EQUIP工具在高中化学教师探究性教学水平测评中的应用研究

EQUIP测评工具是理科教师探究性教学水平分析方法系统,该系列量表深入评估探究课堂的时间利用、教学、话语、评价、课程等5个要素。选择2名骨干化学教师C和教师Y作为个案研究对象,以人教版《化学1》第3章金属及其化合物中典型的2节课进行课堂观察,应用探究性教学质量评价量表（EQUIP）测评工具分析探究性课堂教学的表现,结论如下：（1）探究性教学整体表现处于中等水平以下;（2）课堂探究活动顺序水平低;（3）教师为中心,互动偏少;（4）教学评价以理解知识为主,缺乏批判性思维培养;（5）探究性教学缺乏大观念建构。教学方式以引导和讲授为主,教学观是以教师为中心的讲授方式为主。     

无机化学教学中“原子结构”内容怎样突破重点和难点*

基于对“原子结构”内容的科学界定,认为章节定名为“原子与原子结构”较为合理,讲授内容应包含原子的结构和性质、原子结构模型的建立和演变、核外电子的排布、原子核结构模型简介和原子结构与元素周期律的关系等5大模块。提出在系统性中突出“玻尔原子模型、核外电子运动状态的描述、4个量子数、核外电子的排布和原子结构与元素周期律的关系”的教学重点;通过提前举办“量子力学基本概念”专题讲座,有利于“量子化的原子结构模型”这一教学难点的突破,并针对每一难点提出了具体的方法措施。提议讲授采用发散思维为主、收敛思维为辅以及有所为有所不为、张弛有度的哲学方法;目的在于通过本章学习后, 使学生在获得基础知识的同时,能学到些许科学的思想方法、学习方法和研究方法。     

用英语讲授医用化学的尝试

介绍使用英语讲授医用化学的教学实践和体会,总结了一些教学方法及处理语言问题的对策,以期对使用英语讲授化学的教学有一定的启发。     

讲座法和PBL法相结合在研究生课程“表面化学研究进展”中的教学实践

针对研究生教学教材内容跟不上科研进展、教材内容被最新研究成果挑战等问题,详细介绍了讲座法和problem-based learning (PBL)法相结合在研究生课程“表面化学研究进展”中的教学实践和探索。通过讲授与PBL教学过程相结合,提出了导师队伍参与课堂活动、邀请专家讲座、充分利用网络资源、丰富考核评价机制和教学调研等措施,并重视学生课堂中及时提问和反馈,充分实践了以问题为导向、以学生为主体的教学模式,向学生示范了科学研究从发现问题、分析问题到解决问题的科研过程,以及独立思考和批判性思维的重要性。为培养了解科研前沿发展,又具有独立思考、批判性思维和自主创新能力的研究生这一育人目标做出了探索性的教学实践改革和创新。     

基于不同认知风格的物质的量计算的教学策略

整体型思维与序列型思维是2种对立的认知风格,在物质的量计算中表现出截然不同的解题思路。教师在讲授相关计算时,通常忽视了序列型认知风格学生的学习需要,从而使这类学生的学习面临困难。在物质的量计算的教学过程中,应针对不同认知风格的学生采取不同的教学策略。     

浅谈做课外辅导工作的体会

众所周知,一门课程的教学,是要通过基本的教学形式(课堂讲授)和辅助教学形式(如做题、辅导答疑、指导学生课外阅读等)的密切配合,才能很好完成的。因此,一门课程教学质量的提高,不仅体现在课堂讲授的质量上,而且也体现在各种辅助教学形式的质量上。辅导答疑和做题等就是密切配合课堂讲授达到切实提高教学质量的辅助性的,又是十分重要的教学环节。     

逻辑、辩证法与化学教学

(一)要在教学过程中,既给予学生以知识和技能,又发展学生的认识力和创造力,必须使学生掌握正确思维的规律和认识事物的方法。欲达到这一目的,在中学教学中不可能也不需要专开关于形式逻辑和唯物辩证法的课程,而只有教师自己首先比较纯熟地掌握逻辑规则和辩证方法,然后在教学过程中经常遵循和运用逻辑规则与辩证方法来讲授科学知识,这样学生方可以日积月累从教师的实际运用当中,学会怎样逻辑地思维和辩证地认识。根据我的体验,这样做,不但能使     

高分子化学中的活性/可控自由基聚合教学

活性/可控自由基聚合自20世纪90代被报道到现在经历了30余年的发展,其反应机理和相关理论比较成熟,对高分子化学和功能高分子材料产生重大的影响。而目前本科生高分子化学的教学中对该部分的内容没有足够的重视,很多专业受学时的限制并未对该部分的内容进行讲授,制约了学生的知识面和科学研究思维。针对如何将普通自由基聚合转变为可控/活性自由基聚合这一问题,通过问题的提出、寻找解决策略及其发展趋势等,循序渐进教学,启发学生进行知识创新,提高学生对知识的运用能力和解决问题的能力。     

有机化学科研渗透教学法的尝试

有机化学涉及的有机反应类型繁多,反应机理复杂,理论性强,难以理解和掌握。而大学有机化学的教学模式基本以教师为中心,以课堂讲授为主,这在某种程度上束缚了学生的创造思维和积极性。融入科研的有机化学教学法的尝试,可以破解有机化学授课的困惑,调动了学生对有机化学的兴趣及精准掌握。科研渗透的教学可以拓宽学生知识视野,激发学习兴趣,实现理论联系科研、实际生产,能够加强学生对有机化学知识的掌握。     

医用有机化学教学经验谈

就医用有机化学教学中的绪论课讲授、教学过程设计、教学内容组织、前沿知识补充谈了点滴经验,希望对培养和提高学生的学习兴趣和科学思维能力有所帮助。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。