富勒烯(C60/70)-丙烯酸的自由基共聚

富勒烯及其衍生物在超导、光电、磁学等领域展现出奇特性能[1],富勒烯的化学修饰成为化学工作者们关注的热点之一,而其中合成含富勒烯的新型聚合物是一个非常重要的方面.     

In-Situ Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Polyaniline

In-situ electron spin resonance studies of polyaniline at various applied potentials in media of pH 0.49, 2.09, 3.96, anf 9 are reported. The g factor of the esr signal is 2.0036 and does not vary with the applied potential. The peak to peak linewidth decreases to a minimum in a potential range which depends on the pH of the medium. On the other hand, the spin density increases to a maximum in the same potential range. The pH-potential range where the highly conductive form exists, matches very well the range of narrow linewidth and high spin density of the esr signal. The conductive form of polyaniline consists of highly mobile radical cations or polarons.     

衬底对N@C60分子电子自旋共振谱的影响

N@C₆₀内嵌富勒烯是一种在量子科技领域有较高应用前景的分子。科学家们设计了一系列以内嵌富勒烯分子为基本量子单元的量子计算机模型,而构筑这样的模型具有极高的挑战。其中,由于内嵌富勒烯分子阵列的制备通常需要合适的衬底,而衬底与分子之间的相互作用会影响甚至破坏内嵌N原子的自旋信号。因此研究和理解衬底与内嵌富勒烯分子的相互作用具有重要的意义。本文制备了高质量的N@C₆₀分子,并采用扫描隧道显微镜对其在Au(111)表面的结构及电子态进行表征。通过对比N@C₆₀分子在Au(111)、Si(111)、SiO₂表面的电子自旋共振(ESR)信号随时间及其抽真空处理的变化,表明Au原子的核自旋与内嵌N原子的电子自旋的耦合作用是Au(111)表面N@C₆₀单分子层的ESR谱中内嵌N原子的信号衰减的主要原因。     

Free Radical Formation of p-Nitrophenacyl Esters of Carboxylic Acids and Their Detection by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electron Spin Resonance

Abstract

p-Nitrophenacyl esters derived from p-nitrophenacyl bromide and carboxylic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electron spin resonance. p-Nitrophenacyl bromide was used as the pre-column reagent to determine the carboxylic acids. The p-nitrophenacyl esters gave free radicals by hydrolysis with alkaline solution, and then the free radicals were detected with electron spin resonance. The separation of these esters was achieved within 20 min.     

C_(60)/C_(70)及其衍生物(C_(60)Cl_n/C_(70)Cl_n)在丁二烯阴离子聚合中的偶联作用

Fullerene(富勒烯)独特的结构和性质吸引了高分子界广泛的关注.迄今,已通过和自由基共聚[1]、活性自由基聚合[2]、阳离子聚合[3]、阴离子聚合[4～8]以及配位聚合[9～13]等诸多方法相结合制备出了种类繁多的富勒烯高分子衍生物.不仅如此,富勒烯家族的重要分支--富勒烯卤化物,其独特的分子结构和具有的新性质也甚引起人们的重视[14,15].     

C60-苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸酐的三元自由基共聚

自从研制出克量的Ｃ6 0 [1],其在超导光、电、磁、生物等领域的研究迅速发展 .由于Ｃ6 0 只溶于几种非极性溶剂中 ,其使用受到限制 ,从而制备Ｃ6 0 的高分子衍生物一直被认为是Ｃ6 0 材料化的重要途径[2 6 ].文献 [39]报道 ,富勒烯与含双键的单体如苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯等可很方便地进行自由基共聚 ,得到富勒烯与烯类单体的共聚物 ,产物可溶于四氢呋喃等有机溶剂 .但迄今为止 ,可溶于水或其它强极性溶剂中的Ｃ6 0 聚合物研究的很少[10 ,11],而Ｃ6 0 的三元共聚物的制备几乎未见报道 ,为此 ,我们采用自由基共聚制备了Ｃ6 0 苯乙烯 顺丁烯…     

活性自由基聚合法制备以C60封端的聚苯乙烯

通过活性自由基聚合的方法制备了以２,２,６,６－四甲基－４－羟基呱啶氮氧自由基（ＴＥＭＰＯＬ）封端的聚苯乙烯大分子,实验结果证明该反应体系是一个典型的活性自由基聚合体系,同时研究了ＴＥＭＰＯＬ／ＡＩＢＮ的比例及ＡＩＢＮ的含量对聚合反应的影响。用以ＴＥＭＰＯＬ封端的聚苯乙烯和Ｃ６０反应,制得了Ｃ６０的聚苯乙烯高分子衍生物,紫外和ＧＰＣ结果均证明Ｃ６０已连接到聚苯乙烯的长链上,ＧＰＣ的结果还证明,Ｃ６     

碳笼烯(C_(60)/C_(70))载体钕系催化异戊二烯聚合

较系统地研究了Ｎｄ（ｎａｐｈ）３ Ｃ６０Ｘ Ａｌ（ｉ Ｂｕ）３碳笼烯钕系催化异戊二烯配位聚合的反应规律，并测定了聚合物分子量、分子量分布和微观结构．碳笼烯钕系为一均相体系．Ａｌ／Ｎｄ及Ｃｌ／Ｎｄ摩尔比对催化体系的活性、聚合物分子量都有较大的影响，活性中心的形成有很好的时间和温度的稳定性．ＰＩｐ的特性粘数［η］在２左右，分子量分布ＭＷ／Ｍｎ在３左右，均小于传统钕催化体系．ＰＩｐ的顺式含量大于９７％．     

石英的顺磁中心在电子自旋共振测年中的特性及应用

沉积物的电子自旋共振测年是利用石英矿物中的顺磁中心浓度确定总辐射能量,进而推定石英矿物的埋藏年代。石英中可用于测年的顺磁中心包括E′心、Al心、Ti心和Ge心。E′心需要经过热活化后才能测年。Al心是一种电子空穴心,在低温下可观测到较强的信号值。光照可以使Al心漂白,但有残留值存在。Ti心、Ge心都是电子中心,Ti心在低温测试中可见,信号微弱。Ge心光晒退最敏感,在常温观测中可见。不同顺磁中心的形成机理不同,导致它们具有不同的特性,适用于不同沉积环境中的样品测年,在冰碛物中Ge心测年更具有可行性。电子自旋共振测试时降低温度可使信号增强,Ti心在10 K和15 K时信号强度最大;Al心在20 K时信号最强;Ge心在200 K时信号明显增强。在电子自旋共振测年中可根据不同顺磁中心信号强度的变化调整测试温度获得信号的最优值。在以后的电子自旋共振(ESR)测试中可以选取信号最强时的测试温度进行测试,以增强微弱信号的信噪比,有利于对复杂的信号形态的分辨确定,提高对信号强度定量的准确性。     

C60 and C70 Compounds in the Pincerlike Jaws of Calix[6]arene

Isostructural species are found in the solid state for the supramolecular 1:2 complexes of a calix[6]arene molecule and either C₆₀ or C₇₀ (see the structure of the [(calix[6]arene)(C₆₀)₂] complex on the right). The calixarene assumes a double-cone conformation, and the overall structure is a result of the complementarity of the building blocks with respect to size and form—in other words, the shallow calixarene cavity and the fullerene surface have similar curvatures.     

EPR法研究自由基在移植免疫中的作用

用电子顺磁共振（ＥＰＲ）法，化学发光法及荧光光谱法研究了１００例正常人、４２例角膜移值患者泪液中的自由基、超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）和水溶性脂质过氧化物（ＷＳＬＰ）等指标．结果表明正常人泪液中自由基的自旋浓度是（３．６±０．５８）×１０１２ｓｐｉｎｓ／ｍＬ，ＳＯＤ浓度为（３．８４±１．４５）μｇ／Ｌ、水溶性脂质过氧化物相对荧光强度为９．５９８～１６．２２５Ｕ／ｍＬ．角膜移植后三项指标变化出现两个规律的峰，这种规律性变化在三项指标间存在显著的相关性．其中５例患者的特殊变化证明移植排斥反应与术后这些变化的进一步持续发展有关     

Radical functionalization of [60]fullerene and its derivatives initiated by the C(CF3)2C6H4F radical

It was found that the 2-(p-fluorophenyl)hexafluoroisopropyl radical produced by thermal dissociation of the Polishchuk dimer [C(CF₃)₂C₆H₄F]₂ can withdraw, under mild conditions, the H atom from the methyl group of toluene and mesitylene to form the corresponding radicals, whose addition to [60]fullerene occurs more selectively than in the case of photochemical production of these radicals. Dynamics of the step-by-step multiaddition of the radicals to C₆₀ was studied by ESR. It was found that the addition of benzyl radicals affords adducts containing from 3 to 5 benzyl groups, whereas no spin-adducts with five addends were observed for more bulky 3,5-dimethylphenylmethyl radicals. The interaction of 3,5-dimethylphenylmethyl radicals with the metal complexes (η²-C₆₀[IrH(CO)(PPh₃)₂] and (η²-C₆₀[Pd(PPh₃)₂] was studied for the first time. It was shown that the palladium derivative undergoes only demetallation. In the case of the Ir complex, up to 3 radicals add to the fullerene ligand in the same hemisphere where the transition metal is coordinated. The reaction rates are ∼5 times lower than those for C₆₀. The ability of 2-(p-fluorophenyl)hexafluoroisopropyl radicals to dehydrogenate C₆₀H₃₆ was found. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1119–1123, June, 1999.     

本体聚合反应全过程苯乙烯增长自由基的ESR谱的研究

本文对苯乙烯本体聚合全过程增长自由基ESR谱进行了研究,对全过程ESR谱的模拟和分析及构象能的计算表明:反应初期12线谱由产生6线谱构象R_1和8线谱的构象R_2叠加而成,其相对含量R_1>R_2。反应中期4线谱和6线的ESR谱的模拟结果为:R_1相似文献   

An ESR study of radical reactions of C60 and C70

The results of ESR spectroscopic studies of radical reactions of fullerenes are presented. Reactivities of radicals of various chemical natures with respect to C₆₀ and C₇₀, delocalization of the unpaired electron in monofullerenyl radicals, and their reactivity are considered. The examples of dynamic effects in the ESR spectra of fullerenyl radicals, associated with the hindered rotation of the attached radicals, are presented. Characteristic features of the structures of the spin adducts resulting from polyaddition of free radicals to fullerenes and of fullerenyl radicals containing ²-bonded metaIloco mplexes are discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2396–2406, October, 1996.     

ESR study of spin-adducts of boron-centered carboranyl radicals with fullerene-60 and fullerene-70

Spin-adducts of boron-centered radicals, derivatives ofm-carboran-12, with fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ have been studied by ESR spectroscopy. Constants of hyperfine splitting (HFS) of an unpaired electron with¹⁰B and¹¹B nuclei have been determined from the ESR spectra of C₆₀-B₁₀H₉C₂H₂ radicals. Three isomeric spin-adducts were detected with different HFS constants with¹¹B, andg-factors were detected in the reaction of B₁₀H₉C₂H₂ with C₇₀.Dedicated to Academician of the RAS N. S. Zefirov (on his 60th birthday).Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1840–1842, September, 1995.This study was performed in the framework of the International Research Program of Russia Fullerenes and Atomic Clusters and was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project Nos. 93-03-18725 and 93-03-4101).     

Electrochemical formation and properties of two-component films of transition metal complexes and C60 or C70

The electrochemically active polymers have been formed during electro-reduction carried out in solution containing fullerenes, C₆₀ or C₇₀, and transition metal complexes of Pd(II), Pt(II), Rh(III), and Ir(I). In these films, fullerene moieties are covalently bounded to transition metal atoms (Pd and Pt) or their complexes (Rh and Ir) to form a polymeric network. All films exhibit electrochemical activity at negative potentials due to the fullerene cages reduction process. For all studied metal complexes, yields of formation of films containing C₇₀ are higher than yields of electrodeposition of their C₆₀ analogs. C₇₀ /M films also exhibit higher porosity in comparison to C₆₀/M layers. The differences in film morphology and efficiency of polymer formation are responsible for differences in electrochemical responses of these films in acetonitrile containing supporting electrolyte only. C₇₀/M films shows more reversible voltammeric behavior in negative potential range. They also show higher potential range of electrochemical stability. Processes of film formation and electrochemical properties of polymers depend on the transition metal ions or atoms bonding fullerene cages into polymeric network. The highest efficiency of polymerization was observed for fullerene/Pd and fullerene/Rh films. In the case of fullerene/Pd films, the charge transfer processes related to the fullerene moieties reduction in negative potential range exhibit the best reversibility among all of the studied systems. Capacitance performances of C₆₀/Pd and C₇₀/Pd films deposited on the porous Au/quartz electrode were also compared. Capacitance properties of both films are significantly affected by the conditions of electropolymerization. Only a fraction of the film having a direct contact with solution contributes to pseudocapacitance. Capacitance properties of these films also depend on the size of cations of supporting electrolyte. The C₇₀/Pd film exhibits much better capacitance performance comparison to C₆₀/Pd polymer.     

Analysis of C60 and C70 fullerenes using high-performance liquid chromatography–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The performance of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) detection coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes was investigated. The isocratic separation method involved an octadecylsilane (ODS) column and an acetonitrile–toluene (1:1) mobile phase. The hyphenated system was designed with a split valve to control eluent volume leading to the FT-IR detector; this allowed for additional coupling of the liquid chromatograph to ultraviolet–visible detection. On-line FT-IR spectra of C₆₀ and C₇₀ were matched with standard off-line FT-IR spectra from the literature. In addition, with band chromatograms individual fullerenes can be identified using FT-IR active modes known specifically for each fullerene. Few changes to a pre-existing HPLC–UV method were necessary for the HPLC–FT-IR method, and there was no need for fraction collection to identify the fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀.     

The ESR study of the influence of fluorinated alcohols on spin-adducts of phosphoryl radicals with C60 and C70: a change of magnetic resonance parameters and exclusive formation of monoadducts

Complex formation of^.C₆₀P(O)(OPrⁱ)₂ or three isomers of^.C₇₀P(O)(OPrⁱ)₂ with fluorinated alcohols CF₃CH₂OH (1), (CF₃)₃COH (2), and (CF₃)₂CHOH (3) results in an increase in the hyperfine splitting constants with the³¹P nucleus by approximately 3–4 G. Only monoadducts are formed when alcohols1–3 are added to toluene saturated solutions of Hg[P(O)(OPrⁱ)₂]₂ and C₆₀ under photochemical conditions of multi-addition of phosphoryl radicals to C₆₀. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1869–1871, September, 1998.     

Radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of C60

Radical polymerizations of styrene in the presence of C₆₀ have been conducted at 90°C in benzene using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The behaviors of C₆₀ are investigated by monitoring BPO concentration, C₆₀ content, and polymerization time. It is found that C₆₀ acts like a radical absorber which multiply absorbs primary radicals from BPO and propagating radicals. Therefore, in the presence of C the yield and molecular weight decrease significantly. However, the molecular weight distribution is narrowed down by its coupling characteristics. At the beginning of the reaction, owing to the radical-absorbing effect of C₆₀, it makes the chain-propagation restricted. However, the number of polystyrene chains added to C₆₀ increases with polymerization time. Direct dilatometric experiment proves that C₆₀ is mainly as inhibitor for radical polymerization of styrene by benzoyl peroxide. Besides, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the copolymers increases with increasing content of C₆₀. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2969–2975, 1999     

Autooxidation Mechanism of Pyrogallol and Its Free Radical Effects Studied by Means of ESR, UV and NMR*

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