铜镍合金丝电爆炸放电特性与时空演化行为

脉冲电流驱动金属丝电爆炸可产生具有较高能量密度的等离子体,并伴随脉冲电磁辐射、强冲击波等效应,广泛应用于Z箍缩、电热化学武器、油气助采等领域;与纯金属相比,合金具备电阻率高、成分可调、相变复杂等特点,在电爆炸效应参数的调控方面具有很大潜力。开展了大气空气介质中铜、镍、铜镍（康铜）丝在微秒时间尺度电脉冲作用下电爆炸实验研究,通过放电参数与自辐射图像诊断,获取电爆炸过程放电参数与时空演变的特性规律,得到脉冲电流作用下合金电爆炸在相变与等离子体方面的特征。实验发现,在电爆炸早期,铜镍合金的高电阻率能够提高能量沉积效率：铜52%、镍74%、铜镍合金78%;而相爆开始后,合金丝负载则更接近纯镍丝负载性能。等离子体通道早期膨胀速率在5 mm/μs量级,随后迅速衰减;合金丝等离子体膨胀时间更久,击穿后平均电阻率上升缓慢,且等离子体辐射与金属爆炸产物在空间尺度上存在关联性。特别地,铜镍合金气溶胶分层同时具有横向和纵向特征（特征尺度10⁻¹ mm）,但整体较铜气溶胶更为均匀。     

电爆炸法制备Fe3O4纳米颗粒及其物相研究

搭建了电爆炸金属丝实验平台,在空气中电爆炸铁丝来制备纳米金属颗粒。利用电阻分压器与Rogowski线圈来测量电爆炸过程中铁丝上的负载电压与电流。将负载电压与电流之积进行时间积分来估算沉积在铁丝上的能量。使用光电探测器对电爆炸过程中产生的等离子体发光信号进行探测。对铁丝电爆炸后形成的产物使用高倍显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）以及X射线衍射仪（XRD）进行观测,来研究其物相特性。实验结果表明:电爆炸过程中,当铁丝由液相变为气相时,其电阻急剧增加,因此电流几乎不能流过铁丝,同时铁丝上的负载电压会趋近于电容器的初始充电电压。随着能量的持续积累,等离子体在爆炸腔中形成。由于原本被阻断的电流能够从低电阻等离子体中流过,因此电压电流波形变为欠阻尼波形。电爆炸铁丝所得的产物为Fe3O4纳米颗粒,其中大部分呈规则的球形。Fe3O4纳米颗粒的粒径主要分布在30~60 nm之间,并且符合对数正态分布。     

电爆炸法制备Fe3O4纳米颗粒及其物相研究

搭建了电爆炸金属丝实验平台,在空气中电爆炸铁丝来制备纳米金属颗粒。利用电阻分压器与Rogowski线圈来测量电爆炸过程中铁丝上的负载电压与电流。将负载电压与电流之积进行时间积分来估算沉积在铁丝上的能量。使用光电探测器对电爆炸过程中产生的等离子体发光信号进行探测。对铁丝电爆炸后形成的产物使用高倍显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）以及X射线衍射仪（XRD）进行观测,来研究其物相特性。实验结果表明：电爆炸过程中,当铁丝由液相变为气相时,其电阻急剧增加,因此电流几乎不能流过铁丝,同时铁丝上的负载电压会趋近于电容器的初始充电电压。随着能量的持续积累,等离子体在爆炸腔中形成。由于原本被阻断的电流能够从低电阻等离子体中流过,因此电压电流波形变为欠阻尼波形。电爆炸铁丝所得的产物为Fe3O4纳米颗粒,其中大部分呈规则的球形。Fe3O4纳米颗粒的粒径主要分布在30~60 nm之间,并且符合对数正态分布。     

用电爆炸丝法制备纳米粉末及负载型纳米催化剂

目前制备纳米材料的方法很多，其中电爆炸丝法制备纳米粉末材料是20世纪90年代后期发展起来的新型方法，俄罗斯和日本研究人员利用该方法成功制备多种金属和金属化合物纳米粉末。我国吉林大学利用该方法制备了纳米Cu-Zn合金粉末，其粒度分布在30～180nm，平均粒度约85nm。为了探索电爆炸金属丝技术在制备纳米粉末及其相关产品中的应用前景，文中对电爆炸金属丝产生纳米Al2O3和TiO2进行了实验研究，并在此基础上开展了电爆炸金属丝制备负载型纳米催化剂的初步研究。     

真空中金属丝电爆炸数值模拟研究

利用金属丝电爆炸物理数学模型对电爆炸物理过程开展了数值模拟,研究了不同直径铝丝电爆炸特性,进一步分析了金属丝内沉积能量、电压击穿时刻、电压峰值随金属丝直径的变化规律,并与相关实验数据作了对比。     

电爆炸制备纳米铜粉及物相研究

采用电爆炸法制造纳米金属颗粒。分析了铜丝在电爆炸过程中的物态变化,即从固态、液态、气态到离子态;同时理论研究了纳米铜粉粒径大小及分布、成分组成与爆炸时的能量、铜丝的直径和铜丝长度的关系;定义了粒径均匀度,通过粒径平均大小和粒径均匀度比较,分析了纳米粒径的大小分布情况;通过X射线衍射仪(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM)对电爆炸制造出的纳米铜颗粒做了测定与定量分析。结果表明：铜粉的主要成分由氧化铜、氧化亚铜及单晶铜组成,各成分所占比例与爆炸缸内的真空度相关。纳米金属微粒的粒径平均值、粒径均匀度与铜丝长度、直径、充电电压、放电时间等因素相关。     

电爆炸制备纳米铜粉及物相研究

采用电爆炸法制造纳米金属颗粒。分析了铜丝在电爆炸过程中的物态变化,即从固态、液态、气态到离子态;同时理论研究了纳米铜粉粒径大小及分布、成分组成与爆炸时的能量、铜丝的直径和铜丝长度的关系;定义了粒径均匀度,通过粒径平均大小和粒径均匀度比较,分析了纳米粒径的大小分布情况;通过X射线衍射仪(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM)对电爆炸制造出的纳米铜颗粒做了测定与定量分析。结果表明:铜粉的主要成分由氧化铜、氧化亚铜及单晶铜组成,各成分所占比例与爆炸缸内的真空度相关。纳米金属微粒的粒径平均值、粒径均匀度与铜丝长度、直径、充电电压、放电时间等因素相关。     

水中金属丝电爆炸拉氏磁流体动力学模拟方法

基于拉格朗日描述,建立了水中金属丝电爆炸的单温磁流体动力学模型,并给出一种高阶混合有限元离散求解方法。拉氏可压缩流体方程组中,速度定义在H1连续有限元空间,内能定义在L2间断有限元空间实现物质界面的精确捕捉,存在激波的区域引入张量人工粘性抑制数值振荡。磁扩散方程仅考虑周向磁通量密度,简化为标量方程,使用H1连续有限元方法离散求解。焦耳热和洛伦兹力作为源项引入实现磁流体方程的耦合。数值算例表明:磁扩散求解器能够求解存在不同电导率的多介质磁扩散问题;拉氏流体求解器能够精确追踪物质界面,具有较好的激波分辨能力;耦合RLC电路的磁流体求解器能够复现水中金属丝电爆炸加热相变、冲击波的产生与传播、放电模式转变等物理过程。     

一种新的制备ZnO纳米粒子的方法--阴极电沉积法

用阴极电沉积法制备高质量ZnO纳米薄膜，电沉积采用含有不同浓度的ZnCl2的非水二甲基亚砜溶液做电解液，室温下恒流沉积，得到纳米ZnO薄膜。研究了ZnCl2浓度对薄膜结构和光学性质的影响。沉积薄膜的ZnO粒径尺寸分别为9．8，10．4，14．5nm。随着ZnCl2浓度的增加而增大。薄膜的可见光致发光谱以紫外的自由激子发射为主。研究表明：以浓度为0.03mol/L的ZnCl2电解液制备的ZnO薄膜光学性质最好。     

氩气中铝丝电爆炸沉积能量对制备铝纳米粉体特性的影响

研制了基于脉冲电容器放电回路的亚微秒金属丝电爆炸纳米粉体制备实验平台,包括电爆炸过程电流和电压测量系统。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米粉体的形态与结构,并通过电镜统计观察法分析TEM图像得到纳米粉体的粒度大小及其分布。在氩气中电爆炸铝丝制备铝纳米粉体,通过改变电容器充电电压,即初始储能,实验研究沉积能量对铝纳米粉体特性的影响规律。结果表明：铝纳米粉体颗粒形态与结构主要由氩气气压的高低决定,与沉积能量基本无关。增大丝爆过程的沉积能量可显著缩小铝纳米粉体粒度分布范围,减小颗粒平均粒径,并有效地抑制纳米粉体中亚微米颗粒的形成。随着沉积能量E与氩气气压p比值(Ep-1)增大,铝纳米粉体颗粒平均粒径、最大粒径和粒径大于100 nm颗粒所占比例均呈指数函数单调减小。     

White-light emission of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method

In:ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by the sol-gel process. The ratios of In/(Zn+In) are 0%, 5%, 8%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. Crystal phase structures and optoelectronic properties of these samples are characterized and the chromaticity coordinates of different samples are also calculated in CIE-XYZ colour system. The results show that preferred growth direction of ZnO changes from (002) plane to (001) plane and interplanar distance becomes shorter. When the doping amount of In is 5%, Zn atoms are completely replaced by In atoms. The resistivities of the samples first decrease, then increase afterwards with the increase of the amount of In. With the increase of In, the ultraviolet emission is redshifted and new peaks occur at 465 nm, 535 nm, and 630 nm. The sample with 10% indium has white-light emission. The band structures of samples with 0% and 12.5% indium are investigated by the first principle method. The mechanism of white emission is discussed from the viewpoint of additional energy levels.     

Au-MoOx nanoparticles for LSPR hydrogen detection prepared by a facile anodizing method

Nowadays, the plasmonic properties of defective transition metal oxides, have attracted great attention in the sensing and catalyst applications. The aim of this paper is to fabricate plasmonic Au-MoO_x nanoparticles (NPs) using a facile anodizing in liquid approach to be used as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) hydrogen sensor. Firstly, dark blue MoO_x nanosheets with a strong NIR (700–800 nm) LSPR band were obtained. The Au-MoO_x NPs (Au size=5–7 nm) were then obtained by adding a gold cation into the blue MoO_x liquid base. Thanks to the catalytic properties of Au NP, this system exhibited LSPR hydrogen sensing ability where the LSPR variations allowed us to detect hydrogen in the 0–3% concentration range with a good linearity and possible many data points.     

Non-linear optical properties of silver nanoparticles prepared by hydrogen reduction method

Silver nanoparticles have been prepared using hydrogen gas as the reducing agent for silver nitrate and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as the capping agent; the reaction was carried out at 70 °C for 3 h. The size of the nanoparticles was found to be about 20 nm as analyzed using transmission electron micrographs. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of silver nanoparticles. The linear absorption of Ag nanoparticles, α, is obtained about 3.71 cm⁻¹. The non-linear refractive indices of silver nanoparticles were defined by the z-scan technique using CW He-Ne laser (λ = 632.8 nm) at different incident intensities. The magnitude of non-linear refractive index (n₂) was measured to be in the order of 10⁻⁷ (cm²/W) with a negative sign. Therefore self-defocusing phenomena is taking placed for Ag nanoparticles.     

热分解法制备MnFe2O4纳米粒子及其超顺磁性

采用热分解法制备了单相的锰铁氧纳米颗粒,X射线衍射以及透射电镜测量显示其颗粒大小约为20 nm.磁滞回线测量显示室温超顺磁性.零场和非零场磁测量显示制备的MnFe2O4纳米粒子平均截止温度为84.3 K,样品中最大颗粒的截止温度为230 K,且平均截止温度与外场H2/3存在线性关系.     

高压击穿铜丝物相研究

采用高压放电的方式对材料进行击穿,可以方便地制造纳米颗粒．搭建了高压击穿实验装置,对铜丝进行高压击穿实验;分别采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和元素能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）测试,对铜丝击穿丝状物进行了形貌和成份分析．研究了铜丝高压击穿后的物相特性．研究结果发现,在高压作用下铜丝被充分电离,产生丝状分布,其构成为纳米颗粒的凝结;纳米颗粒的直径分布主要集中在30—60nm之间;颗粒产物由铜元素和氧元素组成;它们以单晶Cu,Cu2O和CuO组成混合物;粒径大小、产物成分与铜丝长度、直径及电压等因素相关．     

Magnetite nanoparticles prepared by the glass crystallization method and their physical properties

Glass melts in the system Fe₂O₃/FeO/CaO/Na₂O/B₂O₃ were prepared from the raw materials, by firstly reducing them by flushing with nitrogen and subsequently roller quenching. The flakes obtained had a thickness of around 150 μm and were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 550 to 620 °C. X-ray diffraction gave evidence of the occurrence of nanocrystalline magnetite. Magnetization measurements at room temperature show ferromagnetic behaviour and no hysteresis. Temperature-dependent measurements showed a monotonic decrease of the saturation magnetization with temperature, and a Curie temperature of 553 °C. The primary mean particle core diameter is around 10 nm after annealing at 570 °C.     

Diclofenac sodium-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method

The preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) suffers from the drawback of poor incorporation of water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was therefore to assess various formulation and process parameters to enhance the incorporation of a water-soluble drug (diclofenac sodium, DS) into SLNs prepared by the emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Results showed that the entrapment efficiency (EE) of DS was increased to approximately 100% by lowering the pH of dispersed phase. The EE of DS-loaded SLNs (DS-SLNs) had been improved by the existence of cosurfactants and increment of PVA concentration. Stabilizers and their combination with PEG 400 in the dispersed phase also resulted in higher EE and drug loading (DL). EE increased and DL decreased as the phospholipid/DS ratio became greater, while the amount of DS had an opposite effect. Ethanol turned out to be the ideal solvent making DS-SLNs. EE and DL of DS-SLNs were not affected by either the stirring speed or the viscosity of aqueous and dispersed phase. According to the investigations, drug solubility in dispersion medium played the most important role in improving EE.     

Structural and optical characterization of CdS nanoparticles prepared by chemical precipitation method

In the present study we have synthesized CdS semiconducting quantum dots by the chemical precipitation method using Thioglycerol as the capping agent. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are employed to characterize the size, morphology and crystalline structure of the as-prepared material. The synthesized QPs have a mixture of cubical and hexagonal crystal symmetry with 12 nm average diameter. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy is used to calculate the band gap of the material and blue shift in absorption edge. Confinement of the optical phonon modes in the QPs is studied by Raman spectroscopy, while FTIR for identification of chemical bonds in the nanomaterial. Multiple cadmium and sulphur defects were observed by employing the photoluminescence (PL) method.     

Microstructure and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a simple method

In this investigation, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a simple and rapid method. This method is based on the short time solid state milling and calcinations of zinc acetate and citric acid powders. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence and UV-vis spectroscopy. It was shown that the calcination temperature significantly affected the particle size and optical properties of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Calculation based on the XRD data shows that the average sizes of ZnO particles are in agreement with those from TEM images and the size of the particles increases on increasing the calcination temperature. Also the band gap of samples decreased from 3.29 to 3.23 eV on increasing the calcination temperature from 350 to 600 °C. Photoluminescence analyses show that many defects such as interstitial zinc, zinc vacancy and oxygen vacancy are responsible for the observed optical properties.     

电场中不同能量密度激光烧蚀制备纳米硅晶粒分布特性

在室温和10 Pa氩气环境中,引入平行于靶面方向的直流电场,通过改变脉冲激光能量密度烧蚀单晶硅靶,在与羽辉轴线呈不同角度的衬底上沉积纳米硅晶薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜和拉曼散射谱对沉积样品进行分析,结果表明:随着激光能量密度的增加,位于相同角度衬底上的晶粒尺寸和面密度逐渐变大;在同一激光能量密度下,零度角处衬底上的晶粒尺寸和面密度最大,且靠近接地极板处的值比与之对称角度处略大。通过朗缪尔探针对不同能量密度下烧蚀羽辉中硅离子密度变化的诊断、结合成核区内晶粒成核生长动力学过程,对晶粒分布特性进行了分析。