Recent developments in fiber optics in the United States

This paper reviews recent developments of fiber optics technology and applications in the United States. The major application of fiber optics in the world is in telecommunications, and the United States represents 40% of this world market. In 1986, U.S. telecommunications companies, mainly telephone companies, will invest $24 billion dollars in new telephone plants. Of this, approximately 4% will be invested in fiber optics. These telephony applications represent approximately 80–90% of the total fiber optics equipment market. The remaining market is divided among a number of applications such as local area networks (LAN), military data links, CATV, and process control. Each of these applications is discussed and factors affecting the use of fiber optics are analyzed.     

Recent developments in fiber optics in the United States

This paper reviews recent developments of fiber optics technology and applications in the United States. The major application of fiber optics in the world is in telecommunications, and the United States represents 40% of this world market. In 1986, U.S. telecommunications companies, mainly telephone companies, will invest $24 billion dollars in new telephone plants. Of this, approximately 4% will be invested in fiber optics. These telephony applications represent approximately 80-90% of the total fiber optics equipment market. The remaining market is divided among a number of applications such as local area networks (LAN), military data links, CATV, and process control. Each of these applications is discussed and factors affecting the use of fiber optics are analyzed.     

Worldwide business opportunities in fiber optic communications

The world market for fiber optic intelligence transmission systems is forecast through I990 and segmented according to the geographical regions of production and demand. The total world market forecast is also segmented according to end-industry application. Fiber optic component markets are forecast and price trends are reviewed. The most significant future developments in components are discussed. The major business opportunities are outlined and the possible threats to development of a viable market are reviewed.     

Worldwide business opportunities in fiber optic communications

Abstract

The world market for fiber optic intelligence transmission systems is forecast through I990 and segmented according to the geographical regions of production and demand. The total world market forecast is also segmented according to end-industry application. Fiber optic component markets are forecast and price trends are reviewed. The most significant future developments in components are discussed. The major business opportunities are outlined and the possible threats to development of a viable market are reviewed.     

Fiber optics to the year 2000

Trends in fiber optic component performance and price are forecasted from 1980 through 2000. The worldwide program value which will develop from fiber optics availability is projected. Fiber optic advantages and driving forces are outlined. The impact of fiber optics technology on the demand for broadband equipment, such as video telephone and facsimile, is forecasted through 2000. The various applications for fiber optics are discussed.     

Some thoughts on the elative strengths of U. S. and foreign fiber optics industries

The intent of this paper is to present some personal observations on the relative strength of U.S. and foreign fiber optics industries. Most of the paper is devoted to a comparison of the Japanese and the American strengths, since these two countries seem to be most active in the field. The potential world market is huge, and this has led to intense competition between countries with highly developed technology.     

Network survivability analysis

Advances in fiber optic and local area network (LAN) technologies are providing system designers with many new options for interconnecting computer equipment. A recurring problem for military system designers, who are end-users of a LAN standard, is implementing LANs so that the survivability, reliability, maintainability, and availability (SRMA) of a system is maximized. LAN standards working groups are currently making design decisions about topologies, components, and protocols that directly affect the SRMA of the end-user's system. This article focuses on a new analytic technique, called “network survivability analysis,” that provides the mathematical tools needed to compare the survivability of arbitrary network topologies. For background, several network metrics are described and their limitations for LAN standards development identified. Network survivability is defined, and several token-passing ring case examples are analyzed. The primary strength of network survivability analysis is that it can be used to provide a quantitative comparison among LAN topologies without knowledge of the end-user's equipment, systems, or environments.     

光纤白光干涉技术的回顾与展望

光纤白光干涉技术与方法是光纤技术领域中独具特色的一种测量方法和传感技术,是光纤技术多领域交叉应用中较为有代表性的一个分支.该项技术在宽谱光干涉特性研究、绝对形变光纤传感测量、光波导器件的结构及其对光波反射特性参量的检测、光纤陀螺环中光偏振态横向耦合测量与评估以及医学临床诊断的组织结构形态的光学层析技术等方面,都具有广泛...     

Four entangled photons generation using weak light and an all fiber optic scheme for multi-entangled photons generation

This paper proposes a simple scheme of four entangled photons generation using a pulse of weak light input into a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) incorporating a fiber optic ring resonator (FORR) without any optical pumping components included in the system. After a pair of entangled photon has been generated by a four-wave mixing of weak light pulse in the FORR [P.P. Yupapin, S. Suchat, Entangled photon generation using fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer incorporating the nonlinear effect in a fiber ring resonator, Journal of Nanophotonics (JNP) 1 (2007) 013504], four and eight entangled photons can be performed. In application, the multi-entangled states can be formed using the appropriated coupling ratios into a fiber coupler. The effect of the entangled state walk-off along the optical fiber is discussed.     

Network survivability analysis

Advances in fiber optic and local area network (LAN) technologies are providing system designers with many new options for interconnecting computer equipment. A recurring problem for military system designers, who are end-users of a LAN standard, is implementing LANs so that the survivability, reliability, maintainability, and availability (SRMA) of a system is maximized. LAN standards working groups are currently making design decisions about topologies, components, and protocols that directly affect the SRMA of the end-user's system. This article focuses on a new analytic technique, called “network survivability analysis,” that provides the mathematical tools needed to compare the survivability of arbitrary network topologies. For background, several network metrics are described and their limitations for LAN standards development identified. Network survivability is defined, and several token-passing ring case examples are analyzed. The primary strength of network survivability analysis is that it can be used to provide a quantitative comparison among LAN topologies without knowledge of the end-user's equipment, systems, or environments.     

Low-cost,high performance optoelectronic components for antenna remoting

We describe a demonstration of a system in which we incorporated components developed as part of the DARPA Analog Optoelectronic Module Technology Project (TRP). The goal of the TRP program was to bring to manufacturability fiber optic components whose specifications are adequate for both military and commercial applications but whose cost is substantially less than the presently available components. We demonstrated the functionality of the TRP components by using them in a fiber optic link designed to replace one of the coaxial cables that perform antenna remoting in a phased array. For this antenna remoting demonstration, we used an existing linear array at the Makaha Ridge, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Facility. Ordinarily, each subarray is connected to the programmable array computers in the control trailer with coaxial cable. The performance of the array with all coaxial cables connected to each subarray was compared to the case with one of the coaxial cables replaced by the fiber optic link. The results showed no degradation in the performance of the linear array with the TRP fiber optic link replacing one of the remoting coaxial cables.     

Development of proposed federal standard 1070: 62.5/125-μm graded-index,multimode optical fiber waveguides for on-premises applications

This paper describes a process that has been successful in generating a specification to guide the user community in the procurement of single-size, multimode optical fiber for on-premises applications. This process began with an attempt to adopt an industry standard as a federal standard that would eliminate a multiplicity of choices available from the marketplace. The initial EIA-458-A Standard contained four “preferred” sizes. Discussions both in a government standards committee and in an applications-oriented industry (EIA) working group indicated the desirability of recommending a single fiber size. The process by which the industry committee selected the 62.5-μm core diameter/125-μm cladding diameter multimode fiber is presented.

The next element of the process was that of selecting the appropriate standard performance measures and attributes that would assure minimum performance of graded parameters such as attenuation and bandwidth, as well as a uniform specification of the product. The vehicle selected for this specification was the EIA 492-Series Generic, Sectional, and Blank Detail Specifications. Inputs were solicited from all of the identified U.S. manufacturers of this fiber size. Those inputs were coordinated and integrated into a detail specification, which is now being circulated by the EIA on a standards proposal ballot. After ballot approval, it will be published as an ANSIIEIA standard specification. Similar work has been initiated to develop a detail specification for fiber optic cables based on a related set (472-Series) of EIA specifications.

The process of developing a detail specification that assures conformance of the product to dimensional and strength tolerances as well as performance measures requires considerable coordination and iteration. No proprietary information or processes are contained in the specification so that the industry participants are free to compete on price and performance as long as compliance with the specification can be demonstrated.     

Some thoughts on the elative strengths of U. S. and foreign fiber optics industries

Abstract

The intent of this paper is to present some personal observations on the relative strength of U.S. and foreign fiber optics industries. Most of the paper is devoted to a comparison of the Japanese and the American strengths, since these two countries seem to be most active in the field. The potential world market is huge, and this has led to intense competition between countries with highly developed technology.     

Development of proposed federal standard 1070: 62.5/125-μm graded-index, multimode optical fiber waveguides for on-premises applications

This paper describes a process that has been successful in generating a specification to guide the user community in the procurement of single-size, multimode optical fiber for on-premises applications. This process began with an attempt to adopt an industry standard as a federal standard that would eliminate a multiplicity of choices available from the marketplace. The initial EIA-458-A Standard contained four “preferred” sizes. Discussions both in a government standards committee and in an applications-oriented industry (EIA) working group indicated the desirability of recommending a single fiber size. The process by which the industry committee selected the 62.5-μm core diameter/125-μm cladding diameter multimode fiber is presented.

The next element of the process was that of selecting the appropriate standard performance measures and attributes that would assure minimum performance of graded parameters such as attenuation and bandwidth, as well as a uniform specification of the product. The vehicle selected for this specification was the EIA 492-Series Generic, Sectional, and Blank Detail Specifications. Inputs were solicited from all of the identified U.S. manufacturers of this fiber size. Those inputs were coordinated and integrated into a detail specification, which is now being circulated by the EIA on a standards proposal ballot. After ballot approval, it will be published as an ANSIIEIA standard specification. Similar work has been initiated to develop a detail specification for fiber optic cables based on a related set (472-Series) of EIA specifications.

The process of developing a detail specification that assures conformance of the product to dimensional and strength tolerances as well as performance measures requires considerable coordination and iteration. No proprietary information or processes are contained in the specification so that the industry participants are free to compete on price and performance as long as compliance with the specification can be demonstrated.     

Transmission System for Broadband Analog Signals Using External Modulation of Optical Radiation

Fiber optic communication lines on the basis of the Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator can be used in studies of pulsed plasma for transmission of signals from detectors to data acquisition equipment. In this study, a system for transmission of nanosecond signals over fiber optic cables in the ranges of 1550 and 850 nm is demonstrated. A chronographic electro-optical detector is used for recording the signals in the range of 850 nm.     

Passive fiber-optic components made by the fused biconical taper process

The rapid development and deployment of optical fiber for a variety of applications has resulted in a similarly rapid development of myriad components to effectively utilize the fiber. Thus, for example, significant work has been done over the past several years in the development of sources and detectors, connectors, and splices. These components share the common trait of being external to the fiber and hence not part of the fiber per se. Another class of components, however, is made from the fiber itself. A number of components, such as polarizers, analyzers, and mode or wavelength filters, require only simple bending of the fiber in a specified manner. On the other hand, such techniques as polishing, etching, and heating can also be used to alter the transmission properties of the fiber.

While a number of interesting devices have been made by these procedures, the present paper is limited to devices made by the biconical taper process. If a fiber is heated and stretched, a biconical taper is formed, which can significantly alter the transmission characteristics of the fiber. Interesting wavelength filters and sensors can be made with single tapers or combinations of tapers. Moreover, if two or more tapered fibers are fused, then coupling of light from one fiber to another can be achieved. The tapering and fusing processes can be used to make wavelength-enhanced couplers, which can be used as wavelength-division multiplexers or nearly wavelength-independent couplers or splitters.

In this paper, we discuss the components made by the biconical taper process, their fabrication, in both theory and practice, and their performance. Practical implementations of these components are also discussed, including their manufacturability and reliability.     

Metro Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Metro Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has been touted by its proponents as the future of optical telecommunications in the metro market. But is it? Its proponents have presented it as a natural extension of long haul DWDM into the metro network. But can Metro DWDM be cost justified and, if so, under what conditions? Whether and to what extent the economics of metro DWDM will change over time are other major questions certain to affect materially the acceptance of metro DWDM and thus the market opportunity for manufacturers of metro DWDM equipment. Finally, questions concerning regional variations in the market opportunity for Metro DWDM equipment must be answered.     

Optically and non-optically excited thermography for composites: A review

Composites, such as glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and adhesive bonding are being increasingly used in fields of aerospace, renewable energy, civil and architecture, and other industries. Flaws and damages are inevitable during either fabrication or lifetime of composites structures or components. Thus, nondestructive testing (NDT) are extremely required to prevent failures and to increase reliability of composite structures or components in both manufacture and in-service inspection. Infrared thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, pulsed phase thermography, and lock-in thermography have shown the great potential and advantages. Besides conventional optical thermography, other sources such as laser, eddy current, microwave, and ultrasound excited thermography are drawing increasingly attentions for composites. In this work, a fully, in-depth and comprehensive review of thermography NDT techniques for composites inspection was conducted based on an orderly and concise literature survey and detailed analysis. Firstly, basic concepts for thermography NDT were defined and introduced, such as volume heating thermography. Next, the developments of conventional optic, laser, eddy current, microwave, and ultrasound thermography for composite inspection were reviewed. Then, some case studies for scanning thermography were also reviewed. After that, the strengths and limitations of thermography techniques were concluded through comparison studies. At last, some research trends were predicted. This work containing critical overview, detailed comparison and extensive list of references will disseminates knowledge between users, manufacturers, designers and researchers involved in composite structures or components inspection by means of thermography NDT techniques.     

A data broadband fiber for local access systems

This article focuses on the application of optical fiber technology to meet the needs of local network communication systems. To put the technology in perspective, a brief evolution of fiber optics is provided. The evolution resulted in wide acceptance of fiber optics in telephony applications. Also reviewed is the impact of fiber on local networks, fiber optic components, emerging LAN (local area network) system trends, and the most cost-effective fiber for use in local network applications.     

A data broadband fiber for local access systems

This article focuses on the application of optical fiber technology to meet the needs of local network communication systems. To put the technology in perspective, a brief evolution of fiber optics is provided. The evolution resulted in wide acceptance of fiber optics in telephony applications. Also reviewed is the impact of fiber on local networks, fiber optic components, emerging LAN (local area network) system trends, and the most cost-effective fiber for use in local network applications.