Estimation of Critical Temperature of Thermal Explosion for Trinitromethyl Explosives by Non-isothermal DSC

Two general expressions and their six derived formulae for estimating the critical temperature(Tb) of thermal explosion for energetic materials(EMs) were derived from the Semenov’s thermal explosion theory and eight non-isothermal kinetic equations via reasonable hypothesis. We can easily obtain the values of the initial temperature(T0i) at which DSC curve deviates from the baseline of the non-isothermal DSC curve of EMs, the onset temperature(Tei), the exothermic decomposition reaction kinetic parameters and the values of T00 and Te0 from the equation T0i or ei=T00 or e0+α1βi+α2βi2+···+αL–2βiL–2, i=1, 2, ···, L and then calculate the values of Tb by means of the six derived formulae. The results obtained with the six derived calculating methods for six trinitromethyl explosives: bis(2,2,2- trinitroethyl-N-nitro) ethylene diamine(BTNEDA), 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-4,4,4-trinitrobutyrate(TNETB), bis(2,2,2- trinitroethyl) formal(BNTF), bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl-nitramine)(BTNNA), 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-2,2,2-trinitroethyl-N- nitroamino acetate(TNTNNA) and tetrakis [2,2,2-trinitroethyl] orthoester(TTNOE) agree well with each other.     

Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of PET Under Solid State Poly condensation

An equation of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics was derived according to a new model and the crystallizations of both the PET samples under solid state polycon-densation and the pre-orientation yarn of high speeding spinning PET were studied with this equation. The results show that there is a good linear relationship between In {-In[1-X(T)]} and lnΦ. The index m in the equation approximately equals to 3 for PET chips and 1. 3 for pre-orientated yarn. At the same temperature, Q(T) decreases with the increase of PET M. W. and the kinetics parameters obtained by Jeziorny' s method indicate that G also decreases with the increase of PET M. W.. Q(T) and Gc show the same varying tendency in the non-isothermal crystallization process.     

MIX-ISOCHRON AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN ISOTOPIC CHRONOLOGY

This paper presents a theoretical study in an attempt to modify the isochron theory. It isshown that isochrons can be obtained for closed systems provided the following linear condition ismet at the initial moment: I_0 = KR_0 + d, where both K and d are constants, R and I standfor the parent and daughter isotopic ratios, respectively. Isochrons established in this way aretermed generalized isochrons, with their equation as I = [(K + 1) e~(2t)--1]R + d. Isochronswith uniform initial isotopic ratios (i. e. when K = 0) are called special isochrons; and isochronsobtained from binary-mixing systems, named mix-isochrons, are typical examples of generalizedisochrons. Age calculated from a mix-isochron is excessively high when K>0 and low while K<0.The intercept of a mix-isochron bears no association with isotopic initial values, thus named pseudo-initial values, which are anomalously high when K<0 and low while K>0, sometimes even lowerthan the initial ratio of the earth, e.g. BABI for Sr isotope ratio. The pr     

Kinetics of the Exothermic Decomposition Reaction of N-Methyl-N-nitro-2,2,2- trinitroethanamine

The thermal behavior and kinetic parameters of the exothermic decomposition reaction of N-methyl-N-nitro-2,2,2-trinitroethanamine in a temperature-programmed mode have been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The kinetic equation of the exothermic decomposition process of the compound is proposed. The values of the apparent activation energy (Ea), pre-exponential factor (A), entropy of activation (ΔS^≠ ), enthalpy of activation (ΔH^≠ ), and free energy of activation (ΔG^≠ ) of this reaction and the critical temperature of thermal explosion of the compound are reported. Information is obtained on the mechanism of the initial stage of the thermal decomposition of the compound.     

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Copper(Ⅱ) onto a New Fe-Si Adsorbent

A new kind of Fe-Si adsorbent was synthesized by iron oxide and diatomite after calcining and hydrothermal process. The influences of the initial Cu2+ concentration, p H and adsorption time on the Cu2+ removal efficiency were discussed. Three adsorption empirical kinetics equations and two thermodynamics equations were used to simulate the adsorption process. The microstructures of newly developed copper removal materials and properties of copper removal are characterized in details by SEM and EDS. Adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent was discussed. The suitable p H value for Cu2+ removal is 5.0 to 6.0 and the adsorption capacity increases with increasing the initial Cu2+ concentration. The adsorption kinetics of the adsorbent could be better described by pseudo second order kinetic model, whereas the adsorption isotherms highly conform to the Freundlich equation. The main crystalline phase of the adsorbent is Fe(Si O3) which can build porous structures conducive to the Cu2+ adsorption.     

THE OVERALL KINETICS OF FREE RADICAL (CO)POLYMERIZATION WITH HIGHLY DIFFUSION CONTROLLED TERMINATION

The overall reaction rate kinetics of polymerization of diethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and copolymerization of it with styrene in bulk and in the presence of inert diluents were investigated. Theresults indicated that these reactions can be treated as free radical polymerization with highly diffu-sion controlled termination reaction in which the termination rate constant is an empirically derivedfunction of monomer conversion: K_t=K_(to)(1-c ln[M]/ [M_0])~(-1) in which K_(to) is the initial terminationrate constant and c is a factor related to the magnitude of diffusion co?re The following equationof monomer conversion as a function of time could then be derived: U=1-exp {1/c [1-(1+ckt/2)~2]}in which k=K_P(R_i/2K_(to))~(1/2) and t is the time of reaction. Excellent agreement between the theoreticaland experimental overall reaction kinetic curves was obtained. The equation is valid for crosslinkingand noncrosslinking free radical polymerizations in which the self-acceleration effcct is effective fromthe very beginning of the reaction. The equation can be expressed in a more generally applicableform: U=1--exp{1/e[1--(1+?t/n)~n] in which n≥0.     

Stress-induced Solid-Solid Crystal Transition in Trans-1,4-polyisoprene

The polymorphic transition of trans-1,4-polyisoprene(TPI) during stretching was investigated by in situ wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The influences of the initial structure, stretching temperature, and strain rate on the contents of different crystal modifications(α, β) were explored. The results confirm that the α-β transition occurs during stretching of TPI that only contains αcrystal(α-TPI). When the stress is relaxed, the β crystal formed during stretching remains, which indicates that the transition is irreversible. On the other hand, stretching of TPI that only contains β crystal(β-TPI) results in orientated β crystal. No β-α transition occurs during stretching. The different structures of stretched α-TPI and β-TPI exclude the previously proposed "melting-recrystallization mechanism". The α-β transition depends significantly on temperature and strain rate, indicating the transition is governed both by thermodynamics and kinetics. Our results support a solid-solid transition mechanism rather than a melting-recrystallization mechanism. The irreversible nature of the transition is attributed to the metastability of the β phase in the unstretched state. Different from the "β phases" that appear in polymers with stress-induced reversible transitions, e.g. poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene succinate), the stability of β phase in TPI is high that can be long-lived.The strain rate dependence of α-β transition hinders the determination of critical stress for the transition. It further indicates that the local stress within the sample is more heterogeneous at higher strain rates.     

The polarization dependent differential cross sections of the reactions:H+LiH~+(v=0,j=0)→H_2+Li~+ and H~++ LiH(v=0,j=0)→H_2~++Li

<正>Quasi-classical trajectory(QCT) calculations have been carried out to study the generalized polarization dependent differentialcross sections(PDDCSs) for the reactions H + LiH~+(v = 0,j = 0)→H_2 + Li~+ and H~+ + LiH(v = 0,j = 0)→H_2~+ + Li occurring onthe two lowest-lying electronic states of the LiH_2~+ system,using the ab initio potential energy surfaces(PESs) of Martinazzo et al.[3].Four PDDCSs,i.e.,(2π/σ)(dσ_(00)/dω_t),(2π/σ)(dσ_(20)/dω_t),(2π/σ)(dσ_(22+)/dω_t),(2π/σ)(dσ_(21-)/dω_t) have been discussed in detail.     

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermoanalysis of o-vanillin-ethylenediamine Schiff Base Copper( Ⅱ ) Complex

The crystal structure of the title compound [Cu (o-vanillin-ethylenediamine) (H2O)] is described. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbn21 with formula = CuC18H20N2O5, cell dimensions are: a = 0.7490(3) nm, b = 0.9256(2) nm, c=2. 4691(6) nm, V=1.712 nm3, Z = 4, Dc=l.51 g/cm3. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of the complex was studied under the non-isothermal condition by TG. Kinetic parameters were obtained from the analysis of the TG, DTG curves by integral and differential methods. By comparison of the kinetic parameters, the most probable mechanism function is f(α) = (3/2) (1-α)[-ln(1-α)]1/3, and the mathematical expression for the kinetic compensation effect is lnA = 0. 201E+0. 531.     

Thermal Behavior, Non-isothermal Decomposition Reaction Kinetics of Copper(Ⅱ) Salt of 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyridine and Its Application in Propellant

The thermal behavior and kinetic parameters of the major exothermic decomposition reaction of the title compound in a temperature-programmed mode were studied by means of TG-DTG and DSC. The critical temperature of thermal explosion was calculated. The effect of the title compound on the combustion characteristic of composition modifier double base propellant containing RDX was explored with a strand burner. The results show that the kinetic model function in differential forms, the apparent activation energy(Ea) and the pre-exponential factor(A) of the major exothermic decomposition reaction are 3(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]2/3, 190.56 kJ/mol and 1013.39 s-1, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion of the compound is 353.08 ℃. The kinetic equation of the major exothermic decomposition process of the title compound at 0.1 MPa could be expressed as dα/dT=1014.65(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]2/3 e-2.2920×104/T. As an auxiliary catalyzer, the title compound can help the main catalyzer of lead salt of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyridine to accelerate the burning rate and reduce the pressure exponent of RDX-CMDB propellant.     

α-甘氨酸晶体的动态磁手性和磁电效应

利用变温直流磁化率测定, 在外加磁场强度为依1 T, 磁场平行于晶体b轴, 发现在301-302 K α-甘氨酸有动态磁手性相变. α-甘氨酸晶体的每个晶胞包含四个分子, 属于具有中心对称结构的P21/n群, 电荷中心对称, 不导电. 在晶体中, 两层之间的N+(3)—H(8)…O(1)和N+(3)—H(8)…O(2)氢键, 沿b轴相互交叉反向配对排列. 在303 K, 用原子力显微镜可观察到α-甘氨酸晶体表面分子层与层间有规则的交叉螺旋排列. 结合中子衍射确定相变机制为, 在相变温度及外加磁场H=±1 T时, α-甘氨酸中的N+(3)—H(8),电子自旋反转为(↑). 因为N+(3)—H(8)…O(1)和N+(3)—H(8)…O(2)两反向氢键的强度和键角不同, 由动态磁手性和磁电效应, 产生电荷中心不对称, 导致304 K附近的热电相变.     

1,3,3-三硝基氮杂环丁烷的热安全性

借助不同加热速率(β)的非等温DSC曲线离开基线的初始温度(T₀)、onset温度(T_e)和峰顶温度(T_p), Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得的热分解反应的表观活化能(E_k和E_O)和指前因子(A_k), Hu-Zhao-Gao方程ln β_i＝ln[A₀/(b_{e0 or p0}G(α))]＋   b_{e0 or p0}T_{ei or pi}求得的b_{e0 or p0}, Zhao-Hu-Gao方程ln β_i＝ln[A₀/((a_{e0 or p0}＋1)G(α))]＋(a_{e0 or p0}＋1) ln T_{ei or pi}求得的a_{e0 or p0}, 微热量法确定的比热容(C_p), 以及密度(ρ)、热导率(λ)和分解热(Q_d, 取爆热之半)数据, Zhang-Hu-Xie-Li公式、Hu-Yang-Liang-Xie公式、Hu-Zhao-Gao公式、Zhao-Hu-Gao公式、Smith方程、Friedman公式和Bruckman-Guillet公式, 计算了TNAZ在β→0时的T₀, T_e和T_p值(T₀₀, T_eo和T_p0)、热爆炸临界温度(T_be和T_bp)、绝热至爆时间(t_Tlad)、撞击感度50%落高(H₅₀)和热点起爆临界温度(T_cr), 得到了评价TNAZ热安全性的结果: T_SADT＝T_e0＝485.81 K, T_p0＝497.38 K, T_beo＝499.50 K, T_bp0＝513.45 K, t_Tlad＝8.90 s (n＝0), t_Tlad＝8.96 s (n＝1), t_Tlad＝9.01 s (n＝2), H₅₀＝28.88 cm, T_cr＝641.46 K (T_room＝293.15 K), T_cr＝658.89 K (T_room＝300 K), 表明: (1) TNAZ对热是稳定的; (2)撞击感度好于环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX); (3)热点起爆临界温度高于RDX, 而界于1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)和六硝基茋(HNS)之间.     

Non-isothermal Decomposition Kinetics of [Cu（en）2H2O] （FOX-7）2·H2O

The thermal behavior and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of [Cu（en）2H2O]（FOX-7）2·H2O （en=ethylenediamine） were studied with DSC and TG-DTG methods.The kinetic equation of the exothermal process is dα/dt=（10^17.92/β）4α^3/4exp（-1.688×10^5/RT）.The self-accelerating decomposition temperature and critical temperature of the thermal explosion are 163.3 and 174.8 ℃,respectively.The specific heat capacity of [Cu（en）2H2O]（FOX-7）2·H2O was determined with a micro-DSC method,with a molar heat capacity of 661.6 J·mol^-1·K^-1 at 25 ℃.Adiabatic time-to-explosion was also estimated as 23.2 s.[Cu（en）2H2O]（FOX-7）2·H2O is less sensitive.     

从DSC曲线数据计算/确定含能材料自催化分解反应动力学参数和热爆炸临界温升速率的方法

为应用热爆炸临界温升速率(dT/dt)_Tb评价含能材料(EMs)的热安全性, 得到计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的基本数据, 用合理的假设, 由Semenov的热爆炸理论和9 个自催化反应速率方程[dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)α(1-α) (I), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α)ⁿ(1+K_catα) (II), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)[α^a-(1-α)ⁿ)] (III), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)(1-α)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)α(1-α) (IV), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)(1-α)^m+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)αⁿ(1-α)^p (V), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α) (VI), dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)(1-α)ⁿ (VII), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)(1-α) (VII), dα/dt=A₁exp(-E_a1/RT)+A₂exp(-E_a2/RT)α(1-α) (IX)]导出了计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的9 个表达式. 提出了从不同恒速升温速率(β)条件下的差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线数据计算/确定EMs自催化分解反应的动力学参数和自催化分解转向热爆炸时的(dT/dt)_Tb的方法. 由DSC曲线数据的分析得到了用于计算(dT/dt)_Tb值的β→0 时的onset 温度(T_e0),热爆炸临界温度(T_b)和相应于T_b时的转化率(α_b). 分别用线性最小二乘法和信赖域方法得到方程(I)和(VI)及方程(II)-(V)和方程(VII)-(IX)中的自催化分解反应动力学参数. 用上述基础数据得到了EMs的(dT/dt)_Tb值. 结果表明: (1) 在非等温DSC条件下硝化棉(NC, 13.54% N)分解反应可用表观经验级数自催化反应速率方程dα/dt=10^15.82exp(-170020/RT)(1-α)^1.11+10^15.82exp(-157140/RT)α^1.51(1-α)^2.51描述; (2) NC (13.54% N)自催化分解转向热爆炸时的(dT/dt)_Tb值为0.103 K·s^-1.     

New approximate formula for the generalized temperature integral

A new procedure to approximate the generalized temperature integral $ \int_{0}^{T} {T^{m} {\text{e}}^{ - E/RT} } {\text{d}}T, $ which frequently occurs in non-isothermal thermal analysis, has been developed. The approximate formula has been proposed for calculation of the integral by using the procedure. New equation for the evaluation of non-isothermal kinetic parameters has been obtained, which can be put in the form: $$ \ln \left[ {{\frac{g(\alpha )}{{T^{(m + 2)0.94733} }}}} \right] = \left[ {\ln {\frac{{A_{0} E}}{\beta R}} - (m + 2)0.18887 - (m + 2)0.94733\ln {\frac{E}{R}}} \right] - (1.00145 + 0.00069m){\frac{E}{RT}} $$ The validity of the new approximation has been tested with the true value of the integral from numerical calculation. Compared with several published approximation, the new one is simple in calculation and retains high accuracy, which indicates it is a good approximation for the evaluation of kinetic parameters from non-isothermal kinetic analysis.     

Thermal Behavior and Thermal Safety of Nitrate Glycerol Ether Cellulose

The thermal behavior, nonisothermal decomposition reaction kinetics and specific heat capacity of nitrate glycerol ether cellulose(NGEC) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and microcalorimetry. The apparent activity energy(E_a), reaction mechanism function, quadratic equation of specific heat capacity(C_p) with temperature were obtained. The kinetic parameters of the decomposition reaction are E_a=170.2 kJ/mol and lg(A/s^–1)=16.3. The kinetic equation is f(α)＝(4/3)(1–α)[–ln(1–α)]^1/4. The specific heat capacity equation is C_p=1.285–6.276×10^–3T+1.581×10^–5T²(283 KSADT), critical temperature of thermal explosion(T_b) and adiabatic time-to-explosion(t_Tlad). The results of the thermal safety evaluation of NGEC are: T_SADT=459.6 K, T_b=492.8 K, t_Tlad=0.8 s.     

Estimation of the critical temperature of thermal explosion for azido-acetic-acid-2-(2-azido-acetoxy)-ethylester using non-isothermal DSC

A method for estimating the critical temperatures (T _b) of thermal explosion for energetic materials is derived from Semenov’s thermal explosion theory and the non-isothermal kinetic equation dα/dt=A ₀ T ^B f(α)e^−E/RT using reasonable hypotheses. The final formula of calculating the value of T _b is $ \left( {\frac{B} {{T_b }} + \frac{E} {{RT_b^2 }}} \right) $ \left( {\frac{B} {{T_b }} + \frac{E} {{RT_b^2 }}} \right) (T _b−T _e0=1. The data needed for the method, E and T _e0, can be obtained from analyses of the non-isothermal DSC curves. When B=0.5 the critical temperature (T _b) of thermal explosion of azido-acetic-acid-2-(2-azido-acetoxy)-ethylester (EGBAA) is determined as 475.65 K.     

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Nonisothermal Kinetics of Complex Co（tda）（5-mphen）（H2O）

The title complex,formulated as Co(tda)(5-mphen)(H2O)(H2tda=thiodiglycolic acid,5-mphen=5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline),was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis,IR spectroscopy,X-ray sin-gle crystal diffraction,and TG-DTG techniques. The complex crystallized in monoclinic space group C2/c,with parameters of a=1.8142(2) nm,b=0.78251(9) nm,c=2.4624(3) nm,β=93.809(2)°,V=3.4880(7) nm3,Z=8,Dc=1.579 g/cm3,the final R indices[I>2σ(I)] are R1=0.0469,wR2=0.1021,R indices for all data are R1=0.0835,wR2=0...     

Estimation of the critical rate of temperature rise for thermal explosion of nitrocellulose using non-isothermal DSC

The expressions to calculate the critical rate of temperature rise of thermal explosion $ ({\text{d}}T / {\text{d}}t)_{{\text{T}_{\text{b}} }} $ for energetic materials (EMs) were derived from the Semenov’s thermal explosion theory and autocatalytic reaction rate equation of nth order, C_nB, B_na, first-order, apparent empiric-order, simple first-order, A_u, apparent empiric-order of m = 0, n = 0, p = 1 and m = 0, n = 1, p = 1, using reasonable hypotheses. A method to determine the kinetic parameters in the autocatalytic-decomposing reaction rate equations and the $ ({\text{d}}T / {\text{d}}t)_{{\text{T}_{\text{b}} }} $ in EMs when autocatalytic decomposition converts into thermal explosion from data of DSC curves at different heating rate was presented. Results show that (1) under non-isothermal DSC conditions, the autocatalytic-decomposing reaction of NC (12.97 % N) can be described by the first-order autocatalytic reaction rate equation dα/dt = 10^16.00exp(?174520/RT)(1 ? α) + 10^16.00exp(?163510/RT)α(1 ? α); (2) the value of $ ({\text{d}}T / {\text{d}}t)_{{\text{T}_{\text{b}} }} $ for NC (12.97 % N) when autocatalytic decomposition converts into thermal explosion is 0.354 K s^?1.     

N-(乙氧酰基)-N’-(2,4-二硝基苯胺基)硫脲的合成、晶体结构、比热容及热力学性质

以PEG-400为催化剂,利用氯甲酸乙酯和硫氰酸钾反应生成的乙氧酰基异硫氰酸酯为中间体与2,4-二-硝基苯肼反应,得到N-(乙氧酰基)-N′-(2,4-二硝基苯胺基)硫脲,通过IR、元素分析等方法对其结构进行了表征。 在室温条件下,采用缓慢挥发法培养出适合用于X射线衍射测试的单晶。 晶体结构数据表明,晶体属单斜系,P2(1)/c空间群,晶胞参数:a=4.1919(2) nm,b=12.295(6) nm,c=23.828(11) nm,α=γ=90.00°,β=92.467(10)°,V=14397(12),Dc=1.519 g/cm3,μ=0.263 cm-1,F(000)=680,Z=4,R1=0.1121,wR2=0.2540。 并对标题化合物进行了热重分析和比热容测定,计算了热力学函数;证明该化合物有良好的热稳定性。