Correlation of signals of thermal acoustic radiation

The spatial correlation function is measured for the pressure of thermal acoustic radiation from a source (a narrow plasticine plate) whose temperature is made both higher and lower than the temperature of the receiver. The spatial correlation function of the pressure of thermal acoustic radiation is found to be oscillatory in character. The oscillation amplitude is determined not by the absolute temperature of the source but by the temperature difference between the source and the receiver. The correlation function changes its sign when a source heated with respect to the receiver is replaced by a cooled one.     

The inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation

For the one-dimensional inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation, an integral equation is presented and experimentally verified. A method of solving the inverse problem is proposed. The method is based on combining the correlation functions of thermal acoustic radiation that were obtained for different distances between the receivers.     

Characteristics of thermal acoustic radiation as a source of acoustic signals

A linear dependence of the output voltage of an acoustic thermometer on the temperature difference between the source and the piezoelectric transducer is demonstrated experimentally. The constant component of the output voltage is determined by the noise temperature of the receiving device. The main feature of the thermal acoustic radiation as a source of acoustic signals is that the signal is represented not by the total thermal radiation of the object, which is proportional to the absolute temperature of the latter, but by the part of this radiation that is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and the transducer.     

Correlation of acoustic and thermal anomalies in ferroelectric crystals

The Pippard-Janovec relations are derived for correlating the anomalous elastic coefficient and the anomalous specific heat near the phase transitions of ferroelectric crystals. These relations are verified in the case of ferroelectric triglycine selenate crystal.     

Measurement of the space-time correlation function of thermal acoustic radiation

The space-time correlation function of thermal acoustic radiation pressure is measured for a stationary heated source (a narrow plasticine plate). The correlation dependence is obtained by the multiplication of two signals shifted in time with respect to each other and measured by two receivers. The dependence exhibits an oscillating behavior and changes sign when the source is displaced by half the spatial period of the correlation function.     

The directivity pattern of an interferometer for measuring thermal acoustic radiation

The directivity patterns of a pair of piezoelectric transducers for measuring the spatial correlation function of sound pressures produced by sources of thermal acoustic radiation in the megahertz frequency range are calculated. Sources in the form of a heated plane or strip are considered. The signal detection by two circular or rectangular piezoelectric transducers and by focusing transducers is studied. It is demonstrated that, for measuring the correlation function, the piezoelectric transducers must partially overlap. To determine the directivity pattern with a strong dependence on the distance between the heated object and the pair of piezoelectric transducers, focusing piezoelectric transducers should be used. The results obtained offer possibilities for a noninvasive measurement of the absorption coefficient of a medium and also for the realization of the previously proposed [20] passive acoustic thermotomograph, which does not use a priori information on the absorption coefficient of the medium.     

Correlation theory of the thermal regime and thermal radiation of a medium with random boundary conditions

We present the results of a spectral approach to the previously developed statistical theory of temperature distribution and thermal radio emission of a medium (half-space), which is based on results of simultaneous solution of equations of thermal radio emission transfer and thermal diffusivity. We obtained relationships expressing the covariance functions of the temperature profile and the brightness temperature of radiation in terms of statistical parameters of the temperature at the half-space boundary, which is considered to be a random stationary function of time. The possibility of using the theory for the actual atmosphere is studied. The predicted phenomenon of time shift of the correlation function maximum is observed. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 598–615, May, 1997.     

Generation and reception of short acoustic pulses by multilayer piezoelectric transducers

By means of the Fourier transformation, a formula is obtained for calculating the pulse response of a transducer when a square pulse of a given duration is supplied to its input and the excited “sound” is reflected from the free flat end of the acoustic line and returns to the transducer. For a frequency of 100 MHz, real lithium niobate transducers that are connected through intermediate layers to the acoustic line made of fused quartz and to a rear load with a given acoustic impedance are considered. The pulse response is calculated for the transducers with different values of the sublayer thickness, rear acoustic load, transmission line impedance, and original pulse duration. The results of the calculations are compared with the experiment.     

水声正交频分复用异步多用户接入方法

水声信道传播时延大导致水声通信网中上行用户同步困难,因此需要接收端具备异步多用户检测能力。针对水声正交频分复用(OFDM)异步多用户系统提出一种基于滑动迭代的异步多用户接入方法,包括重叠截断、干扰消除、频域过采样、多用户信道估计与解码、以及干扰重构5个处理模块,并通过滑动迭代结构同时消除前向干扰和后向干扰影响。仿真结果表明,所提方法在不同异步到达时延,以及有、无信道估计误差下的误比特率均明显低于逐块解调异步接收算法。水池实验结果表明,滑动迭代异步接收算法在多径扩展18 ms、异步到达时延大于或等于循环前缀1.5倍时实现了两用户异步接入的可靠通信。     

Coherent thermal radiation

The radiation emitted by a heated body is generally quoted as a typical example of incoherent radiation, in distinction to laser radiation. One is nearly isotropic, the other highly directional; one is spectrally broad, the other quasi-monochromatic. It may come as a surprise that the thermal radiation of a large number of substances is coherent, both in space and time, when it is observed at a distance from the body that is shorter than the wavelength. This behaviour can be understood within an electromagnetic approach to thermal emission. Several recent experiments have confirmed these unexpected properties.     

低频声波的定向辐射

实现低频声波在空间中的定向传播,是一个迫切需要解决的关键科学问题。为实现低频声波的定向传播,要考虑影响声波指向性的因素：声源辐射面积、辐射面结构和所辐射声波的频率。而影响声波传播的因素有：(1)媒质的性质,例如声阻抗、声衰减;(2)边界条件,不同的边界会产生声波不同的传播模式,例如点源在不同边界附近的辐射表现(点声源在声学硬边界表现为单级子的指向性,即全指向性;点声源在声学软边界为偶极子的指向性,呈现为八字型,具有一定的指向性);(3)结构的控制,例如通过米氏共振结构来控制低频声波的传播。文章简要介绍了影响声波传播的因素和控制声波传播的方法,并主要从边界条件和结构控制两方面来说明如何实现低频声波的定向辐射。     

结构声辐射的振动模态分析和声辐射模态分析研究

基于辐射声功率的二次型表达式,采用有限元法、Rayleigh积分和边界元法对结构声辐射进行了振动模态分析和声辐射模态分析研究。振动模态间的耦合对辐射声功率影响的研究表明:结构各阶振动模态自身对结构辐射声功率的贡献是增大结构的辐射声功率,而振动模态间的耦合可能会增大结构辐射声功率,也可能会减小结构辐射声功率,或对辐射声功率没有影响。而且,当振动模态间的耦合作用对辐射声功率的影响不大时,采用振动模态控制可取得较好的减振降噪双重控制效果。将混合的Helmholtz积分方程方法用广义逆引入到三维复杂结构声辐射分析的声辐射模态公式中,解决了特征频率下解不唯一问题。还研究了正方形封闭空间结构声辐射模态的辐射效率和形状,并对结构声辐射的振动模态控制和声辐射模态控制进行了讨论。     

Correlation reception of a diffraction sound field in an oceanic waveguide

Intensity matched processing is considered for a diffracted signal when the object is detected by the main lobe of the shadow scattered sound field. The consideration is based on the few-parameter model that adequately describes the characteristics of the desired signal. It is shown that, in the absence of noise and fluctuations in the parameters of the medium, the proposed algorithm provides the determination of the exact parameters of the signal and the moving object.     

Real-time active suppression of scattered acoustic radiation

Active noise control usually aims at reducing the total acoustic pressure due to a noise source; it may also be used in principle to reduce the scattered acoustic radiation from a reflecting body in order to render it invisible to incident acoustic waves. In this paper, a real-time control strategy is introduced to achieve, with ordinary noise sources and sensors, the effective suppression of the noise scattered by a 3-D surface. Numerical simulations of 2-D and 3-D control are used to illustrate the potential of this control strategy. Preliminary experimental results are also given for the 1-D case of a rigid body inserted into a duct.     

Pulsed acoustic radiation of plane damped transducers

The first step of a Fourier expansion is used to calculate particle velocities induced by disc-shaped transducers which are assumed perfectly damped and excited by a step wise function. A more direct method is then based on spherical shock wave expansion. This method leads to the definition of the pulse-optics equivalent of Huygens-particle.The first application of the method deals with the plane reflection of an acoustic beam. Then, using more realistic assumptions and with the help of a computer, the radiation patterns produced by plane circular transducers of varying diameters and mechanical Q factors fed by an electric step signal are obtained. There are, in general, regions where the acoustic energy is concentrated which correspond to regions of pseudo-focusing, the location of which may be compared with those of the Fresnel Zones in continuous waves. To conclude, the difficulties of echographic applications in the medical field are outlined.     

基于声辐射模态讨论声能量辐射与传递

声辐射模态表示了振动声源表面的辐射模式。基于声辐射模态讨论了振动声源表面声能量辐射和声场中声能量传递的性质,给出声能量辐射和传递的模式。采用表面声强描述振动声源表面的声能量辐射,采用声强描述声能量在声场中的传递。表面声强和声强可分解成两部分,一部分将辐射的声能量传递到远场;另一部分表现为振动声源与声场之间的能量交换。针对矩形板分析了声能量辐射和传递,数值计算结果与理论结果一致。结果表明基于声辐射模态讨论声能量辐射与传递是可行的和有效的。     

Correlation of acoustic signals at summary delays

Correlation of acoustic signals received by spatially separated transducers from a single spatial region is analyzed. By additional experiments, it is shown that the origin of signal correlation at summary delays lies in the interference effects that occur in thermal acoustic noise in the space between the acoustic transducers.     

热辐射基础实验

利用PASCO热辐射实验装置，进行了辐射体辐射出射度、反平方定律、斯特藩-玻尔兹曼辐射定律等基本实验的研究，并对测量结果进行了数据拟合，实验结果和理论模拟符合得很好。