Stationary states of an electron in the field of a hole in an ionic crystal

An approximate solution is given of the Schrödinger equation for S-states of an electron in the field of a hole, when the potential energy of the electron has the form — e²/r [1+exp (–qr].

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s- , –e²/r [1+exp (–qr].

     

Quantitative method for determination of fibre texture in wires I. Principle of method and analytical expression of absorption factor

An X-ray diffraction method is described for the quantitative determination of the fibre texture in cylindrical specimens (wires), which does not require specimen preparation. The integrated intensity of the diffracted radiation from a certain atomic plane is measured in the direction parallel to the plane determined by the axis of the wire and by the direct beam for different orientations of the axis of the wire. These measurements can be carried out in practice using an X-ray counter diffractometer or Weissenberg goniometer. The pole figure is determined from the dependence of the diffracted intensity on the orientation of the wire after correcting the intensities for the absorption of radiation in the specimen. The geometric arrangement enables the absorption factor to be calculated analytically. Its form was verified experimentally by measuring the dependence of the intensity of the 220 reflection on the orientation of the axis of a cylindrical specimen of Al containing randomly oriented crystals.

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I.

( ), . , , , . . , . . 220 .

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The author wishes to thank Z. iký for help in carrying out the measurements and calculations.     

An experiment to test an explanation of a possible violation of quantum theory

An experiment to test a possible explanation of the Schmidt backwards causation results is suggested. The experiment might distinguish between many- and one- world interpretations of quantum theory.     

The conceptual analysis (CA) method in theories of microchannels: Application to quantum theory. Part I. Fundamental concepts

A method is proposed that should facilitate the construction of theories of submicroscopic particles (denoted as theories of microchannels) in a way similar to the use of group-theoretical methods. The conceptual analysis (CA) method is based on the analysis of the basic concepts of a theory; it permits a determination of necessary conditions imposed on the mathematical apparatus (of the theory) which then appear as a mathematical representation of the structures obtained in a formal scheme of a theory. A pertinent conceptual analysis leads to a new definition (relativization) of the concept empirical implication. The approach may be characterized as realistic and operational. The application of the CA method is illustrated on the example of quantum theory. In Part I the algebraic structure of a partially ordered, up-ward directed, bounded set is deduced from the rudimentary concepts. In Parts II and III, we shall deduce the Hilbert-space structure (well established in quantum mechanics) from postulates on some essential idealizations accepted in the theory. Whereas Part II is concerned with the idealizations of existing quantum theories based on the Hilbert-space formalism, Part I may be considered as a general basis for a wider class of theories.Dedicated to Prof. G. Ludwig on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

The temperature vibrations of urea molecules

The structural and dynamic parameters of urea at 112°K and 295°K were determined by the least squares method. The characteristic temperature of the torsional optical vibrations of a molecule about a C-O bond was determined and is in good agreement with the value determined by Raman scattering. The fractional X-coordinate of the nitrogen atom corrected for torsional vibrations was determined and it was found that the magnitude of the projection of the C-N bond in the given temperature range changes only within the limits of observational errors. A new method, called temperature difference synthesis, is described and it is shown that it is suitable for rapid qualitative determination of the thermal anisotropy of the vibrations of atoms in a crystal lattice.

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112°K 295°K. C-O , , . X- , C-N . , , , .

     

One-dimensional harmonic lattice caricature of hydrodynamics: Second approximation

The long-time behavior of an infinite chain of coupled harmonic oscillators is studied. In addition to a limiting hydrodynamic (Euler-type) equation, the next approximation is investigated. The corresponding equation is derived.     

Four-parametric regular black hole solution

We present a regular class of exact black hole solutions of the Einstein equations coupled with a nonlinear electrodynamics source. For weak fields the nonlinear electrodynamics becomes the Maxwell theory, and asymptotically the solutions behave as the Reissner–Nordström one. The class is endowed with four parameters, which can be thought of as the mass m, charge q, and a sort of dipole and quadrupole moments and , respectively. For 3, 4, and |q|2s _c m the corresponding solutions are regular charged black holes. For = 3, they also satisfy the weak energy condition. For = = 0 we recover the Reissner–Nordström singular solution and for = 3, = 4 the family includes a previous regular black hole reported by the authors.     

The distribution of ions and their valencies in manganese ferrites I. MnFe2O4+γ ferrites

A model for the distribution of cations in the spinel lattice of manganese ferrites MnFe₂O₄₊ was elaborated on the basis of the experimental studies of the basic magnetic quantities, electrical conductivity and magnetic relaxation of the given ferrites, taking into consideration their crystallographic properties. The conclusions following from this model are in good agreement with the experimental results obtained by us and by other authors both for stoichiometric manganese ferrite and for a ferrite where 0.

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I. MnFe₂O₄₊

, MnFe₂O₄₊ . , , , , , 0.

     

Systems with outer constraints. Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism as an algebraic field theory

Since there are some important systems which have constraints not contained in their field algebras, we develop here in aC*-context the algebraic structures of these. The constraints are defined as a groupG acting as outer automorphisms on the field algebra , :G Aut , _G Inn , and we find that the selection ofG-invariant states on is the same as the selection of states onM(G ) by (U _g)=1gG, whereU _g M (G )/ are the canonical elements implementing _g . These states are taken as the physical states, and this specifies the resulting algebraic structure of the physics inM(G ), and in particular the maximal constraint free physical algebra . A nontriviality condition is given for to exist, and we extend the notion of a crossed product to deal with a situation whereG is not locally compact. This is necessary to deal with the field theoretical aspect of the constraints. Next theC*-algebra of the CCR is employed to define the abstract algebraic structure of Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism in the present framework. The indefinite inner product representation structure is obtained, and this puts Gupta-Bleuler electromagnetism on a rigorous footing. Finally, as a bonus, we find that the algebraic structures just set up, provide a blueprint for constructive quadratic algebraic field theory.     

Локалъная чувствите лъностъ фотокатодов фотоумножителей

. . .

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The local sensitivity of photo-multiplier photo-cathodes

The influence of the non-uniform distribution of the sensitivity of a photo-multiplier photo-cathode on the spectrum shape of the output pulses from a scintillation detector is studied. Methods of scanning the local sensitivity and determining its distribution function are described. The theory was compared qualitatively with measurement on a slow-neutron detector from a mixture of zinc sulphate and boric acid.

     

КРУЧЕНИЕ ПРИЗМАТИЧЕ СКИХ СТЕРЖНЕЙ ШВЕЛЛЕ РНОГО ПОПЕРЕЧНОГО СЕЧЕНИЯ

- [3], [4], U(x, y) . - U(x, y) -, . B § 10 - . , - , - D, . - .     

Three variations in the intensity of cosmic radiation in the first half of 1958

The time courses are given of three variations in the intensity of cosmic radiation, which occurred in the first half of 1958. The measuring apparatus is described and the energies of the particles recorded a reestimated. The paper is the partial result of systematic measurements of the intensity of cosmic radiation carried out in Czechoslovakia in the International Geophysical Year.

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1958

, 1958 . . , .

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The authors heartily thank the Institute of Geomagnetism in Krasnaja Pachra, near Moscow, and especially its director, Prof. M. B. Pukov, and Dr Ju. M. Kopylov for the neutron counters.The authors wish to thank Prof. V. Petrílka, corresponding member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, and Prof. L. Jurkiewicz, from the Academy of Mining and Heavy Industry in Cracow for help in the work and Academician J. Novák, who made possible the numerical evaluation of the data in the Mathematical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Especial thanks go to F. Pilát and B. Slavík for their great help in setting up the apparatus and to all colleagues who took part in the measurements.     

Exact distribution of cluster size and perimeter for two-dimensional percolation

Exact series expansion data of Sykes et al. are used to calculate the average numberc _n and perimeters _n of clusters of sizen20 in the site percolation problem for the triangular, square, and honeycomb lattice. At the percolation thresholdp _n we find a sharply peaked distribution of perimeterss _n with mean s _n =((1–p _n )/p _c )n+O(n ) and width s _n ² –S _n ²n ^1.6 where1/=0.39. This perimeter s _n should not be interpreted as a cluster surface in the usual sense. Two tests confirm the universality hypothesis with reasonable accuracy. The asymptotic decay of the cluster numbersc _n withn is consistent with the postulated asymmetry aboutp _c : logc _n –n forn with1 forp<p _c and1/2 forp>p _c .     

Analyticity properties of the surface free energy of the Ising model

For an Ising ferromagnet with nearest-neighbour interactions of strengthK and surface magnetic fieldh, the surface free energy in the presence of a positively (or negatively) magnetized zero-field bulk phase is shown to be analytic inh for Reh<K–/, where =2.96 ... and is the inverse temperature. This puts the lower boundK–/ on the values ofh at which wetting and layering transitions can take place.     

The quantum efficiency of the internal photo-electric effect in indium antimonide

A method is described for measuring the relative quantum efficiency of the internal photo-electric effect in semi-conductors by simultaneously measuring the photo-magnetoelectric and photo-conductive effect. The results of measurements on indium antimonide are given. The quantum efficiency begins to increase if the energy of the photon exceeds 0·47 eVat room temperature. The quantum efficiency as a function of the energy of the photon is analysed on the basis of the conception of impact ionization and it is shown that a study of the structure of this curve can supply information on the, band structure of a semi-conductor in the region of high energies of electrons and holes.

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. . , 0,47 eV . , .

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The authors thank M. Závtová and M. Vantuchová for efficient help with the measurements, K. mirous and V. Vrchovská for preparing the material, E. Antoník for critical remarks and M. Matyá and A. Müller for determining the constants of the material.     

Определение средней величины кристаллик ов кварца И графита на основани и первичной экстинкц ии

— —10 ^–4 —10 ^–2 . , . , , , , , .     

ПРОВОДИМОСТЬ СРЕДНЕ Й ЧАСТИ КАНАЛА КОНДЕНСИРОВАННЫХ РА ЗРНДОВ

. , . . - , 500 10 000 30 500 . - , .     

Change in primary extinction during decomposition of supersaturated solid solution II. Al-Cu 4% alloy-formation of G.P. zones

The change in integrated intensity of the (200) reflections of a solid solution during the formation of G.P. zones was measured and compared with the change in the character of the diffuse streaks corresponding to them. It was found that the. formation of G.P. zones does not lead to a decrease in primary extinction despite the great changes in the distribution of the copper atoms. It was shown that the formation of a precipitate accompanied by the formation of crystallographically incoherent boundaries greatly decreases the primary extinction.

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. II. 1-u 4%: [. . ]

(200) . . , . , . . , . , , , .

     

ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЕ И ХАРА КТЕР ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ПЛАСТИНОК AgBr

AgBr . , .