Thermoeconomic analysis of an irreversible Stirling heat pump cycle

In this paper an analysis of the Stirling cycle in thermoeconomic terms is developed using the entropy generation. In the thermoeconomic optimization of an irreversible Stirling heat pump cycle the F function has been introduced to evaluate the optimum for the higher and lower sources temperature ratio in the cycle: this ratio represents the value which optimizes the cycle itself. The variation of the function F is proportional to the variation of the entropy generation, the maxima and minima of F has been evaluated in a previous paper without giving the physical foundation of the method. We investigate the groundwork of this approach: to study the upper and lower limits of F function allows to determine the cycle stability and the optimization conditions. The optimization consists in the best COP at the least cost. The principle of maximum variation for the entropy generation becomes the analytic foundation of the optimization method in the thermoeconomic analysis for an irreversible Stirling heat pump cycle.     

Ecological optimization for an irreversible magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle

An irreversible Ericsson refrigeration cycle model is established, in which multi-irreversibilities such as finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative loss, heat leakage, and the efficiency of the regenerator are taken into account. Expressions for several important performance parameters, such as the cooling rate, coefficient of performance （COP）, power input, exergy output rate, entropy generation rate, and ecological function are derived. The influences of the heat leakage and the time of the regenerative processes on the ecological performance of the refrigerator are analyzed. The optimal regions of the ecological function, cooling rate, and COP are determined and evaluated. Furthermore, some important parameter relations of the refrigerator are revealed and discussed in detail. The results obtained here have general significance and will be helpful in gaining a deep understanding of the magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle.     

Ecological optimization of an irreversible harmonic oscillators Carnot heat engine

A model of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine with heat resistance, internal irreversibility and heat leakage and many non-interacting harmonic oscillators is established in this paper. Based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach, equations of some important performance parameters, such as power output, efficiency, exergy loss rate and ecological function for the irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine are derived. The optimal ecological performance of the heat engine in the classical limit is analyzed with numerical examples. Effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on the ecological performance are discussed. A performance comparison of the quantum heat engine under maximum ecological function and maximum power conditions is also performed.     

Parametric optimum analysis of an irreversible Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas

An irreversible model of an Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas is established, which is composed of two isothermal and two isobaric processes. The influence of both the quantum degeneracy and the finite-rate heat transfer between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs on the performance of the cycle is investigated, based on the theory of statistical mechanics and thermodynamic properties of an ideal Fermi gas. The inherent regeneration losses of the cycle are analyzed. Expressions for several important performance parameters such as the coefficient of performance, cooling rate and power input are derived. By using numerical solutions, the cooling rate of the cycle is optimized for a given power input. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding parameters are calculated numerically. The optimal regions of the coefficient of performance and power input are determined. Especially, the optimal performance of the cycle in the strong and weak gas degeneracy cases and the high temperature limit is discussed in detail. The analytic expressions of some optimized parameters are derived. Some optimum criteria are given. The distinctions and connections between the Ericsson refrigeration cycles working with the Fermi and classical gases are revealed.      

An open cycle absorption heat pump

The absorption cycle can be also of the open type. This concept has been utilized in developing solar cooling absorption systems. Another possibility not yet investigated is an open cycle absorption heat pump. The system rests upon the utilization of a packed tower operating with liquid desiccants. The tower dehumidifies both the exhausted air of heating plant and the exhaust of a natural gas boiler. A conventional heater heats up the regenerator of the sorbent and the inlet air. Simulations give a PER of the system (the open cycle heat pump) higher than 1.3 with respect to the Gross Calorific Value of natural gas. This value is difficult to obtain with the more complex closed cycle absorption or vapour compression cycle motor driven heat pump.     

以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的不可逆回热式斯特林热机循环输出功率和效率

研究了热阻、回热损失和热漏等多种不可逆因素对以广义Redlich-Kwong气体为工质的斯特林热机性能的影响,给出了斯特林热机输出功率和效率的具体表达式并分析非理想回热特性及循环主要性能参数(如循环体积比及工质高低温比等)对循环输出功率和效率的影响.同时指出,只有在理想回热及无热漏的情况下,气体斯特林热机的效率才能达到卡诺效率.     

Performance of an irreversible quantum refrigeration cycle

A new model of a quantum refrigeration cycle composed of two adiabatic and two isomagnetic field processes is established. The working substance in the cycle consists of many non-interacting spin-1/2 systems. The performance of the cycle is investigated, based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach. The general expressions of several important performance parameters, such as the coefficient of performance, cooling rate, and power input, are given. It is found that the coefficient of performance of this cycle is in the closest analogy to that of the classical Carnot cycle. Furthermore, at high temperatures the optimal relations of the cooling rate and the maximum cooling rate are analysed in detail. Some performance characteristic curves of the cycle are plotted, such as the cooling rate versus the maximum ratio between high and low ``temperatures' of the working substances, the maximum cooling rate versus the ratio between high and low ``magnetic fields' and the ``temperature' ratio between high and low reservoirs. The obtained results are further generalized and discussed, so that they may be directly applied to describing the performance of the quantum refrigerator using spin-$J$ systems as the working substance. Finally, the optimum characteristics of the quantum Carnot and Ericsson refrigeration cycles are derived by analogy.     

Fundamental optimal relation of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump with complex heat transfer law

The fundamental optimal relation between heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump is derived based on a new generalized heat transfer law, which includes the generalized convective heat transfer law and generalized radiative heat transfer law, q ∝ (ΔT ⁿ ) ^m . The generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump model incorporates several internal and external irreversibilities, such as heat resistance, bypass heat leakage, friction, turbulence and other undesirable irreversibility factors. The added irreversibilities besides heat resistance are characterized by a constant parameter and a constant coefficient. The effects of heat transfer laws and various loss terms are analysed. The heating load vs. COP characteristic of a generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump is a parabolic-like curve, which is consistent with the experimental result of thermoelectric heat pump. The obtained results include those obtained in many literatures and indicated that the analysis results of the generalized irreversible Carnot heat pump were more suitable for engineering practice than those of the endoreversible Carnot heat pump.     

An evaluation of a rankine cycle driven heat pump

This paper discusses a configuration of a Rankine cycle engine-driven heat pump, and includes a theoretical investigation of its performance characteristics. The system employs a Rankine power cycle, using R-113 as the working fluid, coupled to a vapour compression cycle heat pump using R-22. A novel feature of the concept is the use of hydraulically connected rolling diaphragm piston-cylinder devices as motor, compressor and pump.Heating and cooling COPs of 2.01 and 1.06 respectively are predicted, making the system potentially attractive where both heating and cooling are required.     

回热循环对航天器热泵系统性能影响研究

为研究R12回热循环对航天器单级蒸汽压缩式热泵系统性能的影响,搭建了热泵性能测定实验装置,从排气温度、耗功量、制冷量及制冷系数等方面分析了回热循环对热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明:在有、无回热循环两种工况下,实验测得的排气温度、耗功量、制冷量、制冷系数均随量热器温度的升高而增大;同一量热器温度下,回热循环在提高系统制冷量的同时会增加压缩机耗功,引起排气温度升高,但制冷量的增长幅度大于压缩机耗功的增长幅度。当量热器内温度为16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃时,回热循环带来的制冷系数增长率分别为50%、39.6%、32.7%、27.6%。因此R12回热循环对提高系统制冷系数是有效的。在此基础上,基于Aspen Plus软件建立了实验流程模型,采用NRTL-RK物性方法对有、无回热热泵循环进行模拟计算。模拟结果与实验结果两者间误差较小,说明软件模拟实际热泵流程的可靠性较高,今后可进一步利用Aspen Plus软件作热泵系统性能的深入研究。     

不可逆费米奥托制冷循环性能分析

基于回热式不可逆奥托制冷循环和理想费米气体的状态方程,导出以费米气体为工质的奥托制冷循环的输入功、制冷量、制冷系数等重要性能参数的表达式,以此讨论费米气体的量子简并性、回热及内不可逆性对循环性能的影响,给出以理想费米气体为工质的回热式不可逆奥托制冷循环的性能特征。所得结果有助于进一步了解经典气体奥托制冷循环与量子气体奥托制冷循环的区别和联系。     

Thermodynamic analysis data on vapour absorption heat pump working on R22-DMETEG pair

A thermodynamic analysis of the vapour absorption heat pump working on R22-DMETEG pair is made and the results are presented in the form of graphs and correlations. These data can be used to estimate the idealised system performance parameters such as heat quantities, flow rates, pump work, COP and second law efficiency. The procedure for using the data for above computations is described.     

Absorption heat pump cycle: Performance analysis of water-glycerol mixture

Up to now the industrial systems for energy recovery at the level of 130°C have been using water solutions of lithium bromide. These solutions present two problems: risks of crystallisation and corrosion. To avoid these risks, the system water-glycerol has been selected.The interest of the proposed can be seen through the theoretical simulation of the absorption heat pump cycle. The simulation results indicate that it is possible to achieve an energy upgrading of 50°C at the absorber. The efficiency coefficient depends on the high and low pressure, but not too much on the performance of the condenser. High values of low pressure lead to the best performance.     

不可逆自旋量子制冷循环参数的优化设计

基于量子主方程和半群逼近方法，研究以许多无相互作用的自旋-1/2系统为工质的、由两个绝热和两个等磁场过程组成的不可逆量子制冷循环的一般性能特性。导出循环的性能系数、制冷率和输入功率等重要性能参数的表达式。应用数值求解，对受有限循环时间约束的制冷率进行了优化，计算了最大制冷率和相应的最佳性能参数，确定了性能系数的最佳区域和工质温度及两个等磁场过程时间的优化范围。进而详细分析了高温下循环的优化性能，所得结果被进一步推广，以致可直接用来描述由自旋-J系统为工质的量子制冷循环的性能。     

中间补气的双级压缩热泵系统性能的实验研究

以滚动活塞压缩机为例,搭建了带中间补气的单机双级压缩热泵系统,对中间补气参数对系统制热性能的影响进行实验研究。实验结果表明:中间补气与不补气相比,制热量增加5～8%,制热COP提高3～7%。能降低排气温度8～14℃,压缩机效率提高5～12%,高压级容积效率提高4～9%。为今后压缩机设计和热泵系统运行提供了实验数据和经验参考。     

Quantum heat engine cycle working with a strongly correlated electron system

A new model of a quantum heat engine(QHE) cycle is established,in which the working substance consists of an interacting electrons system.One of our purposes is to test the validity of the second law of thermodynamics by this model,which is more general than the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model since it would recover the spin model when the on-site Coulomb interaction U is strong enough.On the basis of quantum mechanics and the first law of thermodynamics,we show no violation of the second law of thermodynamics during the cycle.We further study the performance characteristics of the cycle by investigating in detail the optimal relations of efficiency and dimensionless power output.We find that the efficiency of our engine can be expressed as η = 1 - t22/t12 in the large-U limit,which is valid even for a four sites QHE.     

Experimental study on performance optimization of air source heat pump using DOE method

ASHP system is extensively applied to maintain indoor thermal environment but contributes to high building energy consumption. Better energy efficiency is possible through cooling performance improvements. This study investigates, using full-scale experiments, the cooling performance of ASHP. In the series of experiments, we vary the major influencing factors—evaporator inlet air temperature, air velocity, and compressor frequency and measured their impacts on response variables that include cooling capacity, compressor power, and the COP. The design of experiment (DOE) approach is used to plan and analyze the experiments. The results show that cooling capacity of ASHP system significantly increases with the rising evaporator inlet air temperature, air velocity, and compressor frequency. However, because of increasing fan and compressor power with rising air velocity and compressor frequency, COP dramatically decrease. Finally, the study of develop a simple predictive model for assessing the COP of ASHP. Comparing with the predicted and experimental results shows an agreement within 10% deviation, which indicates the suitability of the prediction model. Therefore, a predictive model can help system operators to set the optimal design parameters for achieving optimal COP performance of ASHP system.     

The performance characteristics of an irreversible quantum Otto harmonic refrigeration cycle

In this paper, an irreversible quantum Otto refrigeration cycle working with harmonic systems is established. Base on Heisenberg quantum master equation, the equations of motion for the set of harmonic systems thermodynamic observables are derived. The simulated diagrams of the quantum Otto refrigeration cycle are plotted. The relationship between average power of friction, cooling rate, power input, and the time of adiabatic process is analyzed by using numerical calculation. Moreover, the influence of the heat conductance and the time of iso-frequency process on the performance of the cycle is discussed.     

准二级压缩空气源热泵系统的变工况试验研究

介绍了准二级涡旋压缩机空气源热泵系统,对研制出的具有蒸汽喷射的涡旋压缩机空气源热泵系统样机进行了大范围变工况试验研究,获得机组在各工况下的输入功率、制热量、COP、排气温度的变化。通过变工况实验,综合考虑制热量、COP和机组工作稳定性,得出准二级压缩热泵系统最佳中间补气压力为1200kPa~1400kPa。研究结果可为准二级压缩系统设计与应用提供参考。     

跨临界CO_2喷射式热泵热电池控制优化

本文提出了一种基于跨临界CO_2喷射式热泵热电池的单目标和多目标动态优化策略,该策略可应用于建筑或工业供冷热系统的高效储能优化。耦合系统为由Modelica语言开发的动力学模型,控制策略以冷热水箱的出水温度作为指标,并采用遗传算法对系统的瞬态性能进行优化。研究结果表明,以上两种基于模型的控制策略能优化系统在储能过程中的整体性能。与恒定控制参数下的控制策略相比,这两种控制策略在多控制参数的协调优化中是有效的,多目标控制策略优于单目标控制策略。