Evolution of shear bands in bulk metallic glasses under dynamic loading

Shear band spacing in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) under dynamic loads is found to vary with position and local strain rate in the indented region. To investigate the dependence of shear band evolution characteristics on local strain rate and normal stress, a micromechanical model based on momentum diffusion is proposed. The thermo-mechanical model takes into account the normal stress dependence of yield stress, the free volume theory and the associated viscosity change within the shear band region. Temperature rise is obtained from the balance between the heat diffusion to the adjacent regions from a shear band and the heat generation due to the accumulated plastic work in a shear band. The parametric study has revealed that thermal effects play a minor role when the critical shear displacement is below 10 nm (as in nanoindentation) but become significant when the shear displacement accumulated in a shear band is of the order of hundreds of nanometers (as in uniaxial compression and in dynamic indentations). Finally, it is found that the normal stress plays a crucial role in the deformation behavior of BMGs by not only decreasing the time for shear band formation but also increasing the temperature rise significantly.     

Critical state shear behavior of the soil-structure interface determined by discrete element modeling

The interface between soil and structure can be referred to as a soil-structure system, and its behavior plays an important role in many geotechnical engineering practices. In this study, results are presented from a series of monotonic direct shear tests performed on a sand-structure interface under constant normal stiffness using the discrete element method (DEM). Strain localization and dilatancy behavior of the interface is carefully examined at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The effects of soil initial relative density and normal stress on the interface shear behavior are also investigated. The results show that a shear band progressively develops along the structural surface as shear displacement increases. At large shear displacement a unique relationship between stress ratio and void ratio is reached in the shear band for a certain normal stress, indicating that a critical state exists in the shear band. It is also found that the thickness and void ratio of the shear band at the critical state decreases with increasing normal stress. Comparison of the DEM simulation results with experimental results provides insight into the shear behavior of a sand-structure interface and offers a means for quantitative modeling of such interfaces based on the critical state soil mechanics.     

影响金属玻璃中剪切带行为的微观机制

论文对金属玻璃发生剪切失稳形成剪切带的行为进行了分析,得到了其发生剪切失稳时的临界自由体积浓度,预测结果与实验观察和模拟结果吻合;利用两种方法对其剪切带厚度进行了预测,结果表明基于剪切失稳临界波长预测金属玻璃剪切带厚度的方法只在发生剪切失稳后极短的时间内有效,对成熟剪切带厚度的预测必须考虑自由体积的扩散效应;考察了金属玻璃的宏微观材料参数对其剪切带厚度的影响及其微观机制,发现金属玻璃剪切带厚度对其宏观材料参数(泊松比)不敏感,对与剪切相变区相关的微结构参数敏感.     

Numerical analysis of shear-band bifurcation

A numerical analysis of bifurcation in shear band pattern is presented to help understand the distributions of the velocity variation in the shear band. Comparison with the results of analytic method indicates that: (1) the critical strain is irrelevant to the relative width of the shear band; (2) the variations along the direction normal to the band have indeed the controlling effect whilst the effect of variations along the tangential direction is negligible. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

On criteria for dynamic adiabatic shear band propagation

In this work, we postulate the physical criterion for dynamic shear band propagation, and based on this assumption, we implement a numerical algorithm and a computation criterion to simulate initiation and propagation of dynamic adiabatic shear bands (ASBs). The physical criterion is based on the hypothesis that material inside the shear band region undergoes a dynamic recrystallization process during deformation under high temperature and high strain-rate conditions. In addition to providing a new perspective to the physics of the adiabatic shearbanding process and identifying material properties that play a crucial role in defining the material's susceptibility to ASBs, the proposed criterion is instrumental in numerical simulations of the propagation of ASBs when multi-physics models are adopted to describe and predict the complex constitutive behavior of ASBs in ductile materials. Systematic and large scale meshfree simulations have been conducted to test and validate the proposed criterion by examining the formation, propagation, and post-bifurcation behaviors of ASBs in two materials, 4340 steel and OFHC copper. The effects of heat conduction, in particular the length scale introduced by heat conduction, are also studied. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental observations and a close agreement is found for various characteristic features of ASBs, such as the shear band width, speed of propagation, and maximum temperature.     

软土的各向异性损伤对剪切带形成的影响

在软土各向异性弹塑性损伤模型的基础上,把小应变模型扩展到有限应变模型,推导出不排水平面应变条件下的剪切带形成条件,分析K0固结状态下各向异性损伤对剪切带形成的影响.以上海软土为例,分析临界状态参数β=0.9时,损伤变量D1,D2的不同组合的剪切角和简单剪切模量与有效平均主应力比(g/p')的关系曲线.计算结果表明,损伤变量越大,越接近不稳定状态,垂直方向损伤对剪切带的影响比水平方向的强烈. 特别指出无论土为横观各向同性损伤的情况,还是各向异性损伤的情况,在本文研究的条件下,不稳定状态(g/p'为最小值)相应两个剪切角约在50°和130°,这对研究弹塑性损伤对剪切带形成与变化有指导意义.     

TC4在动态载荷下的剪切行为研究

使用分离式霍布金森压杆(SHPB)对2种TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)试样(单边剪切试样与双边剪切试样)在应变率104 s-1下进行动态剪切加载，利用SIM D8高速照相系统捕捉了绝热剪切带扩展的整个历程，得到了TC4在拍照时刻的应力应变曲线；使用金相显微镜和SEM扫描电镜对TC4绝热剪切带的微观形貌进行观察，发现绝热剪切带宽度为5~12 μm，断口从韧窝断裂演变为解理断裂，可观测到韧窝状与河流花样断口形貌，但是并未看到相变的发生；对2种试样就产生绝热剪切带的形式与敏感性进行了分析，实验表明双边试样更易产生绝热剪切带；通过高速照相系统的标定换算，得到TC4绝热剪切带产生的临界剪切应变在78%~88%之间。在SHPB动态加载条件下，TC4绝热剪切带的扩展速度在460~1 250 m/s之间，且应变率越高，剪切带扩展越快，扩展平均速度与名义应变率近似呈线性关系；另外，在同一加载速率下，剪切带并不是匀速扩展，其扩展速度随载荷的增加而不断增加。     

绝热剪切损伤和破坏的数值模拟研究

绝热剪切破坏是冲击载荷作用下金属材料中经常出现的一种重要破坏模式,尽管已经在实验中观察到了绝热剪切带内部的损伤现象,但是在理论和计算模型中往往还只是考虑它的热软化效应,对与之伴随的损伤破坏效应却鲜有讨论．该文在前人实验的基础上,提出了一个适用于绝热剪切带内部微孔洞损伤发展的演化方程,并在本构方程中同时考虑了温度和损伤对材料的影响,成功地模拟出了绝热剪切带的热软化效应和损伤破坏效应．     

Shear band formation in thermo-viscoplastic solids under plane strain compression

The plane strain compression of a rectangular block is numerically investigated for the study of dynamic shear band development in thermo-elasto-viscoplastic materials from an internal inhomogeneity. As expected, it plays an important role in triggering the onset of shear, localization as well as thermal softening. And the competition between the strain, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening exists throughout the process. It is found that shear band develops at a 45-degree angle to the compression axis. In the light of given patterns of deformation and temperature, shear band evolution accelerated by thermal softening is retarded by the inertial effects. Interestingly, a similar temperature band is also formed along the trajectory of the localized deformation band. The calculations also show the energy evolution during the coupled thermo-mechanical process of shear band propagation. Finally, the mesh effect is discussed in terms of the numerical results from two different meshes. The project is supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China.     

颗粒材料剪切流动状态转变的环剪试验研究

颗粒材料的剪切流动行为广泛地存在于滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害以及矿物原料传输、泵送等工业过程中.颗粒材料在不同体积分数、剪切速率和应力约束下会表现出不同的流动状态并发生相互转化.对颗粒材料在剪切流动过程中力学特性的研究有助于加深理解其发生不同流动状态的内在机理,为解决相应的颗粒材料问题提供理论依据.为此,本文研制了颗粒材料剪切流动的中型环剪仪,并对颗粒材料在不同法向约束应力和剪切速率下的剪切应力和体积膨胀率进行了测试.结果表明,剪切应力和体积膨胀率均随剪切速率的增大而增大,但增长速率在临界剪切速率处发生转变,使其随剪切速率的平方呈分段式线性增长.通过对颗粒材料在不同剪切速率和惯性数下有效摩擦系数变化趋势的分析,讨论了颗粒材料由慢速流向快速流转化的基本规律,以及在临界剪切速率处发生流动状态转化的内在条件.此外,通过对不同法向应力下临界剪切速率以及快速流动下运动规律的测试,发现临界剪切速率随法向应力的增加而减小,即法向应力可促进颗粒材料由慢速流向快速流的转化,但在快速流动状态下的有效摩擦系数对法向应力不敏感.以上对颗粒材料在不同剪切速率、法向应力下流动状态的环剪试验研究有助于揭示其发生不同流动状态转化的内在机理.      

A NOVEL APPROACH TO TESTING THE DYNAMIC SHEAR RESPONSE OF Ti-6Al-4V

Modifications were made on the traditional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to conduct dynamic shear tests. The shear response of Ti-6Al-4V was acquired at a shear strain rate of 10 4 s 1 by using this modified apparatus. The geometry as well as the clamping mode of the double-notch specimen was optimized by commercial FEM software ABAQUS, and the feasibility of the experiment set-up was validated. A shear stress calibration coefficient of τ = 1.03 and a shear strain calibration coefficient of Γ = 0.50 were obtained.We have employed high-speed photography to record the deformation process, especially the initiation and propagation of adiabatic shear band (ASB), during the dynamic shear test. The frames show that the time duration from ASB initiation to its completion is less than 2 μs, from which we can estimate that the propagation speed of ASB within Ti-6Al-4V is more than 1250 m/s under such loading conditions. The temperature rise within ASB is also estimated to be T 2 ≈ 1460℃ based on energy balance. Such high temperature has led to softening of the material within the ASBs, and has intensified the shear localization and finally resulted in fracture of the material.     

帽型试样动态绝热剪切破坏演化分析

利用分离式霍普金森压杆加载Ta2钛合金扁平闭合帽形受迫剪切试样,结合数字图像相关法和“冻结”试样的微观金相观察,研究剪切区剪切应变的演化、绝热剪切带形成条件等。结果显示：受迫剪切试样在动态加载过程,剪切区剪切应变不断集中,形成绝热剪切带,裂纹沿绝热剪切带发展;随加载率提高,绝热剪切起始临界应变减小;进一步利用数字图像相关法DIC场应变分析及金相微观观测对比,利用卸载回复特性对绝热剪切带起始临界条件进行了讨论,计算的绝热剪切带起始时温升仅为86℃。材料软化可能不是绝热剪切带起始的控制条件,相反是由于绝热剪切带形成造成的应变高度集中发展导致温度急剧升高。     

切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜的破断特性

针对界面切应力协同下受热过冷层流液膜流动的破断过程, 建立了不同气液流向下的临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量的理论模型, 分析了不同驱动力作用下, 接触角、流体温度、界面切应力和壁面热流密度对液膜破断特性的影响. 研究表明: 临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量均随壁面热流密度的增加而增大; 重力驱动下的接触角影响在不同热流密度下有所不同, 流体温度在不同驱动力下对最小润湿量的影响截然相反; 同向切应力驱动下临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量随切应力增加而减小; 在重力和切应力协同驱动下, 同向切应力对最小润湿量的影响与重力和切应力所起作用的相对大小有关, 反向切应力使得临界液膜厚度和最小润湿量有所增大.      

饱和土中剪切带宽度的研究

主要对饱和土在简单剪切和耦合载荷下的剪切带宽进行了理论分析. 在模型中考虑了剪胀、孔压耗散、惯性及孔隙水和土颗粒之间阻力等因素的耦合效应,将有效应力考虑为应变、应变率和孔隙压力的函数. 通过对模型的简化分析得到简单剪切和耦合应力状态下的剪切带宽度的近似计算公式. 分析表明,当土体失稳后,会出现有限厚度的剪切带, 且其形成是一个后期过程,可以忽略惯性效应. 剪切带的厚度依赖于孔隙压力特性和土体骨架的剪胀特性,但是不依赖应力状态. 最后将分析与实验结果进行了对比,在一定程度上,两者是符合的.     

岩土介质中局部化变形研究的一些新进展

岩土中的剪切带产生通常是断裂和失稳的前兆, 常引起滑坡等地 质灾害, 对油气或水合物等矿藏的开采容易导致压实带形成. 压实带的产生使岩土孔隙减小, 颗粒破碎, 从而导致沉陷、对油气的挤压等.本文重点对剪切带的宽度和压实带的研究现状作综述, 阐述在该问题的研究上从微观 观测到宏观表述的重要性. 通过分析, 认为还有如下问题值得研究: 怎样 准确得出局部化变形带的宽度和方向?局部化变形带形成后孔隙水和油气的渗流会发生什么 变化?颗粒层次的微结构特性是通过什么方式影响宏观表现的等等.     

Mode II fracture behavior of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Shear band formation and fracture are characterized during mode II loading of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass. The measured mode II fracture toughness, K_IIc=75±4 MPa√m, exceeds the reported mode I fracture toughness by ∼4 times, suggesting that normal or mean stresses play a significant role in the deformation process at the crack tip. This effect is explained in light of a mean stress modified free volume model for shear localization in metallic glasses. Thermal imaging of deformation at the mode II crack tip further reveals that shear bands initiate, arrest, and reactivate along the same path, indicating that flow in the shear band leads to permanent changes in the glass structure that retain a memory of the shear band path. The measured temperature increase within the shear band is a fraction of a degree. However, heat dissipation models indicate that the temperature could have exceeded the glass transition temperature for less than 1 ms immediately after the shear band formed. It is shown that this time scale is sufficient for mechanical relaxation slightly above the glass transition temperature.     

纵向冲击压缩下LY12铝合金圆环的塑性失稳

通过对铝合金圆环的纵向冲击压缩研究发现,一定条件下在试件的宏观塑性硬化阶段会出现明显的应力降过程。为揭示此应力降的发生机制,对润滑、细磨、粗磨3种端面粗糙条件下,外径、内径和高度比值为6:3:2的LY12铝合金圆环进行系统的Hopkinson压杆纵向冲击实验。结果表明:应力降主要发生在较大的应变和较高的应变率条件。进一步对实验样品的金相观察发现:应力降产生的内在机制为绝热剪切带的形成和发展,此现象是一种动态塑性失稳的过程。以上结果为金属材料在冲击条件下绝热剪切带产生的研究提供了参考。     

不同加载状态下TA2钛合金绝热剪切破坏响应特性

一般认为绝热剪切现象在宏观上表现为材料动态本构失稳,即热软化大于应变硬化.本文采用帽型受迫剪切试样研究TA2钛合金的动态力学特性和本构失稳过程.首先对剪切区加载应力状态进行理论和数值分析,通过合理设计帽型试样,剪切区变形可近似按剪切状态处理;结合二维数字图像相关法(two-dimensional digital image correlation,DIC-2D)直接测试试样剪切区应变演化,给出帽型受迫剪切实验的等效应力-应变响应曲线.进一步,利用Hopkinson压杆对TA2钛合金开展动态压缩及帽型剪切对比试验研究,比较压缩、剪切试验得到的等效应力-应变曲线,采用"冻结"试样方法分析试样中绝热剪切局域化演化过程,探讨不同加载状态下TA2钛合金的绝热剪切破坏现象及其动态力学响应特性.实验结果表明,在塑性变形初始阶段,动态压缩及剪切加载下的等效应力-应变曲线符合较好,但随塑性损伤发展及绝热剪切带形成,两者出现分离,表明损伤及绝热剪切演化过程与应力状态相关.剪切试样实验得到的本构"软化"特性能够反映绝热剪切带起始、破坏演化过程的力学响应特性,而在动态压缩实验中,即使试样中已出现双锥形的绝热剪切带及局部裂纹分布,其表观等效应力-应变曲线并不出现软化特征,动态压缩实验无法得到关于绝热剪切起始、发展以及破坏的本构软化响应特性.     

The formation of multiple adiabatic shear bands

In a previous paper, Zhou et al. [2006. A numerical methodology for investigating adiabatic shear band formation. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 54, 904-926] developed a numerical method for analyzing one-dimensional deformation of thermoviscoplastic materials. The method uses a second order algorithm for integration along characteristic lines, and computes the plastic flow after complete localization with high resolution and efficiency. We apply this numerical scheme to analyze localization in a thermoviscoplastic material where multiple shear bands are allowed to form at random locations in a large specimen. As a shear band develops, it unloads neighboring regions and interacts with other bands. Beginning with a random distribution of imperfections, which might be imagined as arising qualitatively from the microstructure, we obtain the average spacing of shear bands through calculations and compare our results with previously existing theoretical estimates. It is found that the spacing between nucleating shear bands follows the perturbation theory due to Wright and Ockendon [1996. A scaling law for the effect of inertia on the formation of adiabatic shear bands. Int. J. Plasticity 12, 927-934], whereas the spacing between mature shear bands is closer to that predicted by the momentum diffusion theory of Grady and Kipp [1987. The growth of unstable thermoplastic shear with application to steady-wave shock compression in solids. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 35, 95-119]. Scaling laws for the dependence of band spacing on material parameters differ in many respects from either theory.     

The mechanical condition of shear band bifurcation

Based on the understanding of the role played by the strain-softening effect in the formation of shear band bifurcation, this paper investigates (a) What is the most favourable condition that stimulates the occurrence of shear band? (b) With what model and characterizing parameters can the curved type of band bifurcation be simulated?