A Method for Distinguishing Attosecond Single Pulse from Attosecond Pulse Train

The driving laser field assisted attosecond soft-extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) photo-ionization was used successfully to measure the duration of the attosecond pulse based on the cross-correlation method. However, this method in principle cannot distinguish a single attosecond pulse from the attosecond pulse train. We propose a technique for directly distinguishing attosecond single pulse from attosecond pulse train based on the photo-ionization of atoms by attosecond XUV pulse in the presence of a two-colour strong laser pulse.     

Errata： A Method for Distinguishing Attosecond Single Pulse from Attosecond Pulse Train

In our recent Letter, we made some mistakes in our calculation. The interference between the two pulses should be considered and the spectrum will contain fringes. However, the two-colour field assisted XUV photoionization remains valid and the conclusion in the Letter remains correct.     

Pulse shaping by a discrete microstrip

Method for laser pulse shaping by a discrete transmission line has been improvedand simplified.Some calculations are given about deformation of the shaped pulse,passingthrough a laser amplifier.The required profile of electrical pulse can be deduced from the newcalculation when the amplified driving pulse profile is defined.The noise effect is estimated.     

Picosecond Pulse Laser Microstructuring of silicon

We report the experimental results of picosecond pulse laser microstructurlng (pulse duration 35 ps, wavelength 1.06μm, repetition rate 10 Hz) of silicon using the direct focusing technique. Arrays of sharp coldcal spikes located below the initial surface have been formed by cumulative picosecond pulsed laser irradiation of silicon in SF6. Irradiation of silicon surface in air, N2, or vacuum creates ripple-like patterns, but does not create the sharp conical spikes.     

High-Power Extracavity Pulse Compression in Solid Materials

A novel technique for high-power extracavity pulse compression with a nonlinear solid material is demonstrated. Before spectral broadening by self-phase modulation in the solid material, a short filament generated in argon is used as a spatial filter, which works for a uniform spectrum broadening over the spatial profile. Compensated by chirped mirrors, a 15-fs pulse is generated from a 32-fs input laser pulse. A total transmission larger than 80% after the solid material is achieved.     

Optical Pulse Generation with Self-Cascaded Electroabsorption Modulator

A novel scheme for pulse generation with a self-cascaded electroabsorption modulator is presented and experimentally demonstrated at 10 GHz. In the case of optimal tuning of time delay in the fibre loop, the improvement of 50% on pulsewidth with improved extinction ratio is obtained and the narrowest pulse generated with this method is about 11ps.     

Round-trip Dispersion Calculation for Martinez Pulse Stretcher

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Pulse laser ablation at water–air interface

We studied a new pulse laser ablation phenomenon on a liquid surface layer, which is caused by the difference between the refractive indices of the two materials involved. The present study was motivated by our previous study, which showed that laser ablation can occur at the interface between a transparent material and a gas or liquid medium when the laser pulse is focused through the transparent material. In this case, the ablation threshold fluence is reduced remarkably. In the present study, experiments were conducted in water and air in order to confirm this phenomenon for a combination of two fluid media with different refractive indices. This phenomenon was observed in detail by pulse laser shadowgraphy. A high-resolution film was used to record the phenomenon with a Nd:YAG pulse laser with 10-ns duration as a light source. The laser ablation phenomenon on the liquid surface layer caused by a focused Nd:YAG laser pulse with 1064-nm wavelength was found to be followed by the splashing of the liquid surface, inducing a liquid jet with many ligaments. The liquid jet extension velocity was around 1000 m/s in a typical case. The liquid jet decelerated drastically due to rapid atomization at the tips of the ligaments. The liquid jet phenomenon was found to depend on the pulse laser parameters such as the laser fluence on the liquid surface, laser energy, and laser beam pattern. The threshold laser fluence for the generation of a liquid jet was 20 J/cm². By increasing the incident laser energy with a fixed laser fluence, the laser focused area increased, which eventually led to an increase in the size of the plasma column. The larger the laser energy, the larger the jet size and the longer the temporal behavior. The laser beam pattern was found to have significant effects on the liquid jet’s velocity, shape, and history.     

What is in a pebble shape?

We propose to characterize the shapes of flat pebbles in terms of the statistical distribution of curvatures measured along the pebble contour. This is demonstrated for the erosion of clay pebbles in a controlled laboratory apparatus. Photographs at various stages of erosion are analyzed, and compared with two models. We find that the curvature distribution complements the usual measurement of aspect ratio, and connects naturally to erosion processes that are typically faster at protruding regions of high curvature.     

Effects of Pulse Durations on High-order Harmonic Generation

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Pulse Evolution Characteristics in Self-Similar Mode-locked Fibre Laser

A self-similar mode locked fibre laser is studied based on a numerical model. By introducing a dimensionless factor k to characterize the pulse shape, the self-similar pulse evolution, formation and the temporal and spectral shape changes due to the elements in the cavity are investigated throughout the laser cavity. The results show that in the self-similar mode locked fibre laser, self-similar pulse is first formed in the single-mode fibre, which is then amplified in the gain fibre. Gain bandwidth has a small influence on pulse shape, so high energy self-similar pulse can be obtained after amplification. Because net cavity dispersion directly influences the pulse width as well as peak power after compression by a pair of gratings, which can determine the pulse self-similar evolution, it is very important to control the net cavity dispersion to a certain range to obtain self-similar pulses.     

Pulse source-system model and its amplitude versus frequency characteristics

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Coupled Optical Solitons for Pulse Propagation in Multi-Level Media

We investigate the shape-preserving propagation of N optical pulses in an （N ＋ 1）-level medium. We solve Maxwell-Schroedinger equations exactly and provide several types of explicit coupled soliton solutions, which are temporally amplitude- and group-velocity-matched multi-mode slow-optical pulses of the system.     

The Role of Initial Phase in an Ultrashort Pulse

The form E(t)= f(t)sin(ωt+φ) is often adopted to describe a laser pulse in the simulation of the physical process of laser interaction with matters. In the present paper, the validity of this expression and found it skeptical to model a pulse with the width less than a single optical cycle.     

Storage of a Light Pulse in an Atomic Medium

We perform a full numerical simulation to the electromagnetically induced transparency model in which the control beam is changed adiabatically.The numerical results show the whole process of storage and recovery for the signal pulse.This verifies a recent experiment and the approximate theoretical analysis.     

A Simple Configuration for Discontinuous Wavelength-tuning Optical Pulse Source

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The Design of TZ-2 High Voltage Pulse Modulator

There are a few assistant heating objects included electron cyclotron resonate heating （ ECRH ）. Two 500 kW gyrotrons introduced from Russia were operated to launch 1 MW energy. So two set of TZ-2 high voltage pulse modulators are needed.     

Pulse Signal Distortion Characteristic in Erbium-doped Fiber Power Amplifier

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Pulse shaping of bright–dark vector soliton pair

We simulate pulse shaping of bright–dark vector soliton pair in an optical fiber system. Through changing input pulse parameters(amplitude ratio, projection angle, time delay, and phase difference), different kinds of pulse shapes and spectra can be generated. For input bright–dark vector soliton pair with the same central wavelength, "2 + 1"-and "2 + 2"-type pseudo-high-order bright–dark vector soliton pairs are achieved. While for the case of different central wavelengths,bright–dark vector soliton pairs with multiple pulse peaks/dips are demonstrated with appropriate pulse parameter setting.