微闪耀光栅列阵实现全混洗变换研究

在8台阶、相位深度为2π的微闪耀光栅透过率函数的基础上,根据标量衍射理论分析了波长0.632 8 μm的He-Ne激光通过闪耀光栅发生菲涅耳衍射的复振幅分布,并得到了其满足1级闪耀输出的特点.将He-Ne激光通过8通道的微闪耀光栅列阵后菲涅耳衍射光场的分布规律与全混洗变换的特点相结合,得到微闪耀光栅列阵实现全混洗变换的周期公式.实验表明该微闪耀光栅列阵能够实现全混洗变换.     

Generation of nondiffracting Bessel beams by use of a spatial light modulator

A laser beam with phase singularities is an interesting object to study in optics and may have important applications in guiding atoms and molecules. We explore the characteristics of a singularity in a nondiffracting Bessel beam experimentally by use of a programmable spatial light modulator with 64-level phase holograms. The diffraction efficiency with 64-level phase holograms is greatly improved in comparison with that obtained with a binary grating. The experiments show that the size and deflection angle of the beam can be controlled in real time. The observations are in agreement with scalar diffraction theory.     

二维光栅光调制器阵列的光学分析与实验

基于标量衍射理论分析了二维光栅光调制器的衍射特性,提出了投影系统的光学处理方法,利用Matlab软件进行了仿真分析.分析结果表明,二维光栅光调制器的衍射光强分布是单个像素衍射光强的干涉叠加,其分布趋势与单个光调制器的衍射光强分布类似;通过反傅里叶变换可将各个调制器的衍射光重新分开而成像.如果用±1级衍射光的成像,相位为2kπ的调制器在投影面得到一个明亮的像,而相位为(2k-1)π的调制器在投影像面上得到一个黑暗的像.通过一个基于静态微光电系统光栅光调制器的投影光学系统得到了一幅明暗调制的像,证明了光栅光调制器用于投影显示的可行性.     

光盘信息符特征宽度的确定

光盘信息符的横向尺寸决定了光存储系统的存储面密度。采用二维正方形光栅作为光盘模型,通过三维矢量衍射理论的数值仿真,计算了信息符横向尺寸对读出信号调制度的影响,确定了最佳调制度对应的最佳坑宽。并与标量衍射理论的定性分析进行了对比。根据标量衍射理论,最佳调制度应出现在信息符面积为读出光斑面积一半时对应的信息符尺寸附近,且小于该尺寸;信息符的最佳坑宽,即信息符特征宽度取决于所用的光学系统;矢量衍射理论的定量计算结果符合标量衍射理论的分析,并更接近实际情况;标量衍射理论概念简单,适于定性分析,定量计算则存在较大的误差。     

基于片层光照明的新型单分子横向磁镊

磁镊是一种高精度的单分子技术,它用磁场对连有生物大分子的超顺磁球产生磁力,通过追踪磁球的位置来测量生物大分子的长度信息.磁镊包括横向磁镊和纵向磁镊.纵向磁镊空间精度高,但昂贵;横向磁镊简单便宜,但由于受其成像原理的限制,一般情况下只能连接较长的DNA等生物大分子,且其空间精度较差,进而限制了其应用范围.为了解决这个问题,本文改进了横向磁镊,用片层光照明的方法使光线主要被磁球散射,从而能够直接观察到吸附在样品槽侧壁上的磁球,这使得测量短连接的底物成为可能.对于实际应用的检测,首先测试了包含270 bp发卡结构的0.5μm双链DNA,用其中发卡结构的"折叠-去折叠"跳变过程证明了改进后的横向磁镊的确可以追踪短DNA等生物大分子.然后,进一步用16μm的λ-DNA检验了实验系统.最后,将新型横向磁镊与普通横向磁镊及纵向磁镊在小力和大力条件下拉伸不同长度DNA的噪声进行了比较,发现改进后的横向磁镊在空间精度上明显优于普通横向磁镊,与纵向磁镊相比也无明显差异.以上结果证明了改进后的横向磁镊的精度优势,并扩展了横向磁镊的应用范围.     

基于微机电系统光栅平动式光调制器实验和优化设计

基于微机电系统(MEMS)的光栅平动式光调制器(光栅平动式光调制器)调制性能的实验研究关系到其进一步应用。设计了光栅平动式光调制器的相干光学信息处理系统实验方案,He-Ne激光器出射的光束经扩束器和准直透射后成为平行光入射光栅平动式光调制器,被测光栅平动式光调制器放置在相干光学信息处理系统的输入面,滤波器在频谱面上,显微镜放大像面上的信号,经CCD在计算机上记录存储;实验结果和理论分析吻合。对光栅平动式光调制器进行方案优化,将可动光栅边框和悬臂梁表面处理成不反光,使可动光栅和下反射镜构成的整个反射面为光栅周期的整数倍。经理论计算,在光栅周期为8μm,光栅占空比为0.5,光栅边距为2μm,周期数为6的条件下,光栅平动式光调制器图像填充率为74.67%,光学效率为81.06%,衬比度大于5000∶1。     

基于光谱合束技术的透射光栅模拟设计

半导体激光器光谱合束技术能够实现近衍射极限的高功率激光输出,已成为当前研究热点。衍射光栅的性能直接决定光谱合束的激光输出效果。模拟设计了一种针对940 nm波长、熔融石英材料的亚波长透射光栅。基于严格耦合波理论对光栅结构进行初步设计,运用Rsoft软件依次对光栅占空比、脊高和周期等参数进行优化确定,同时分析了各个参数对光栅衍射效率的影响。所设计的透射式光栅实现第-1级衍射级次的波分复用功能,衍射效率达到91.2%(TE模式),同时压缩其他衍射级次,使其衍射效率降到1.2%以下。同时在光栅入射角度59°±3°范围内保持90%以上的衍射效率,实现高功率激光输出的同时具有较高的误差容错率,易于调节,满足光谱合束技术的要求。     

平面光栅杂散光测试仪模型设计及消杂光技术研究

杂散光是平面光栅的重要性能指标,光栅杂散光的测量一直是光栅研制领域的难题。为实现仪器自身杂光低于10-8量级,以满足对平面光栅杂散光10-7量级的精确测量要求,基于标量衍射理论和经典Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射理论,对光谱仪器中的光栅杂散光进行了理论分析,设计了平行光照射条件下光栅杂散光测试仪的光机模型。利用杂散光分析软件ASAP建立紫外单色光入射下光栅杂散光测试仪的散射模型并对其进行仿真计算,分析仪器杂光的主要来源及散射路径,据此提出了用于降低仪器散射光和光栅多次衍射光的挡光环、叶片、光阑、光学陷阱等四种杂光抑制结构。最后,采用ASAP软件对增加抑制结构前后的仪器杂光相对强度进行了对照分析。仿真及分析结果表明,仪器杂光在测试波长±100 nm范围内的最大值由采用杂光抑制结构前的10-6量级以上降低至10-8量级以下,已满足光栅杂散光测试仪的设计需求,即可实现刻线密度为300～3 600 gr·mm-1的光栅杂散光10-7量级精确测量。该研究方法及结果将为平面光栅杂散光测试仪研制提供理论依据。     

Theory of laser-induced amplitude and phase gratings including photoselection,orientational relaxation and population kinetics

The generation of amplitude and phase gratings in an absorbing medium is discussed, including the effects of light polarization, population kinetics and orientational relaxation. A theory is given which describes light diffraction by a combination of an amplitude and a phase grating. It is shown that the coherent coupling effect in transient absorption measurements is solely due to the amplitude grating. Weak absorption and a low triplet yield favour diffraction of the probing beam by the phase grating in triple-beam experiments. Phase grating experiments can be performed with highly soluble absorber dyes, the absorption maximum of which is far away from the laser wavelength. Due to photoselection, diffraction by an amplitude grating depends on the polarization of the probing beam while phase grating diffraction is insensitive to this. Perpendicular polarization of the two exciting pulses prevents the buildup of a phase grating and results in light diffracted by the amplitude grating that is proportional to the transient dichroism signal as known from the common absorption relaxation.     

用于彩色液晶显示器的色分离光栅的优化设计

利用光栅实现液晶显示器中的色分离可以提高液晶显示器对光能的利用率。为了提高光能利用率,对光栅台阶数进行了优化设计,经矢量衍射理论计算,优化后的多台阶色分离光栅的能量利用率达到了65.3%,与采用滤色片的方法相比,光能利用率提高了近一倍;与三台阶相比,光能利用率提高了9.3%。     

自由空间微闪耀光栅解复用器

波分复用/解复用器件在光纤通信中具有重要的应用。设计了一种自由空间的微闪耀光栅解复用器,通过对其衍射光场的复振幅分布的研究,得到了满足1级闪耀输出的光栅方程,实现了复合波长信号光在空间上的解复用。通过对微闪耀光栅解复用器的衍射效率和串扰进行分析后表明,微闪耀光栅解复用器具有很高的衍射效率,信号间串扰非常小,而且元件尺寸小,结构紧凑,集成度高,在光通信和光信息处理中具有一定的应用价值。     

Airy beam laser

A method to design lasers that emit an arbitrary beam profile is studied. In these lasers, output-coupling is performed by a diffraction grating that imposes a phase and amplitude distribution onto the diffracted light. A solid-state laser emitting beams with a two-dimensional Airy intensity profile is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. In this case, the diffraction grating adds a transverse cubic phase to the diffracted light. An Airy beam is obtained by performing optical Fourier transform of the out-coupled light. The laser beam profile and power characteristics are shown to agree with theory.     

Consequences of the Kramers-Kronig relations for light diffraction on thick gratings

Diffraction of monochromatic light on a grating leads to the attenuation of the transmitted beam of diffraction order zero. In the case of a thick grating the diffraction efficiency, and hence the effective attenuation coefficient, is a fast-varying function of the Bragg mismatch angle. According to Kramers-Kronig theory, the transmitted beam encounters a phase shift that also depends on the mismatch angle. This phase shift is measured for holographic gratings in a photoaddressable block copolymer and compared with analytical calculations.     

Two-wave mixing of phase-modulated beams in GaP under a dc electric field

Two-wave mixing of phase-modulated light beams in crystals of cubic symmetry is analyzed on the basis of the vectorial theory of light diffraction. We derive an analytical expression for phase-to-intensity transformation in crystals of the 43m point group of symmetry, which differs from the previously obtained solution based on the scalar approach. The most effective transformation is achieved when the amplitude of the space-charge-field grating is equal to the quarter-wave field. It is shown that the space-charge-field grating created in GaP semi-insulating crystal at the wavelength of 632 nm is much smaller than can be predicted from the one-level band-transport model.     

反射型体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质

在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下,拓展Kogelnik的耦合波理论研究了反射型体全息光栅对偏振方向垂直和平行于入射面的超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质。结果表明对于记录在LiNbO3光折变晶体中的体全息光栅,在色散效应、光栅参量和入射条件的共同影响下,光栅对偏振方向垂直于入射面的超短脉冲激光光束衍射的光谱带宽大于对偏振方向平行于入射面的超短脉冲激光光束衍射的光谱带宽,在不考虑光栅介质色散效应的影响时,它们都变大。进一步给出了衍射光的光谱带宽及光栅的衍射效率随入射脉冲的光谱带宽与光栅的光谱带宽比值的变化情况。     

光盘光学系统的矢量衍射理论分析

本文以完整的矢量衍射理论分析了光盘光学系统。首先将入射的聚焦光束分解为平面波谱 ,得到每个平面波的振幅矢量 ;然后计算光盘对每个平面波的衍射 ,得到衍射波的振幅矢量 ,从而得到了整个衍射波场的空间频谱 ;最后计算物镜光瞳上的能通量 ,得到光盘系统的读出信号。在衍射计算中 ,光盘被定义为二维金属光栅 ,根据信息符的不同模型 ,选用坐标变换方法、耦合波方法或模态方法。对于典型的 DVD光学系统来说 ,矢量理论的结论与标量理论相差甚远 ,要得到正确的结果就必须采用矢量衍射理论     

Fourier optics analysis of grating sensors with tilt errors

Dynamic diffraction gratings can be microfabricated with precision and offer extremely sensitive displacement measurements and light intensity modulation. The effect of pure translation of the moving part of the grating on diffracted order intensities is well known. This study focuses on the parameters that limit the intensity and the contrast of the interference. The effects of grating duty cycle, mirror reflectivities, sensor tilt and detector size are investigated using Fourier optics theory and Gaussian beam optics. Analytical findings reveal that fringe visibility becomes <0.3 when the optical path variation exceeds half the wavelength within the grating interferometer. The fringe visibility can be compensated by monitoring the interfering portion of the diffracted order light only through detector size reduction in the expense of optical power. Experiments were conducted with a grating interferometer that resulted in an eightfold increase in fringe visibility with reduced detector size, which is in agreement with theory. Findings show that diffraction grating readout principle is not limited to translating sensors but also can be used for sensors with tilt or other deflection modes.     

Enhancing light extraction from tapered internal reflection microstructure

The internal transmittance characteristics of the taper surface microstructure grating with the feature size in a large dimension range from subwavelength nanostructure to microstructure are investigated to improve the light extraction efficiency of light emitting diodes. It is found that subwavelength taper nanostructure can not overcome the total internal reflection, but it is interesting that the taper microstructure can effectively surmount the total internal reflection at a larger emitted angle over the critical angle also with higher transmittance. Besides, the emission characteristics of light intensity for subwavelength nano-grating and taper micro-grating are demonstrated. Also, the simple approaches of the scalar diffraction theory and the effective medium method can accurately analyze respectively the taper microstructure and subwavelength nanostructure grating. It is expected that the taper microstructure could be integrated into light emitting diodes to tremendously enhance the emission efficiency.     

梯形透过率光栅远场光强分布及光栅方程的解析推导

二值化梯形透过率光栅是一种具有离轴衍射级次的二维光栅,其各衍射点光强信息和位置信息的确定对该新型光栅的实际应用具有重要意义。然而,目前尚无相关解析理论对其进行合理的描述。为了解决上述问题,通过二维傅里叶变换方法获得了该光栅各个衍射级次光强分布的解析表达式,并根据二维光栅的结构特征给出了在透射式和反射式情况下该光栅满足的光栅方程。这为该新型光栅的光线追迹计算打下了理论基础。最后,将解析表达式计算结果与采用X-Lab软件标量衍射模块计算的数值模拟结果进行比较,验证解析理论的正确性。