三维金纳米团簇/多壁碳纳米管-Nafion膜修饰电极的电化学制备及血红蛋白的直接电化学

用改进的全电化学三步法制备三维金纳米团簇/多壁碳纳米管(3D Au/MWCNTs)纳米复合材料,并用Nafion(Nafion)膜进行涂布固定,制得3D Au/MWCNTs-Nafion修饰电极.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能量色散光谱(EDS)对所得纳米复合材料的形貌进行表征.3D Au/MWCNTs具有金纳米核团簇而成的特殊圆丘状三维结构,电化学活性表面积(ECSA)比均匀分散的Au/MWCNTs提高了一个数量级,可有效提高血红蛋白(Hb)在电极表面的负载量.运用循环伏安法和计时电流法对3D Au/MWCNTs-Nafion修饰电极的生物电催化性质进行研究,其在Hb溶液中显示了良好的电催化活性和稳定性:还原氧化峰电流高,反应可逆性好,提供了有利于Hb直接电子转移的电化学环境.固载于Au/MWCNTs-Nafion上的Hb能够保持其生物活性,对双氧水(H2O2)表现出良好的催化性能,这是3D Au纳米团簇和MWCNTs共同作用的结果.实验表明,3D Au/MWCNTs-Nafion修饰电极结构特殊、性能优越,对Hb的直接电化学研究具有积极的促进作用,为准确高效的检测Hb及相关生物活性物质提供了新的电极选择.     

“一箭双雕”：同时赋予金纳米团簇催化活性和水溶性

正近年来,金纳米团簇(Au NCs)~(1–3)因其超小尺寸和确定组成结构在催化领域4备受青睐。但金纳米团簇催化一直面临以下两个问题:其一,虽然团簇表面的配体有时会促进催化反应的进行5,但大多数团簇表面的配体会阻碍反应分子到达催化剂的金属表面,从而减少甚至会彻底消除催化剂的催化活性6。针对这样一个问题,可以通过减少或者完全去除配体来提高团簇的催化活性,但这     

聚合物稳定的金纳米簇催化：理论计算与实验的相互影响

平均粒径为2–10 nm的聚合物稳定的Au纳米簇(NCs)表现出独特的催化性能。多个研究表明，影响聚合物稳定的Au NCs催化活性的主要因素为： Au NC尺寸的控制、聚合物的选择以及反应条件的优化。这是由于聚合物稳定的Au NCs在多个催化反应中表现出明显的尺寸效应，其催化活性也因所采用的聚合物和反应条件的不同而不同。为了阐明影响聚合物稳定的Au NCs催化活性的内在原因，众多研究者关注于聚合物稳定的Au NCs催化中的理论计算与实验的相互影响。本文主要总结了聚合物稳定的Au NCs中这种相互影响的研究进展。     

荧光金纳米团簇在小分子化合物检测中的应用

金纳米团簇(gold nanoclusters,Au NCs)是一种新型的荧光纳米材料,由几个到几百个原子组成,尺寸接近于电子的费米波长。由于量子尺寸效应,金纳米团簇显示出独特的光学特性。荧光金纳米团簇具有尺寸小、水溶性好、光物理性质好、比表面积大、表面易于修饰以及荧光性质随尺寸可调等优点,是近年来的研究热点。通过改变配体或者生物支架合成的各种荧光金纳米团簇,在传感检测、纳米标记、医学成像和光电子学等领域具有潜在的应用前景。作为新型荧光探针,荧光金纳米团簇已成功用于对阳离子、阴离子及重要的生物活性物质如过氧化氢、葡萄糖、谷胱甘肽、三磷酸腺苷、氨基酸等小分子化合物的检测。本文结合当前的研究现状,介绍了金纳米团簇在小分子化合物荧光检测中的应用,并简要评述了金纳米团簇研究中所面临的挑战及应用前景。     

Au/γ-Al2O3的制备与表征及其催化苯甲醛直接酯化

采用直接浸渍-还原法和赖氨酸保护浸渍-还原法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的纳米金催化剂(3%Au/γ-Al2O3),并考察了其在苯甲醛与醇直接酯化反应中的催化性能.在常压无碱条件下,以赖氨酸保护浸渍-还原法制备的Au/γ-Al2O3在苯甲醛与不同脂肪醇直接酯化的反应中表现出优良的催化性能,在该催化剂催化下,苯甲醛与乙醇反应中苯甲醛的转化率可达到94.0%,苯甲酸乙酯选择性为98.5%.通过催化剂的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N2物理吸附-脱附等表征结果分析了影响催化剂性能的因素.结果表明:赖氨酸浸渍还原法制备的Au/γ-Al2O3表面上纳米金粒径小、分散性好.高分散的纳米金颗粒是提高苯甲醛与醇直接酯化反应催化性能的关键因素.     

Au25纳米团簇合成与应用研究进展

综述了新型金属纳米材料Au25纳米团簇的合成机理和合成工艺改进,结合Au纳米团簇荧光作用机理说明其特有的荧光特性,利用Au纳米团簇荧光性质在离子检测、生物小分子检测、蛋白质检测和生物成像方面的应用,为Au纳米团簇的研究提供参考。     

中介尺度Au纳米团簇熔化的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟技术，研究了原子个数为16～8628的 Au纳米团簇的熔化过程.采用 Johnson的EAM (embedded atom method) 模型,模拟结果表明，金属纳米团簇存在一中介尺度区域.对Au纳米团簇而言，当原子个数N >456时，团簇的热力学性质与团簇尺寸呈线性关系，熔化首先从表面开始，逐步向中心区域推进，且满足Tmb－Tmc(N)＝aN(－1/3)的关系.另外，计算了中介区域的团簇的尺寸、熔化温度、表面能、熵、焓等热力学量以及均方根位移（RMSD）等动力学量，为研究纳米团簇提供定量数据.     

团簇Au/CeO2的制备及其催化CO氧化反应构效关系的研究

负载型Au催化剂因其在诸多反应过程中的高催化活性而备受研究者关注.然而针对负载型催化剂中Au物种结构的有效调控,以及催化过程中真实构-效关系的探索一直充满了挑战.用CeO₂为Au物种担载基底,通过简单煅烧处理引起的CeO₂结构变化,进而实现Au/CeO₂之间界面作用力的调控.此研究发现Au纳米颗粒中Au⁰物种具备更为高效的催化室温CO氧化活性,结合多种原位表征分析,其室温条件下催化转化效率更依赖于CO吸附能力.而相比于单原子Au₁和纳米Au颗粒,所制备的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂在较高温度(>50℃)展现出优异的催化CO氧化反应性能.随着温度升高,催化剂表界面O参与的MvK反应路径更易发生,因此具有更多表界面活性O物种和Au^δ+位点的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂展现出最为优异的催化CO氧化性能.这些发现为高效负载型Au催化剂的制备提供了新思路并深化了对Au/CeO₂催化作用机制的理解.     

CeO2对抗烧结Au₲MgGa2O4催化剂用于水汽变换和催化燃烧反应的促进作用

自上世纪八十年代在多相催化研究领域兴起纳米金催化淘金热以来,负载型纳米金催化剂的优越性和局限性都得到了广泛的研究.负载型纳米金催化剂活性强烈依赖于其晶粒尺寸和载体性质,一般认为,金纳米颗粒只有在一定的尺寸范围(2-5 nm)且负载在"活性"载体表面才能发挥出其优异的催化活性.然而,小尺寸纳米金颗粒热稳定性差的弱点阻碍了其工业化应用的进程.因此,如何实现小尺寸金纳米颗粒的高温稳定以及构筑金与"活性"载体间有效的接触界面是发挥纳米金优异催化性能的关键.我们曾利用MgGa_2O_4尖晶石载体与金纳米颗粒形成金属-氧化物"异质孪晶"结构,从而实现了将～3 nm的金颗粒稳定在块体金的熔点(1064°C)以上,为小尺寸纳米金的高温稳定提供了新的思路.但MgGa_2O_4尖晶石是一种非氧化还原性载体,对水分子或氧气分子的辅助活化作用较弱,因而限制了具有优异高温抗烧结性能的Au?MgGa_2O_4催化剂在水汽变换和催化燃烧反应中的应用.本文采用等体积浸渍法在高温800°C焙烧5 h后的Au?MgGa_2O_4-800℃-5h样品上进行CeO_2助剂的修饰,以提高其对水分子和氧气分子的活化能力.利用STEM, XRD和EDS-Mapping表征对CeO_2/[Au?MgGa_2O_4-800°C-5h]样品进行结构分析,发现该样品中纳米Au具有优异的高温抗烧结性能, 800°C焙烧5 h并经CeO_2修饰后其颗粒尺寸仍保持在3.1 nm左右,样品中CeO_2的晶粒尺寸约为6 nm,且Au纳米颗粒与CeO_2助剂间形成了有效的接触界面.利用H_2-TPR和XPS表征对该样品的氧化还原性能及电子性质进行分析,发现CeO_2/[Au?MgGa_2O_4-800°C-5h]样品中CeO_2的还原温度相比于CeO_2/MgGa_2O_4对比样品显著降低, XPS结果显示CeO_2添加后Au的化学价态由金属态变为氧化态,表明Au与CeO_2助剂间具有显著的电子转移.同时, CeO_2的添加显著提高了800°C老化后Au?MgGa_2O_4催化水汽变换(CO转化率由～1.5%升到～34.0%, 450°C)、甲烷燃烧(T50降低80°C)和CO氧化(T50降低100°C)等反应活性.为理解CeO_2对Au?MgGa_2O_4的催化性能促进机制,我们选取水汽变换反应为例,利用DRIFTs表征发现CeO_2促进了反应物H_2O的活化,并结合小尺寸Au对CO的活化能力,从而使水汽变换反应顺利进行.本文在MgGa_2O_4尖晶石稳定纳米金的基础上,利用具有优异氧传输性能的CeO_2作为助剂,提高了该催化剂对水分子和氧气分子的活化能力,从而获得了对水汽变换反应和催化燃烧反应具有高稳定性和高活性的CeO_2/[Au?MgGa_2O_4]催化剂.这种"先稳定-后活化"的催化剂设计思路也为今后高稳定性、高催化活性的纳米金催化剂的设计和制备提供了借鉴.     

高热稳定性二氧化硅包覆的Au25纳米簇的制备和催化应用

具有独特的电子和几何结构,原子精确控制的金纳米簇(<2 nm)成为一种新的具有广泛研究和应用前景的纳米催化剂.负载在氧化物表面的金纳米簇通常会在高于300°C时聚集或长大.人们已经通过多种方法成功制备了对于非原子精确控制的热稳定性的金纳米颗粒.主要包括利用金属与载体强相互作用,用可还原的金属氧化物来稳定金纳米颗粒;利用物理阻隔作用使用高比表面积的载体或制备核壳、纳米粒子镶嵌在载体中来稳定金纳米颗粒.对于原子精确控制的金纳米簇,由于其外边包覆着一层配体,将其负载到载体上时要保证配体不被破坏才能保证金纳米簇的结构完整性,负载后通常要除去配体才能使催化活性位曝露出来.目前,高热稳定性(>300°C)的金纳米簇的制备方法还较少.由于金与 SiO2相互作用较弱,将超小(<2 nm)的金纳米粒子包覆于其中非常困难.因此,本文首先制备了1.3 nm的含有硅酯键的巯基配体(3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷)保护的 Au25[SC3H6Si(OCH3)3]18,然后将其在刚成核的 SiO2表面与正硅酸四乙酯共水解,得到了既保留了 Au25的完整结构,又避免了 Au25之间相互水解的 Au25(SC3H6SiO3)18@SiO2纳米材料.漫反射固体紫外-可见光谱证明了 Au25在包覆完成后结构的完整性.透射电镜结果表明, Au25纳米簇焙烧至400°C未发生明显聚集长大.对硝基苯酚还原实验结果表明,不同温度处理后的 Au25@SiO2配体在200°C开始脱除,温度高于传统的负载型 Au25催化剂,表明 Au25是在 SiO2内部而不是在表面,从而使配体不易离去.400°C处理后的 Au25@SiO2对4-硝基苯酚还原表现出最高的反应活性,表明该纳米簇在400°C处理后没有发生明显聚集长大.     

Synthesis of Au, Au/Ag, Au/Pt and Au/Pd nanoparticles using the microwave-polyol method

Gold, Au/Ag, Au/Pt and Au/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles with varying mol fractions were synthesized in ethylene glycol and glycerol, using the microwave technique in the presence of a stabilizer poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). It was found that bimetallic colloids of Au/Ag, Au/Pd and Au/Pt form an alloy either on co-reduction of respective metal ions or on mixing individual sols.     

Facet-Dependent Formation and Adhesion of Au Oxide and Nanoporous Au on Poly-Oriented Au Single Crystals**

Nanoporous Au (NPG) has different properties compared to bulk Au, making it an interesting material for numerous applications. To modify the structure of NPG films for specific applications, e. g., the porosity, thickness, and homogeneity of the films, a fundamental understanding of the structure formation is essential. Here, we focus on NPG prepared via electrochemical reduction from Au oxide formed during high voltage (HV) electrolysis on poly-oriented Au single crystal (Au POSC) electrodes. These POSCs consist of a metal bead, with faces with different crystallographic orientations and allow screening of the influence of crystallographic orientation on the structure formation for different facets in one experiment. The HV electrolysis is performed between 100 ms and 30 s at 300 V and 540 V. The amount of Au oxide formed is determined by electrochemical measurements and the structural properties are investigated by scanning electron and optical microscopy. We show that the formation of Au oxide is mostly independent of the crystallographic orientation, except for thick layers, while the macroscopic structure of the NPG films depends on experimental parameters such as the Au oxide precursor thickness and the crystallographic orientation of the substrate. Possible reasons for the frequently observed exfoliation of the NPG films are discussed.     

Ligand-unsupported Au(I) chains with short Au(I)...Au(I) contacts

A new series of solids with ligand-unsupported Au(I) chains with short Au...Au contacts were synthesized; as Ag compounds with the same structure are known, the new phases now allow unbiased comparison of Ag...Ag and Au...Au metallophilic bonds not supported by bridging ligands, which shows the latter to be consistently shorter by 0.03-0.04 A.     

Bare Clusters Derived from Protein Templates: Au25+, Au38+ and Au102+

A discrete sequence of bare gold clusters of well‐defined nuclearity, namely Au₂₅⁺, Au₃₈⁺ and Au₁₀₂⁺, formed in a process that starts from gold‐bound adducts of the protein lysozyme, were detected in the gas phase. It is proposed that subsequent to laser desorption ionization, gold clusters form in the gas phase, with the protein serving as a confining growth environment that provides an effective reservoir for dissipation of the cluster aggregation and stabilization energy. First‐principles calculations reveal that the growing gold clusters can be electronically stabilized in the protein environment, achieving electronic closed‐shell structures as a result of bonding interactions with the protein. Calculations for a cluster with 38 gold atoms reveal that gold interaction with the protein results in breaking of the disulfide bonds of the cystine units, and that the binding of the cysteine residues to the cluster depletes the number of delocalized electrons in the cluster, resulting in opening of a super‐atom electronic gap. This shell‐closure stabilization mechanism confers enhanced stability to the gold clusters. Once formed as stable magic number aggregates in the protein growth medium, the gold clusters become detached from the protein template and are observed as bare Au_n⁺ (n=25, 38, and 102) clusters.     

Corrosion of Au particles in air-exposed NaI-treated Au colloidal suspensions

This study examines the influence of the treatment of citrate-capped Au colloidal particles with NaI under exposure to air. Whereas in the NaI-treated centrifugate of the Au colloidal suspension the iodide-induced formation of triiodide runs spontaneously, its accumulation is found to be strongly decelerated in the Au colloidal suspension under the same conditions. In accordance with the experimental findings from electron absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, a mechanism is proposed which describes the oxidation of the Au particles by oxygen under intermediate participation of triiodide.     

Au nanoparticle-imprinted polymers

Au nanoparticles protected with a polymerisable ligand were incorporated into bulk macroporous polymers; etching the metal core resulted in disulfide-lined, nanometre-scale cavities capable of recognising similarly-sized Au particles.     

Reduction profiles of supported Ru, Au and Ru?Au

The reduction with hydrogen of Ru, Au and Ru–Au supported catalysts was followed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The supports used were MgO, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. The differences in the reduction behavior of both metals on each carrier are correlated with the surface composition of the bimetallic clusters.

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Ru, Au Ru–Au . MgO, SiO₂ Al₂O₃. .

     

Nanoporous Au Formation on Au Substrates via High Voltage Electrolysis**

Nanoporous Au (NPG) films have promising properties, making them suitable for various applications in (electro)catalysis or (bio)sensing. Tuning the structural properties, such as the pore size or the surface-to-volume ratio, often requires complex starting materials such as alloys, multiple synthesis steps, lengthy preparation procedures or a combination of these factors. Here we present an approach that circumvents these difficulties, enabling for a rapid and controlled preparation of NPG films starting from a bare Au electrode. In a first approach a Au oxide film is prepared by high voltage (HV) electrolysis in a KOH solution, which is then reduced either electrochemically or in the presence of H₂O₂. The resulting NPG structures and their electrochemically active surface areas strongly depend on the reduction procedure, the concentration and temperature of the H₂O₂-containing KOH solution, as well as the applied voltage and temperature during HV electrolysis. Secondly, the NPG film can be prepared directly by applying voltages that result in anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis (aCGDE). By carefully adjusting the corresponding parameters, the surface area of the final NPG film can be specifically controlled. The structural properties of the electrodes are investigated by means of XPS, SEM and electrochemical methods.     

Determination of relative sensitivity factors during secondary ion sputtering of silicate glasses by Au+, Au and Au ions

In recent years, Au‐cluster ions have been successfully used for organic analysis in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Cluster ions, such as Au and Au, can produce secondary ion yield enhancements of up to a factor of 300 for high mass organic molecules with minimal sample damage. In this study, the potential for using Au⁺, Au and Au primary ions for the analysis of inorganic samples is investigated by analyzing a range of silicate glass standards. Practical secondary ion yields for both Au and Au ions are enhanced relative to those for Au⁺, consistent with their increased sputter rates. No elevation in ionization efficiency was found for the cluster primary ions. Relative sensitivity factors for major and trace elements in the standards showed no improvement in quantification with Au and Au ions over the use of Au⁺ ions. Higher achievable primary ion currents for Au⁺ ions than for Au and Au allow for more precise analyses of elemental abundances within inorganic samples, making them the preferred choice, in contrast to the choice of Au and Au for the analysis of organic samples. The use of delayed secondary ion extraction can also boost secondary ion signals, although there is a loss of overall sensitivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural prediction of thiolate-protected Au38: a face-fused bi-icosahedral Au core

The lowest-energy structure of thiolate-group-protected Au38(SR)24 is with ab initio computations. A unique bi-isocahedral Au23 core is predicted for the Au38(SR)24 cluster, consistent with recent experimental and theoretical confirmation of the icosahedral Au13 core for the [Au25(SR)18]- cluster. The computed optical absorption spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Like the "magic-number" cluster [Au25(SR)18]-, the high stability and selectivity of the magic-number Au38(SR)24 cluster is attributed to high structural compatibility between the bi-isocahedral Au23 core and the 18 exterior staple motifs.