Isomerization of 1-methylnaphthalene on magnesium modified NaY zeolites

The conversions of 1-methylnaphthalene on NaY zeolite and its magnesium modifications with different degrees of ion exchange and various Si/Al ratios have been studied at 310 and 350 °C. The investigated catalysts are highly active for positional isomerization. The observed changes in their catalytic activity are explained by the promotion of proton formation and by the absorption properties of magnesium cations as well as by their localization in cations as well as by their localization in the crystal lattice of the zeolite.

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1- NaY Si/Al 310 350°C. . , .

     

Rapid determination of vapor adsorption properties of ultramicroporous solids: An application to the zeolite affinity of adsorption

Adsorption capacities of zeolites are rapidly determined by a vapor sorption apparatus which can be used as an ultramicroporosimeter. From the sorption data, it is possible to calculate the zeolite affinities toward various adsorbates in comparison with water. The n-hexane affinity index of the new ZSM zeolites has values always higher than those of X, Y or Zeolon zeolites. This fact is attributed to the unusual framework structure of the silica-rich ZSM zeolites.

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, . . - ZSM , X, Y . ZSM , .

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Presented in part at the I⁰ Convegno nazionale di Catalisi-II⁰ Simposio Italo/Cecoslovacco di Catalisi, held in Bologna (Italy) on June 1979.     

Oxidation of aroyl hydrazines, III. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of nicotinoyl and isonicotinoyl hydrazine by iodine

The title reaction was studied in aqueous hydrochloric acid at high iodide concentations. The reaction is first order with respect to both oxidant and substrate though diisonicotinoyl hydrazines are the products apart from nitrogen. The reaction is markedly inhibited by H⁺ and I^– ions. An I^– ion independent path is also noticed.

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. , , -() , . H⁺ I^–. , , I^–.

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Part II: Indian J. Chem. (In press)     

Influence of sodium on the phase composition of bismuth-molybdenum oxide catalysts supported on SiO2

Using an x-ray phase analysis, it has been shown that the application of sodiumstabilized sols to the Bi₂O₃·2.75MoO₃/SiO₂ system leads to the interaction of molybdenum and bismuth oxides with sodium, and the formation of a double Na–Bi-molybdate.

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, Bi₂O₃·2.75 MoO₃/SiO₂ , , Na–Bi-.

     

Four types of relaxation in chemical kinetics (linear case)

According to results obtained previously for the linear equations of chemical kinetics, the relation between the steady-state reaction rate and the relaxation time has been studied.

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, , .

     

Study of the reaction K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O→K4Fe(CN)6+3H2O by the derivatograph and dielectric constant measurements

K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O was studied by a derivatograph in the temperature range +20° to +300° and dielectric constant () measured from –80° to +150°. The loss of the three water molecules occurs at 105° and the vs T curve shows a Debye relaxation behavior. By using Mason's theory it was possible to classify K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O in the temperature range –25° to +100° C as a para-electric order-disorder crystal.

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Zusammenfassung K₄[Fe(CN)₆].3 H₂O wurde mit dem Derivatograph im Temperaturbereich von+20° bis+300° untersucht und die dielektrische Konstante () im Bereich von –80° und +150° gemessen. Die Abspaltung der drei Wassermoleküle erfolgt bei 105°. Die Kurve von als Funktion vonT zeigt ein Relaxationsverhalten nach Debye. Bei Anwendung der Theorie von Mason gelang es K₄[Fe(CN)₆].3 H₂O im Temperaturbereich von –25° bis 100° als para-elektrischen, geordneten-ungeordneten Kristall einzuordnen.

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Résumé Etude de K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O à l'aide d'un «Derivatograph» entre +20 et +300° mesure de la constante diélectrique () entre –80 et+150°. La perte des trois molécules d'eau a lieu à 105° et la courbe en fonction deT montre un comportement de relaxation Debye. D'après la théorie de Mason, il est possible de classer K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O comme cristal paraélectrique ordre-désordre entre –25 et +100°.

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K₄[Fe(CN)₆] · 3H₂O +20° +300° –80° +150°. 105°, -T . , , K₄[Fe(CN)₆] · 3H₂O –25° +100° .

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Work partially supported by Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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P. da R. Andrade deceased on December 16, 1974.     

XPS study on the decomposition of Ru3(CO)12 and Fe3(CO)12 carbonyl clusters

Crystalline Ru₃(CO)₁₂ and Fe₃(CO)₁₂ carbonyl clusters were deposited on a Cu sample holder and core level binding energies (BE) for O 1s, C 1s Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 were measured before and after decomposition. Part of the carbonyl clusters remained in the original form even at a pressure of 10^–5 Pa, indicated by a Fe satellite peak and high BE for C 1s. After decomposition, carbon is partly retained by iron, whereas the twin peak at Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 show no carbon left on the ruthenium surface.

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Ru₃(CO)₁₂ Fe₃(CO)₁₂ (BE) O 1S, C 1S, Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 . 10^–5 Pa, Fe BE 1S. , Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 , .

     

Calorimetric study of the proximity effect in aliphatic diesters

Excess molar enthalpies,H ^E , at atmospheric pressure and 303.15 K are reported for binary mixtures of 1-chlorohexane with diethyl oxalate, diethyl malonate, diethyl succinate, diethyl glutarate, diethyl adipate, diethyl pimelate and diethyl sebacate. These experimental results, together with those obtained previously on the excess enthalpies of aliphatic diester+n-hexane mixtures, are interpreted in terms of molecular surface interactions between aliphatic, chlorinated and carboxylate groups. Comparison of the enthalpy interchange parameters reveals a decrease of the intermolecular interactions with decreasing intramolecular COO-COO distance in the diester molecule.

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Zusammenfassung Bei Atmosphärendruck und 303,15 K gemessene molare Überschußenthalpien (H ^E werden für binäre Gemische von 1-Chlorhexan mit Diäthyloxalat, Diäthylmalonat, Diäthylsuccinat, Diäthylglutarat, Diäthyladipat, Diäthylpimelat bzw. Diäthylsebacat angegeben. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse werden zusammen mit den früher für Gemische von aliphatischen Diestern und n-Hexan erhaltenen Resultaten als molekulare Oberflächenwechselwirkungen zwischen aliphatischen, chlorierten und Carboxylatgruppen interpretiert. Ein Vergleich der Enthalpieaustauschparameter läßt eine Verminderung der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen mit abnehmendem intramolekularem Abstand zwischen den COO-Gruppen erkennen.

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(H ^E ) 303,15 K 1- , , , , , . , + -, , . COO-COO .

     

Coke deposition on naphtha reforming catalysts: I. Influence of the hydrocarbon feed

During hydrocarbons reactions over Pt/Al₂O₃ the catalyst is covered by coke. It is accepted that coke formation occurs on metal and acid sites. During normal heptane and methylcyclopentane reforming it was found that the nature and the rate of coke deposited on the catalyst surface was not same, depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon feed.

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Pt/Al₂O₃ . , . , - .

     

Estimation of kinetic parameters in oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butenes over SnO2?Sb2O4 catalysts

Kinetic curves measured in the oxidation of n-butenes over a SnSb=31 mixed oxide catalyst were fitted by the kinetic model put forward in a previous paper. The goodness of fitting shows that the kinetic behavior of this complex reaction system can be described by a mechanism involving acidic and redox sites on the catalyst surface.

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- SnSb=31 , . , , - .

     

Propylene oxidation over tin-molybdenum oxide catalysts

The influence of preparation of tin-molybdenum catalysts on their phase composition and activity has been elucidated. The mutual dissolution of Sn and Mo oxides leads to a considerable increase in their activities and selectivities in the partial oxidation of propylene to acetone.

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. , .

     

Effect of ligands on the hydrogenation selectivity in the presence of rhenium catalysts

It has been established that the catalytic activity of rhenium oxohalide complexes with phosphorus- or sulfur-containing ligands in hydroganation of C₆–C₁₀ olefins, nitrobenzene and p-nitrotoluene is primarily determined by the original ligand to rhenium ion bond. Chain length of olefins does not affect their hydrogenation rate.

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- C₆–C₁₀, - - . .

     

The use of calorimetric data for estimation of the point defect concentration in solids

Calorimetric methods which allow estimation of the point defect concentration in solids are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the calculation of defect parameters based on the analysis of excessive heat capacity, and to correlations between the thermodynamic parameters of melting and the energetic parameters of point defect formation. The applicability of the thermodynamic approach to the study of intrinsic disorder in solids is demonstrated.

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Zusammenfassung Kalorimetrische Methoden zur Abschätzung der Konzentration von Punktdefekten in Festkörpern werden zusammengestellt. Aufmerksamkeit verdienen die Berechnung von Defektparametern aus einer Untersuchung der Exzeß-Wärmekapazität und Korrelationen zwischen thermodynamischen Parametern des Schmelzens und energetischen Parametern der Punktdefektbildung. Die Anwendbarkeit eines thermodynamischen Ansatzes zur Untersuchung der Eigenfehlordnung in Festkörpern wird demonstriert.

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. , . .

     

A rapid method of determination of specific surface areas

An apparatus and a method for the rapid determination of specific surface areas are described. The method is based on low temperature adsorption of nitrogen from the air and requires determination of the adsorbed gas at two relative pressures. The accuracy of the method, as compared with the BET technique, is ±9% for the adsorbents studied.

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. . , BET, ±9% .

     

Influence of the crystallite size of platinum on the course of hydrogenolysis and isomerization of n-butane over Pt/Al2O3 catalysts

The effect of platinum dispersity on the rate, selectivity and activation energy of hydrogenolysis and isomerization of n-butane has been studied. Maximum rates of n-butane hydrogenolysis and isomerization were observed at platinum crystallite sizes of 1.7–4.0 nm. In the same range of Pt crystallite size the activation energy of the process shows a clear minimum.

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, 1,7–4,0 , , . Pt. Pt 3 .

     

Catalytic activity of CaO?CaF2 binary systems in the Claus reaction

Activity of CaO–CaF₂ catalysts in the Claus reaction has been studied as a function of catalyst composition and of the time of catalyst operation in the reaction. Opposite effects of low and high fluoride content on the Claus activity have been found. A new type of reducing centers is suggested to be responsible for the increase in the activity observed in the case of fluorine-rich catalysts.

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CaO–CaF₂ . , . , , .

     

Monohydrates of strontium and barium hydroxide

The monohydrates of strontium and barium hydroxide have been prepared by decomposition, under vacuum, of the corresponding octahydrates. X-ray powder data for both compounds are reported, together with that for anhydrous strontium hydroxide; the latter is included in order to clarify an apparent anomaly in the literature.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Monohydrate von Strontium und Bariumhydroxid im Vakuum aus den entsprechenden Octahydraten hergestellt. Röntgenographische Daten für beide Verbindungen sowie für wasserfreies Strontiumhydroxid wurden gegeben; für Letzteres, um gewisse Anom alien in der Literatur zu klären.

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Résumé Préparation des hydroxydes de strontium et de baryum monohydratés par décomposition dans le vide des octohydrates correspondants. Etude par rayons X de ces composés ainsi que de l'hydroxyde de strontium anhydre, dans le but, pour ce dernier, d'élucider certaines anomalies de la littérature.

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, . , ; , .

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The authors wish to thank Mr. A. Miller for taking the X-ray powder photographs.     

Thermal behaviour of melamine

Melamine undergoes condensation on heating with elimination of ammonia and formation of insoluble products. Thermogravimetry and infrared characterisation show that two products of successive condensation can be reproducibly obtained upon heating atT}<500 °C and then at 600 °C. Above 620 °C, the melamine condensate undergoes thermal degradation with quantitative formation of volatile products.

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Zusammenfassung Melanin geht beim Erhitzen eine Kondensation unter Abgabe von Ammoniak und Bildung unlöslicher Produkte ein. Durch Thermogravimetrie und Infrarotspektroskopie wird gezeigt, daß beim Erhitzen zwei Produkte von aufeinanderfolgenden Kondensationsreaktionen beiT}<500 °C undT= 600 °C reproduzierbar erhalten werden. Oberhalb 620 °C wird das Melaminkondensat vollständig unter Bildung flüchtiger Produkte thermisch zersetzt.

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. , . , 500°, — 600°. 620° .

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The authors wish to thank Dr. N. Del Fanti of Mantefluos, Italy for most helpful discussion.

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This work has been supported by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche through the Progetto Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria.     

Sulfurization of Pt/Al2O3?Cl catalysts. IV. Adsorption sites of H2S on Al2O3, Al2O3?Cl and Pt/Al2O3?Cl

Chemisorption of H₂S on Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃–Cl and Pt/Al₂O₃–Cl has been studied by gravimetry and IR spectroscopy. The influence of the amount of Cl on the H₂S adsorption equilibrium value and the nature of the adsorption sites at low and high coverages are discussed.

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H₂S Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃–Cl Pt/Al₂O₃–Cl . Cl H₂S, .