新式横向剪切干涉系统对天然气管道泄漏野外监测的研究

针对机械扫描式光谱分析设备抗震、抗干扰能力差等问题影响其在野外检测天然气管道泄露的精确度,设计了一种新式的抗震型横向剪切干涉系统。将分束镜作为机械扫描部分产生光程差,通过两个分束镜之间的连杆将引入的外部震动、干扰等相互抵消。计算了产生干涉条纹的干涉强度,分析了旋转分束镜对应角度的光程差函数,并求解了正向旋转和逆向旋转的最大角度,即可调节的最大光程范围。实验采用天然气罐放气模拟天然气管道泄露过程,在有干扰的条件下对本系统和WQF530型光谱仪的测试数据进行对比。实验结果显示,在室内没干扰的条件下,两者相对误差都在1%左右。但在有干扰的实际环境中,WQF530型光谱仪误差明显变大,均超过10%,而本系统的误差在5%以下。所以,本系统具有有效降低由于外部干扰造成的检测误差,比传统机械扫描式干涉设备更适用于野外探测。     

基于波长移相剪切干涉的准直波前重构技术

为了实现干涉仪出射准直波前的重构,提出了基于波长调谐移相的横向剪切干涉技术。干涉仪出射波前分别经楔板的前后表面反射,通过角锥棱镜返回后在干涉仪CCD上形成剪切干涉条纹。采用波长移相方法提取剪切干涉条纹的相位信息从而实现准直波前重构。分析相对剪切比对波面重构精度的影响,推导相对剪切比和其影响因素间的关系公式,给出波长移相中光程差常数分量的估算方法。测量干涉仪的三组出射波前,波前的峰谷值分别为3.22λ、2.10λ、0.83λ。该方法简化了传统测量干涉仪准直波前的横向剪切干涉装置,提高了测量精度,特别适合于测量波长移相干涉仪的出射波前。     

A new lateral shearing interferometer for precision surface measurement

A new lateral shearing interferometer is proposed for precision surface measurement. In this shearing interferometer, a novel shear generator made of a single birefringence crystal plate is utilized. The shear adjustment is realized through the change of angle at which tested wavefront is incident into the crystal plate. By changing the orientation of the principal section of the plate, the generator can adjust the shearing direction. With the incident beam being circularly polarized, the generator can equalize the intensities of two shearing beams to make a good contrast interference pattern. The interferometer is simple and compact in terms of mechanism and has a complete common optical path structure. Phase shifting can be realized conveniently. The interferometer is insensitive to external vibrations and environmental disturbances, and hence has good stability and reliability with high measurement accuracy. To examine the performance of the proposed interferometer, experimental testing was conducted. High accuracy and repeatability are demonstrated.     

高层大气风场探测改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪全视场角光程差与横向剪切量的精确计算

提出了一种用于高层大气风场探测的改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪,论述了其基本原理和分光机理;分析了空间光线在改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪中的传播路径;利用空间几何方法,通过分析空间直线与其投影之间的关系,给出了入射光线绕入射界面法线旋转360°范围内,从任意方向以任意角度入射时,改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪的光程差及横向剪切量的精确表达式,较目前文献所报道的只给出入射面与纸平面平行时光程差与横向剪切量的计算具有更加普遍的指导意义.为改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪的设计、研制提供了重要的理论依据和实践指 关键词： 高层大气风场探测 改型大光程差Sagnac干涉仪 横向剪切量     

Analysis of Digital Lateral Shearing Interferometer

A new method is proposed for reconstructing wavefront from discretely sampled interferogram data obtained by a digital lateral shearing interferometer. Assumptions applied in the conventional methods are not used and reconstruction error caused by the difference between the amount of shear and the sampling interval can be removed. System error and the influence of the discrete sampling, which limit accuracy of the tested results of the lateral shearing interferometer, are analyzed.     

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪的干涉系统分析

从不同方面说明大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪的特点,介绍其干涉系统的光学原理,分析基于横向剪切干涉仪的干涉系统设计思想,讨论两种高通量大视场横向剪切干涉仪,总结了大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪的主要优点。     

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪中双通道Mach-Zehnder横向剪切干涉仪的设计

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱技术是一种时空联合调制的傅里叶变换成像光谱技术,其核心元件通常采用Sagnac横向剪切干涉仪。这种结构会使进入干涉仪的光线有一半沿原路返回,降低了能量利用率。文章提出一种改进型Mach-Zehnder横向剪切干涉仪结构,克服了能量利用率低的缺点,在实现横向剪切的同时,还具有双通道输出的优点。本文通过光线追迹的方法,得到剪切量的一般表达式,并分析了各种误差源对剪切量误差的贡献。为大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪的设计提供了新思路,可为该类型的成像光谱仪的设计与优化提供理论指导。     

大剪切实时干涉系统的火焰条纹分析

使用平行平晶做分光元件建立了剪切量随平行平晶偏转角可调的横向剪切实时干涉系统,该系统在最佳偏转角下所得最大剪切量与平行平晶的厚度成正比。实验表明,当系统的横向剪切量大于被测火焰畸变波面宽度的一半时,剪切域中的非核心剪切区将出现半幅以上的双曝光条纹,以之进行干涉测温处理可以避开传统剪切干涉测量技术所必需的剪切相位还原算法。这意味着实时双曝光条纹可以简单地通过大剪切量横向剪切干涉系统得到。     

双剪切波面干涉测量法

用于星间通信的激光器具有接近衍射极限的激光波面,已有的波面测量方法,在这一具体测量问题中,都存在一定限制。双剪切波面干涉测量法在雅满横向剪切干涉仪的基础上,采用四块楔形平板,将干涉图分为上下两个部分,具有不同的条纹间距,由此求出波面高度和符号,同得到单幅干涉图的其它干涉测量方法相比,它的最小可测量波高减小一倍以上。在介绍干涉仪的基本结构和原理的基础上,模拟了像差存在时的干涉图,并在实验上得到了波高为0．3A的初步结果。双剪切波面干涉测量法,可以目视判断波差的符号和估计量值,为等光程相干,适用于半导体等相干长度小的光源。     

Polarization phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer with two polarization beam splitter plates

We proposed a compact and simple polarization phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer using two polarization beam splitter plates (PBSP). This interferometer is composed of two PBSP, a quarter-wave plate, an analyzer and a CCD camera. With the two PBSP positioned in appropriate spatial positions, optical path difference compensation is achieved, which allows for the implement of aplanatic and common-path shearing interferometer. Therefore, the system possesses significant advantages of simple structure, compact and strong anti-interference ability. The effectiveness of the interferometer is demonstrated by simulations and experiments.     

Photorefractive shearing interferometer

A novel method of obtaining shearing interferogram by slightly moving the crystal in a photorefractive interferometer is proposed. This method can measure the phase of an object itself instead of its diffraction field, and it is easy to realize continuously changeable shearing distance in any lateral direction and introduce carrier fringes at the same time. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental verification are given.     

Polarization phase-shifting Jamin shearing interferometer

The Jamin shearing interferometer is very useful in wavefront testing, especially for the low coherent light. Based on this interferometer, a polarization phase-shifting Jamin shearing interferometer is proposed to improve the performance. In the interferometer, two interference beams are linearly polarized and a polarization phase shifter is applied to realize the phase shifting. Different types of configurations of the interferometer are given. With phase-shifting interferograms, the precision of the interferometer can be improved. The interferometer is kept as an equal optical path system and its shearing amount remains changeable with simple structure and easy operation. In experiments, phase-shifting interferograms are obtained by rotating the analyzer. The usefulness of the interferometer is verified.     

新型偏振干涉成像光谱仪中Savart偏光镜透射率的研究

Savart偏光镜是自行研制的新型稳态偏振干涉成像光谱仪中的核心部件，阐述了该Savart偏光镜的分光机理.基于电磁场边值条件，分析了入射面与Savart偏光镜左板主截面重合及垂直时，光透过Savart偏光镜各界面的反射和折射，得出了各界面透射系数的表达式以及Savart偏光镜透射率的理论计算公式.采用计算机模拟，给出了Savart偏光镜透射率随视场角和波长的变化曲线，并与研制的Savart偏光镜实验测试结果进行了分析比较，两者变化规律相符. 表明该Savart偏光镜具有大视场、高通量的显著特点，适宜作为静态干涉仪和稳态偏振干涉成像光谱仪的高效横向剪切分束器. 这为新型偏振干涉成像光谱技术的研究以及仪器研制提供了重要的理论依据.     

空间调制干涉型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪

简要叙述了色散型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪的原理及仪器构成,指出其存在空间信息与光谱信息的错位和光谱分辨率受阿达玛编码模板码元宽度制约的缺陷.提出空间调制干涉型阿达玛变换光谱成像技术原理及仪器,利用横向剪切干涉仪获得所有阿达玛编码光信息在不同光程差处的干涉信号,对干涉谱进行傅哩叶变换和阿达玛变换得到目标的光谱.理论分析表明,干涉图的调制度不受阿达玛模板形状、大小等因素的影响,光谱分辨率与阿达玛模板的尺寸无关,不但避免了色散型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪中空间信息和光谱信息的错位,而且高能量通过率、高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率成像容易同时实现.     

Virtual shearing interferometry by digital holography

A novel method of virtual shearing interferometry (VSI) is proposed. In this method, the shearogram is obtained by interference of a real object wave-front and a virtual object wave-front. The former is optically recorded and then digitally reconstructed; and the latter is introduced digitally by repositioning or reforming the former. The obvious advantages of VSI over conventional shearing interferometry (SI) are its versatility, accuracy, and simplicity. Only one real field is necessary to produce shearogram; there is no need of any real shearing device or even the phase unwrapping computation; and the digital shear can take any possible form according to different purposes. Both the optical experiments and computer simulations with lateral shearing, 180° rotational shearing and double lateral shearing for evaluation of lens aberrations in the general case including spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, defocus, and tilts based on phase-shifting interferometry are given to verify the effectiveness of this method.     

Broadband light source shearing interferometer using Savart plate and angular scanning technique

A shearing interferometer based on using broadband light source, Savart plate, and angular scanning technique is proposed for slope contour measurements in this Letter. Of which, the Savart plate divides the wavefront reflected from the detected surface into two laterally displaced ones, the interference pattern generated by the interference of the divided wavefronts is modulated by an envelope function, and the slope contour of the detected surface is determined by examining the shifting of the darkest fringe as the shear plate is angularly scanned. A setup for realizing the interferometer is constructed. The experimental results of using this setup agree the validity and feasibility of the proposed interferometer.     

用环形横向剪切干涉法精密测定透镜的折射率和色散

本文采用环形横向剪切干涉法和折射计相结合来测定透镜或胶合透镜的拆射率和色散.讨论了该方法的测量精度及提高灵敏度等有关问题.     

Broad-band phase retrieval method for transient radial shearing interference using chirp Z transform technique

The transient radial shearing interferometry technique based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) provides a means for the measurement of the wavefront phase of transient light field. However, which factors affect the spatial bandwidth of the wavefront phase measurement of this technology and how to achieve high-precision measurement of the broad-band transient wavefront phase are problems that need to be studied further. To this end, a theoretical model of phase-retrieved bandwidth of radial shearing interferometry is established in this paper. The influence of the spatial carrier frequency and the calculation window on phase-retrieved bandwidth is analyzed, and the optimal carrier frequency and calculation window are obtained. On this basis, a broad-band transient radial shearing interference phase-retrieval method based on chirp Z transform (CZT) is proposed, and the corresponding algorithm is given. Through theoretical simulation, a known phase is used to generate the interferogram and it is retrieved by the traditional method and the proposed method respectively. The residual wavefront RMS of the traditional method is 0.146λ, and it is 0.037λ for the proposed method, which manifests an improvement of accuracy by an order of magnitude. At the same time, different levels of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) from 50 dB to 10 dB of the interferogram are simulated, and the RMS of the residual wavefront is from 0.040λ to 0.066λ. In terms of experiments, an experimental verification device based on a phase-only spatial light modulator is built, and the known phase on the modulator is retrieved from the actual interferogram. The RMS of the residual wavefront retrieved through FFT is 0.112λ, and it decreases to 0.035λ through CZT. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. Furthermore, the method can be used in other types of spatial carrier frequency interference, such as lateral shearing interference, rotational shearing interference, flipping shearing interference, and four-wave shearing interference.     

Phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer with two pairs of wedge plates

We present a compact and robust phase-shifting lateral shearing interferometer that produces shearing fringes in orthogonal directions without any mechanical rotation or precise alignment. It consists of two pairs of wedge plates, a beam splitter, and a single CCD camera. Both phase-shifting and tilt for lateral shearing are achieved with two pairs of wedge plates, which can reduce systematic errors caused by external vibration and atmospheric disturbance.     

同步辐射压弯准直镜姿态的检测--大曲率半径小口径光斑的波前检测

提出了利用微小楔角剪切干涉仪测量同步辐射压弯准直镜姿态的方法。利用透镜和针孔产生与同步辐射发散度相同的激光束。通过剪切干涉仪．测量经压弯准直镜输出激光束的平行度,可将准直镜的位置、俯仰角度和镜面曲率皆调整到最佳。该剪切干涉仪结构简单,可根据条纹图样判断光束的平行度,每一幅干涉条纹图样与准直镜的一种姿态对应,因而这种方法能确定准直镜表面各点反射X射线的整体效果。该方法适用于测量波前曲率半径大竖直口径小的光束,不但精度高．而且具有实用价值。