condensation products of three different melamine resins based on hexa(methoxy methyl)melamine are studied by ¹³C NMR in the solid state. The application of direct (DP) and cross-polarization (CP) pulse sequences shows that uncured and cured melamine resins are motionally heterogeneous systems, with the mobile and rigid parts consisting of the same basic structural units. Viscous lightly cured samples based on commercial melamine-formaldehyde resins contain low-molecular weight species which act as plasticizers. In these resins, three motionally different methyl groups are observed. Their existence is confirmed either by spectral deconvolution or by fitting the experimental signal intensities to the cross-polarization dynamics with the assumption of two cross-polarization-transfer rates. Fast cross-polarizing rigid methyl groups are accompanied with the spinning sidebands. On the basis of DP and CP relaxation measurements, quantitative results for three major structural units are calculated. Problems concerning the ¹⁴N-¹³C quadrupolar interactions and quantitative analysis are discussed. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis of methacrylic copolymers with nona‐1‐butoxy trititanosiloxane as side groups and its application as a thermosetting resin

Methacrylic copolymers with a hydroxyl group on one end of the main chain and nona‐1‐butoxytrititanosiloxane as side groups (called methacrylic hybrid copolymers) were synthesized for use as baked‐finish‐type coating resins. The chemical structures of the side groups in the methacrylic hybrid copolymers were confirmed with the ash weight of the copolymers after combustion, the elemental ratio analysis of Si and Ti in the ash determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, and the characteristic absorption band determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. The methacrylic hybrid copolymers were cured at temperatures less than 150 °C in the absence of a curing accelerator. The cured copolymers exhibited a high thermal stability. The curing temperature of the copolymers was determined by the change in the absorption peak strength (peak area) of the 1655 cm⁻¹ band in the IR difference spectrum. The thermal stability of the copolymers was evaluated as the thermal‐degradation temperature measured by thermogravimetric analysis. The methacrylic hybrid copolymers were then be used as effective curing resins. The mixture, consisting of thermoplastic methacrylic terpolymer with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and the methacrylic hybrid copolymers, were cured at less than 150 °C in the absence of a curing accelerator and exhibited a higher thermal‐degradation temperature than the copolymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1090–1098, 2001     

Study on the chemical modification of epoxy/anhydride thermosets using a hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polymer

Mixtures of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin and commercially available hyperbranched polyester (HBP) Boltorn H30 were cured by anhydride to covalently bond the hydroxyl end groups in HBP with the epoxy resin. The curing mixtures were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to study the curing evolution and to evaluate the kinetic parameters. DSC studies suggested that HBP could increase the curing rate of epoxy/anhydride systems at low conversions, but it produced a decelerative effect in the last stages of the curing. The influence of the HBP content and the proportion of anhydride on the curing conversions were discussed in detail. The addition of a tertiary amine was proved to decrease the curing temperatures. By Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) the reaction of hydroxyl groups during the whole process was confirmed. By the determination of the conversion at the gelation, we could prove that it increased on increasing the proportion of HBP in the reactive mixture. By Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) we could determine a reduction of the shrinkage after gelation.     

Tough epoxy resins cured with aminimides

Aminimide compounds ( 1–4 ) thermally generating isocyanates and tertiary amines were found to be excellent curing agents for epoxy resin. Tensile behavior, glass transition temperature, and degree of curing for the combination of EPIKOTE 828 prepolymer with a series of curing agents ( 1–4 ) are reported. The resins exhibit a large elongation at breakage and a high fracture energy per unit volume. The epoxy resins (EP-AI) cured with 3 or 4 containing no hydroxyl group showed larger ultimate elongations (up to 15%) and higher fracture energies (ca. 8 J/cm³) than the resins (EP–AI_OH) cured with 1 or 2 . The curing reaction depends on the structure of aminimide (presence of hydroxyl group and generation of mono- or bisisocyanates). The origin of toughness and dependence of physical properties on the curing condition and the structure of aminimides were discussed. It was concluded that relatively slow curing at elevated temperature controlled by thermal decomposition of aminimides was a reason for the toughness.     

Pyrolysis and THM reactions of melamine and its resins

Melamine resins and a melamine polyester copolymer have been investigated with pyrolysis-GC/MS and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM). Conventional pyrolysis yields characteristic volatile products only at temperatures above 500 °C and hexamethylenetetramine is the main product. A series of methylated melamines and secondary pyrolysis products were also found. THM yields high amounts of methylated melamines and therefore provides a sensitive method for the detection of melamine in resins and copolymers. Deduced from this results a preparative approach for the synthesis of methylated melamines with aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution was successfully developed.     

Melamine–formaldehyde resins: Constitutional characterization by fourier transform 13C-NMR spectroscopy

The random chemical structures of melamine–formaldehyde resins, including methylated melamine–formaldehyde resins and urea–melamine formaldehyde resins, were investigated by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (Fourier transform). All the combined formaldehydes, methylol and methyl ether groups, methylene structures, and dimethylene ether structures were assigned. A ¹³C chemical shift of methylene carbon occurred by substitution of other constituents of the methylene group for a proton of the adjacent monosubstituted nitrogen atom, as shown in a ¹³C-NMR spectrum of urea–formaldehyde resins. It was found that the chemical shift of each corresponding carbon of both melamine resins and urea–melamine resins was almost superimposed with that of urea resins.     

Synthesis and properties of UV curable waterborne hyperbranched aliphatic polyester

The UV curable waterborne hyperbranched polyester (WBHP) consisting of a multi-hydroxy functional aliphatic polyester core, which is endcapped with methacrylic and salt-like groups in different ratios was synthesized. The core is second generation of hyperbranched aliphatic polyester Boltorn™ H20 with approximately 16 hydroxyl groups. The effects of different ratios of chemical structure of end groups were studied by evaluating various properties of WBHP such as solubility in water, dynamic viscosity, UV curing rate and final unsaturation conversion. A natural good control over the solubility of the samples was possible by salt-like functionality and raising the temperature. The investigation of solubility characteristics of the modified hyperbranched polyester illustrated that those with higher concentration of salt-like moiety were more soluble while those of having lower salt-like moiety were less soluble. The viscosity of the resin WBHP was reduced rapidly by dilution with water and raising temperature. Water showed a favorable viscosity reduction effect as compared to monomer and its blend with water. The polymerization rate of the resins under UV irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator showed an increasing trend with higher concentration of methacrylate functionality.