In situ raman microscopy of individual LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particles in a Li-ion battery composite cathode

Kinetic characteristics of Li+ intercalation/deintercalation into/from individual LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particles in a composite cathode were studied in situ using Raman microscopy during galvanostatic charge-discharge in 1.2 M LiPF6, ethylene carbonate (EC): ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), 3:7 by volume. Ex situ spectroscopic analysis of a cathode that was removed from a tested high-power Li-ion cell, which suffered substantial power and capacity loss, showed that the state of charge (SOC) of oxide particles on the cathode surface was highly nonuniform despite deep discharge of the Li-ion cell at the end of the test. In situ monitoring of the SOC of selected oxide particles in the composite cathode in a sealed spectro-electrochemical cell revealed that the rate at which particles charge and discharge varied with time and location. The inconsistent kinetic behavior of individual oxide particles was attributed to degradation of the electronically conducting carbon matrix in the composite cathode upon testing. These local microphenomena are most likely responsible for the overall impedance rise of the cathode and contribute to the mechanism of lithium-ion cell failure.     

羟基磷灰石/氧化铁复合涂层的制备及其诱导骨生长的生物活性

用电泳沉积法制得羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/氧化铁(HA/CS/Fe2O3)复合涂层,经700 ℃烧结处理得到HA/Fe2O3复合涂层。 通过SEM、EDS、XRD、FT-IR、电化学和万能材料试验机等对复合涂层的表面形貌、物相组成、抗腐蚀性和结合强度进行了表征和测试,最后采用1.5SBF浸泡法对复合涂层的生物活性进行了评价。 结果表明,当悬浮液中的HA、CS与Fe2O3质量比为100∶100∶1时,所制得的HA/Fe2O3复合涂层表面粗糙,抗腐蚀性强,具有良好的诱导骨生长生物活性,基体与复合涂层结合强度可达27.5 MPa。     

Rechargeable battery using a novel iron oxide nanorods anode and a nickel hydroxide cathode in an aqueous electrolyte

A rechargeable battery using novel α-Fe(2)O(3)/CNFs composite as the anode, β-Ni(OH)(2) as the cathode and LiOH/KOH solution as the electrolyte in an aqueous rechargeable battery has been proposed. The Fe(2)O(3)/Ni(OH)(2) prototype cell exhibits a high average operational voltage of 1.5 V, high rate capability and good cycling performance.     

Ni/NiCo2O4复合电极的制备及其在碱性介质中的析氧性能

采用共沉淀法制备尖晶石型复合氧化物 NiCo2O4, 然后将其加入瓦特镀镍液中, 复合电沉积了 Ni/NiCo2O4复合镀层. 通过改变镀液pH值、阴极电流密度jk等条件, 探索复合电沉积的最佳工艺条件. 运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征了复合镀层的表面形貌、颗粒含量和结构. 结果表明: 在镀液pH=6.2和jk=100 mA·cm-2的条件下所得Ni/NiCo2O4复合镀层中, NiCo2O4的含量达到最高(30.6%,w). 在5 mo·lL-1的KOH溶液中, 采用循环伏安、稳态极化和电化学阻抗法研究了电极的电催化析氧性能. 与镍电极对比, Ni/NiCo2O4复合电极的电催化析氧性能更高, 表观活化自由能降低了53.2 kJ·mol-1, 其析氧反应的表观交换电流密度是镍电极的7倍. 电化学阻抗谱分析表明, Ni/NiCo2O4复合电极在碱性溶液中析氧反应由电化学步骤和扩散步骤联合控制. 恒电位长时间电解析氧实验表明, 该Ni/NiCo2O4复合电极在碱性溶液中的析氧具有高的稳定性.     

Ni/Ag2O/RuO2-Pt阴极制备与析氢性能

以三氯化钌和氯铂酸为源物质,用溶胶凝胶法制备Ni/Ag2O/RuO2-Pt复合阴极,研究了不同涂覆液AgNO3浓度和热处理温度对该阴极析氢性能的影响.采用SEM-EDS、XRD和XPS观察阴极的表面形貌、表征其组分,结果表明,Ni/Ag2O/RuO2-Pt复合阴极表面致密,粗糙度大且裂纹少.电化学测量表明,在11 mol.L-1NaOH(90℃)溶液、0.3 A.cm-2电流密度下,Ni/Ag2O/RuO2-Pt复合阴极的析氢电位比纯Ni电极正移484 mV;交换电流密度是纯Ni电极的10倍.该阴极制备工艺简单,析氢活性高,有望降低氯碱工业的能耗.     

5 V锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的合成与Li+在材料中的扩散性能

使用草酸盐共沉淀法合成了5 V正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,研究了不同温度下合成的材料结构形貌与电化学性能之间的关系。结果表明,在900℃下合成的样品电化学性能最好,可逆放电容量达到133.0 mAh?g-1,经30周循环后,容量仍然保持在132.2 mAh?g-1,容量保持率高达99.4%。使用恒电位间歇滴定法(PITT)测定了锂离子在LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料中的扩散系数。结果表明,在LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料放电过程中,在不同电位嵌锂量不同,发生反应的氧化还原电对也不同,锂离子的扩散系数在不同的电位下也会有差别,扩散系数在10e-10 cm2?s-1~10e-11 cm2?s-1范围内变     

Preparation of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials by using different-sized Mn3O4 nanocrystals as precursors

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - High-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with a spinel structure is considered as important cathode materials for high-energy density Li-ion batteries (LIBs). In this...     

Remarkable dependence of electrochemical performance of SrCo0.8Fe0.2O(3-δ) on A-site nonstoichiometry

SrCo(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) is a controversial material whether it is used as an oxygen permeable membrane or as a cathode of solid oxide fuel cells. In this paper, carefully synthesized powders of perovskite-type Sr(x)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) (x = 0.80-1.20) oxides are utilized to investigate the effect of A-site nonstoichiometry on their electrochemical performance. The electrical conductivity, sintering property and stability in ambient air of Sr(x)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) are critically dependent on the A-site nonstoichiometry. Sr(1.00)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) has a single-phase cubic perovskite structure, but a cobalt-iron oxide impurity appears in A-site cation deficient samples and Sr(3)(Co, Fe)(2)O(7-δ) appears when there is an A-site cation excess. It was found that the presence of the cobalt-iron oxide improves the electrochemical performance. However, Sr(3)(Co, Fe)(2)O(7-δ) has a significant negative influence on the electrochemical activity for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The peak power densities with a single-layer Sr(1.00)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) cathode are 275, 475, 749 and 962 mW cm(-2) at 550, 600, 650 and 700 °C, respectively, values which are slightly lower than those for Sr(0.95)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) (e.g. 1025 mW cm(-2) at 700 °C) but much higher than those for Sr(1.05)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) (e.g. only 371 mW cm(-2) at 700 °C). This remarkable dependence of electrochemical performance of the Sr(x)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) cathode on the A-site nonstoichiometry reveals that lower values of electrochemical activity reported in the literature may be induced by an A-site cation excess. Therefore, to obtain a high performance of Sr(x)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) cathode for IT-SOFCs, an A-site cation excess must be avoided.     

Relationship between the crystal structures of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 and LiMn1.5Ni0.45Fe0.05O4 and their internal resistances as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - It has been reported that the partial substitution of Fe for Ni in LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 improves the rate capability of batteries wherein it is used as a cathode...     

熔盐法合成LiNi0．5Mn1．5O4及电化学性能

以一定比例的LiCl-LiNO3为低熔点共混物，采用熔盐法合成了电化学性能良好的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4，XRD表征结果显示产物为单一尖晶石相，SEM表征显示出材料良好的晶形，充放电测试结果显示出材料在4．7V平台附近有较大的可逆容量，在4．1V平台附近仅有较少的可逆容量。文章讨论了影响产物晶形和性能的各种因素，建议通过退火、改变合成气氛来消除4．1V平台的产生；研究结果还显示，容量的损失主要发生在第一次放电过程中在高电位区时的电解液的氧化分解，建议通过更换适合在高电位条件下工作的电解液来克服此问题：同时，通过调整低熔点共混物的配比、气氛、反应时间等条件可以实现对产物的结晶形态和大小进行适当的控制，显示了该方法在制备LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料中的应用前景。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O_4表面包覆CuO的研究

本文首先通过共沉淀法和固相球磨法制备了纳米级的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4高电压正极材料,然后通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了表面包覆CuO的CuO-LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4复合材料.通过对CuO包覆量为1%,3%和5%的复合材料的电化学性能对比,发现当包覆量为1%时,材料的性能最佳.在1 C下,材料的放电比容量高达126.1 mA h g?1,循环100次后容量保持率在99.5%.CuO包覆在纳米LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4材料表面,阻止电解液与活性颗粒的直接接触,削弱了电解液与LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的相互作用,进而在一定程度上减缓了电解液的分解;CuO的包覆同时还缓解了电解液中HF对材料的攻击,阻止了锰的溶解和由此带来的结构改变,进而提高了材料的循环稳定性.     

TiO2修饰La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ用于中温固体氧化物燃料电池的阴极

纳米TiO2修饰的La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ(LSCF)阴极被直接应用于YSZ电解质电池上. TiO2可阻止LSCF和YSZ间的化学反应,抑制SrZrO3的形成. LSCF-0.25 wt% TiO2阴极电池在0.7 V和600°C下的电流密度是LSCF阴极电池的1.6倍.电化学阻抗谱结果表明, TiO2修饰显著加快了氧离子注入电解质的过程,这可能与TiO2抑制了阴极/电解质界面处高电阻SrZrO3层的形成有关.本文为在ZrO2基电解质上使用高性能的(La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3阴极材料提供了一种简单有效的方法.     

TiO2-Al2O3的水热法合成及其负载的NiMoP催化剂上FCC柴油加氢脱硫性能

采用水热法制备了复合氧化物TiO2-Al2O3,研究了水热温度、反应物浓度、聚乙二醇(PEG)平均分子量和浓度对所制样品结构和织构性质的影响,并用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、热重-差热分析、NH3程序升温脱附、吸附吡啶的红外光谱和程序升温还原技术对TiO2-Al2O3及其负载的NiMoP催化剂进行了表征,在中压固定床微反装置上考察了催化剂上FCC柴油的加氢脱硫性能.结果表明,随着水热温度、反应物浓度、PEG分子量和浓度的提高,所制TiO2-Al2O3复合氧化物的比表面积和孔体积均有所提高,在优化的制备条件下分别可高达266m2/g和0.58cm3/g,其负载的NiMoP催化剂的比表面积也高达175m2/g,且其酸性较弱,以L酸为主.由于NiMoP/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂中TiO2的存在降低了活性组分与载体间的强相互作用,使其催化FCC柴油加氢脱硫活性比NiMoP/Al2O3催化剂的高.     

锂离子电池新型正极材料xLiF-(Ni1/6Co1/6Mn4/6)3O4的制备及电化学性能研究

采用高能球磨法通过不同球磨时间合成 xLiF-(Ni1/6Co1/6Mn4/6)3O4新型正极材料,并对材料进行石墨烯复合改性,提高其性能。结合X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学性能测试和X-射线电子能谱（XPS）对xLiF-(Ni1/6Co1/6Mn4/6)3O4正极材料性能进行表征。研究表明,球磨24小时产物的放电容量最高,为157.3 mAh g-1。并且LiF与(Ni1/6Co1/6Mn4/6)3O4比例为1.5:1(x=1.5)时放电容量最高。此外正极材料添加石墨烯能改善材料的电化学性能,石墨烯复合量为20%,在室温、0.05 C(1C=250 mAh g-1)、1.5 -4.8 V下,材料首圈的放电比容量为235 mA hg -1,相较于无石墨烯的材料,在1 C和5 C倍率下,放电比容量分别为151和114 mAh g-1。同时分析了正极材料放电容量随截止电压的变化,确定了复合正极材料在高电压下有获得更高放电容量的潜力。     

CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 的制备及其负载钯三效催化剂的催化性能

 采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同 Al2O3 含量的 CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA) 氧化物,并用 X 射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱和 N2 吸附-脱附等手段进行了表征. 以 CZA 为载体, 采用浸渍法制得钯基催化剂. 结果表明, 当 Al2O3 含量为 80%时, 新鲜 CZA 样品中出现γ-Al2O3 相. 经 600 ºC 焙烧后, Al2O3 在 CZA 样品中的溶域值略小于 80%. 经 1 000 ºC 老化后, CZA 样品中 Al2O3 含量为 60%时, 才开始出现微弱 γ-Al2O3 相, 而其他氧化物物相结构稳定. 添加 Al2O3 后材料比表面积和储氧量明显增大. 随着 Al2O3 含量的增加, CZA 样品的储氧量由 336.2 增至 486.2 μmol/g, 表现出良好的抗高温老化性能. 当 Al2O3 含量为 40% 时, 新鲜催化剂对 C3H8 的起燃温度和完全转化温度分别为 238 和 292 ºC, 同时具有良好的温度特性和较宽的空燃比窗口.     

Titania-silver and alumina-silver composite nanoparticles: novel, versatile synthesis, reaction mechanism and potential antimicrobial application

Titania-silver (TiO(2)-Ag) and alumina-silver (Al(2)O(3)-Ag) composite nanoparticles were synthesised by a simple, reproducible, wet chemical method under ambient conditions. The surface of the oxides was modified with oleic acid, which acted as an intermediate between the oxide surface and the silver nanoparticles. The resulting composite nanoparticles were thoroughly characterised by XRD, TEM, XPS, FTIR and TGA to elucidate the mode of assembly of Ag nanoparticles on the oxide surfaces. Epoxy nanocomposites were formulated with TiO(2)-Ag and Al(2)O(3)-Ag to examine potential applications for the composite nanoparticles. Preliminary results from disc diffusion assays against Escherichia coli DH5α and Staphylococcus epidermidis NCIMB 12721 suggest that these TiO(2)-Ag and Al(2)O(3)-Ag composite nanoparticles have potential as antimicrobial materials.     

无机离子交换剂Mg1.5Mn0.5Ti0.75O4对Li 的交换选择性实验

利用共沉淀,固相反应热结晶法,合成具有尖晶石型的复合金属氧化物Mg1.5Mn0.5Ti0.75O4。具有尖晶石型结构的物质,可以插入大量的替代离子并且改变自身锂和氧的化学计量数,与此同时,还保持了结构的稳定。这种特性能够使得它们被用于离子交换研究,用来满足提取锂的需求。通过检测该复合氧化物的饱和交换能力值,分配系数值等,从而确定出该物质具体特性。实验表明,经过酸化的Mg1.5Mn0.5Ti0.75O4,其Mg2 的抽出比率能够达到72%,Mn4 和Ti4 的溶解比率低于8.2%。实验分析得出,Li 能够从无机离子交换剂Mg1.5Mn0.5Ti0.75O4中抽出以及插入,主要是归因于离子交换机理。被酸化的样品对Li 有一个10.6mmol?g-1的离子交换能力,并且对Li 还具有记忆性的离子筛性能。     

Solid State Synthesis of Spinel-Type Metal Oxide Mg1.5Fe0.5MnO4 and Study of Its Exchange Capability for Li+

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - The spinel-type composite metal oxide, magnesium-manganese-titanium oxide (Mg1.5Fe0.5MnO4), was prepared by the method of solid state crystallization. As a...     

H2 separation using defect-free, inorganic composite membranes

Defect-free, microporous Al(2)O(3)/SAPO-34 zeolite composite membranes were prepared by coating hydrothermally grown zeolite membranes with microporous alumina using molecular layer deposition. These inorganic composite membranes are highly efficient for H(2) separation: their highest H(2)/N(2) mixture selectivity was 1040, in contrast with selectivities of 8 for SAPO-34 membranes. The composite membranes were selective for H(2) for temperatures up to at least 473 K and feed pressures up to at least 1.5 MPa; at 473 K and 1.5 MPa, the H(2)/N(2) separation selectivity was 750. The H(2)/CO(2) separation selectivity was lower than the H(2)/N(2) selectivity and decreased slightly with increasing pressure; the selectivity was 20 at 473 K and 1.5 MPa. The high H(2) selectivity resulted either because most of the pores in the Al(2)O(3) layer were slightly smaller than 0.36 nm (the kinetic diameter of N(2)) or because the Al(2)O(3) layer slightly narrowed the SAPO-34 pore entrance. These composite membranes may represent a new class of inorganic membranes for gas separation.     

A study of interface-sustained ferromagnetism in 1/2(1-x)Ln2O3-xSrO/1/3Co3O4 nano-composite

The binary oxide composite, consisting of rock salt-type SrO and spinel Co3O4 nano-domains, exhibits soft ferromagnetic properties at ambient temperature. This ferromagnetism is originated from interface-induction, and the magnitude of the magnetic properties can be enhanced when the spinel phase of the composite is doped by a small amount of Ln2O3 (Ln = La, Nd, for instance). In this work, we study the composites of tri-oxide, 1/2(1-x)Ln2O3-xSrO/1/3Co3O4, where 0.01 < or =1-x < or = 0.6, by focusing on three areas: (i) generation of nano-composite dominant by interfacial phase via the pyrolysis of preceramic metallo-organic gel; (ii) influence of post-pyrolysis calcination and Ln2O3 content on the phase composition of the composite; and (iii) elucidation of different magnetic responses caused by the nature of Ln2O3 dissolved in the Co3O4 phase. The Ln(3+)-doped Co3O4 oxide displays only paramagnetic behavior at room temperature, but the ferromagnetic response is attained upon its mixing with SrO in nano-scale. The SrO phase plays the role in assisting Co3O4 phase with aligning unpaired electrons through interfacial induction.