Carbohydrates,amino acids,phytin, and macroelements of the herbage ofTrifolium pratense

Two monosaccharides have been found by paper chromatography in an aqueous extract of the herbage of red clover (Trifolium pratense). One of them has been identified as glucose. After hydrolysis of a dry water-soluble extract by paper chromatography in the presence of markers, galactose, arabinose, xylose, and mannose were detected. By paper chromatography in the presence of markers the amino acids phenylalanine, leucine (isoleucine), methionine, aspartic acid, proline, alanine, and histidine have been identified. Phytin with decomp. p 276°C has been isolated and identified, giving, after hydrolysis, inositol with mp 225–226°C, and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and PO ₄ ^3? have been detected. The amount of ash in the herbage of clover is 8.4% and the amount insoluble in HC1 1.5%. The amounts of macroelements were determined by the flame photometry of a solution of the ash (mg?%): K⁺ 1620; Na⁺ 310; Ca²⁺ 1240; Mg²⁺ 1090.     

The noncarbohydrate part of the polysaccharide complex ofSolidago virgaurea

The ash elements in the inflorescences and polysaccharides ofSolidago virgaurea L. have been determined qualitatively and quantitatively. Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ have been detected.I. P. Pavlov Rayazan' Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 284–286, May–June, 1984.     

Viscosities and intradiffusion coefficients in the ternary system NaCl−MgCl2−H2O at 25°C

The intradiffusion coefficients of Na⁺, Cl^– ions and water and the tracerdiffusion coefficients of Ca²⁺ ion have been measured in the ternary system NaCl–MgCl₂–H₂O at 25°C. The intradiffusion coefficients of Mg²⁺ in this system have been estimated from the corresponding Ca²⁺ diffusion measurements. Viscosities were measured at the same solution concentrations as were used for the diffusion experiments. Intradiffusion and tracerdiffusion coefficients in a range of temperatures from 5 to 45°C are reported for standard sea-water which is a member of the above ternary set.     

A Thermodynamic Study Between 18-Crown-6 with Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+and Ba2+ Cations in Water–Methanol and Water–Ethanol Binary Mixtures Using The Conductometric Method

The complexation reactions between Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ cations with the macrocyclic ligand, 18-Crown-6 (l8C6) in water–methanol (MeOH) binary systems as well as the complexation reactions between Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ cations with 18C6 in water–ethanol (EtOH) binary mixtures have been studied at different temperatures using conductometric method. The conductance data show that the stoichiometry of all the complexes is 1:1. It was found that the stability of 18C6 complexes with Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ cations is sensitive to solvent composition and in all cases, a non-linear behaviour was observed for the variation of log K _f of the complexes versus the composition of the mixed solvents. In some cases, the stability order is changed with changing the composition of the mixed solvents. The selectivity order of 18C6 for the metal cations in pure methanol is: Ba²⁺ > Sr²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺. The values of thermodynamic parameters (Δ H _c ° and Δ S _c °) for formation of 18C6–Mg²⁺, 18C6–Ca²⁺, 18C6–Sr²⁺ and 18C6–Ba²⁺complexes were obtained from temperature dependence of the stability constants. The obtained results show that the values of (Δ H _c ° and Δ S _c °) for formation of these complexes are quite sensitive to the nature and composition of the mixed solvent, but they do not vary monotonically with the solvent composition.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

Effect of ionic charge on energy contributions to the interaction of an ion with a polar molecule: ab initio calculations for MH2O (M = Mg, Mg, Mg, Ca, Ca, Ca)

For MH₂O (M = Mg, Mg⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca, Ca⁺, Ca²⁺) various energy contributions (first-order, induction and charge-transfer, dispersion) are compared. Near the minimum, stability due to the first-order energy decreases and that due to dispersion increases from M²⁺ to M⁰. For M²⁺, dispersion represents only 1–7% of the total energy; it may reach 25% with M⁺ and is largely responsible for stability of the neutral complex.     

Evaluation of a microwave-assisted extraction technique for determination of water-soluble inorganic species in urban airborne particulate matter

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique has been developed for the determination of water-soluble inorganic species (cations: Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and anions: F^–, Cl^–, NO₃^–, PO₄^3– and SO₄^2–) in airborne particulate matter. The analytes were extracted under different treatment conditions such as microwave power and extraction time. They were quantified using ion chromatography. The observed concentrations and recovery yields obtained under different conditions were compared. The results of a comparison between this MAE and sonication using NIST SRM 1648 are also given in this paper. The optimized MAE technique gave results in good agreement with the values obtained by the sonication. For some ions, for example Mg²⁺ and K⁺, recovery was low with both techniques. The results demonstrated that the optimized MAE is fast and efficient compared with conventional ultrasonic extraction. Urban airborne particles were collected and subjected to the MAE followed by the IC analysis to determine the relative proportions of different water-soluble inorganic species. These results are briefly discussed.     

Simultane Bestimmung freier Ca2+- und Mg2+-Konzentrationen durch Ionenaustausch

Zusammenfassung Die simultane Bestimmung freier Ca²⁺- und Mg²⁺-Konzentrationen in Anwesenheit relativ hoher Konzentrationen einwertiger Kationen mit einem erweiterten Ionenaustauschverfahren wird beschrieben. Die Auswertung der Meßergebnisse beruht auf der Theorie der Ionenaustauschgleichgewichte. Die relativen Fehler von [Ca²⁺] und [Mg²⁺] wurden auf der Basis ihrer Bestimmungsgleichungen für einen großen Konzentrationsbereich abgeschätzt. Bei Na⁺- bzw. K⁺-Konzentrationen zwischen 100 und 200 mmol/l lassen sich freie Ca²⁺- und Mg²⁺- Konzentrationen im Bereich von ca. 0,05–5 mmol/l mit einer relativen Standardabweichung zwischen 2 und 5% bestimmen.

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Simultaneous determination of free Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations by ion-exchange

Summary The simultaneous determination of free Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations in the presence of relatively high concentrations of monovalent cations by an improved ion-exchange method is described. The evaluation of the measured results is based upon the theory of ion-exchange equilibria. Relative errors of [Ca²⁺] and [Mg²⁺] were estimated for large ranges of cation concentrations using the error propagation law. In the presence of 100–200 mmol/l of Na⁺ and/or K⁺, [Ca²⁺] and [Mg²⁺] can be determined in the range of about 0.05–5 mmol/l with relative standard deviations from 2 to 5%.

Wir danken Frau Ingrid Schwabe für die ausgezeichnete technische Mitarbeit, sowie Herrn Dr. Oswald und Herrn Dr. Tietz für die Unterstützung bei elektrometrischen Messungen. Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Frunder danken wir für die Durchsicht des Manuskripts.     

Transition metals in atmospheric aqueous samples, analytical determination and speciation

Summary Two rain water samples were analyzed with respect to the determination of the species which are present at the given conditions. The parameters determined were: pH, E_h, electrolytical conductivity, concentration of anions (SO ₄ ^2– , NO ₃ ^– , Cl^–, NO ₂ ^– , HCOO^–, CH₃COO^–), of main cations (Na⁺, K⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺), and of transition metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn). The methods used were filtration and ultrafiltration, voltammetry, sorption on various sorbents and ion chromatography. Furthermore, E_h-pH-diagrams were taken into account and the partition of the species was calculated by means of stability constants. The transition elements species in the atmospheric aqueous solutions are discussed.     

Individual equivalent conductances of the major ions in seawater

A radioactive tracer method has been used to determine the trnasference numbers of eight major ions in seawater of salinity 38.4 g-kg ^–1 at 25°C. Data are presented for Na⁺, K⁺, Ca ²⁺ , and Mg ²⁺ cations and Cl^–, Br^–, SO ₄ ^2– , and HCO ₃ ^– anions, which contribute to the overall electrical conductance by more than 99%. The results have been checked by electrophoretic migrations on esters of cellulose strips providing independent values of the ratios of ionic mobilities to be compared to previous estimations. Through the individual ionic contributions to the electrical conductance, a method for calculating seawater density is proposed; this method is based on a nine-constitutents seawater model in which relative ionic concentrations can deviate from that of standard seawater.     

Thermal diffusion of dilute aqueous Na2MgEDTA and Na2CaEDTA solutions at 25°C

The Soret effect in dilute aqueous solutions (0.01–0.1m) of Na₂MgEDTA and Na₂CaEDTA is investigated using the flow-cell method. The Soret coefficients obtained from thermal diffusion experiments conducted at 25°C are reported. Heats of transport have been estimated based on the Debye-Hückel theory and the molar entropies of transport, calculated. Results of the present work have been compared with the Soret data for MgCl₂ and CaCl₂. It is suggested that the solvent exchange effect may account for the differences in the Soret effect observed between the pairs (Mg⁺², Ca⁺²) and (MgEDTA^–2, CaEDTA^–2).     

Peak parking technique for the simultaneous determination of anions and cations

An ion chromatography method is described for the simultaneous determination of anions (Cl^–, NO₃^–, and SO₄^2–) and cations (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺) using a single pump, a single eluent and a single detector. An anion-exchange column modified with chondroitin sulfate C facilitated the elution of the above three anions using 5 mM tartaric acid as the eluent in isocratic mode, whereas the same eluent facilitated the separation of the above five cations on a commercially-available cation-exchange column. The separation columns were connected in series via two six-port switching valves, so the required cation-exchange or anion-exchange separation could be carried out by selecting the appropriate positions for the switching valves. The separations were completed in 30 min.     

Comparison of Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding to calmodulin. An enthalpy,entropy, and gibbs free energy analysis

A consistent set of G _B , H _B , and S _B parameters have been determined from ion specific electrode, calorimetric, and spectrophotometric studies for the binding of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ to bovine calmodulin at pH=7.0 and an ionic strength I of 0.113M. A non-linear least squares analysis of calcium specific ion electrode data yields, on a molar basis, four calcium dissociation constants: 10^–7 for the first site, 10^–5 for the fourth site, and two constants between these values. Both calorimetric experiments and an indicator method provide evidence that Mg²⁺ binds to calmodulin, probably at the same sites as Ca²⁺, but with affinities about 100 times smaller: 4×10^–5 for the first site and 2×10^–3 for the fourth. Calorimetric titrations on Ca²⁺ binding to calmodulin in three buffers are consistent with 0.46 protons released upon binding at all four sites and yield an average H _B per site of 5.6 and 7.9 kJ-mol^–1 for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, respectively. The entropy of the system increases by 524 and 361 J-K^–1-mol^–1 when Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, respectively, bind to four sites on calmodulin, i.e., the selectivity of calmodulin for Ca²⁺ is primarily derived from entropy effects. Further analysis based on elimination of the entropy term for the metal ions demonstrates that calmodulin bound to Ca²⁺ has a larger entropy than the unbound calmodulin; the opposite is true for calmodulin bound to Mg²⁺. These analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that Ca²⁺ forms tight complexes at all sites on calmodulin and that release of waters of hydration upon binding is the source of the increase of entropy in the system.     

Potentiometric Determination of the First Hydrolysis Constant of Gallium(III) in NaCl Solution to 100°C

The hydrolysis equilibrum of gallium (III) solutions in aqueous 1 mol-kg^–1 NaCl over a range of low pH was measured potentiometrically with a hydrogen ion concentration cell at temperatures from 25 to 100°C at 25°C intervals. Potentials at temperatures above 100°C increased gradually because of further hydrolysis of the gallium(III) ion, followed by precipitation. The results were treated with a nonlinear least-squares computer program to determine the equilibrium constants for gallium(III)–hydroxo complexes using the Debye–Hückel equation. The log K (mol-kg^–1) values of the first hydrolysis constant for the reaction, Ga³⁺ + H₂O GaOH²⁺ + H⁺ were –2.85 ± 0.03 at 25°C, –2.36 ± 0.03 at 50°C, –1.98 ± 0.01 at 75°C, and –1.45 ± 0.02 at 100°C. The computed standard enthalpy and entropy changes for the hydrolysis reaction are presented over the range of experimental temperatures.     

The minimal basis set MINI-1—powerful tool for calculating intermolecular interactions. II. Ionic complexes

Optimum geometries and stabilization energies are determined for complexes of H₂O, NH₃, CH₄, C₂H₄, CO, and N₂ with metal cations including Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺, for the complex (HO)₂PO ₂ ^– ...Mg²⁺ and for the complexes of water with F^–, Cl^–, and Br^– by SCF calculations employing the MINI-1 minimal gaussian basis sets. The Boys-Bernardi method was used to evaluate the superposition error. Comparison with the extended basis set results revealed that the MINI-1 set gives uniformly good results for a broad variety of ionic complexes and therefore should be preferred to other small basis sets.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Aqueous ZnSO4 Solutions under Hydrothermal Conditions: Solubility, Hydrolysis, and Sulfate Ion Pairing

Raman spectra have been measured for aqueous ZnSO₄ solutions under hydrothermal conditions at steam saturation to 244°C; solubility has been recorded as a function of temperature from 25 to 256°C. The high-temperature Raman spectra contained two polarized bands, which suggest that a second sulfato complex, possibly bidentate, is formed in solution, in addition to the 1:1 zinc(II) sulfato complex, which is the only ion pair identified at lower temperatures. Under hydrothermal conditions, it was possible to observe the hydrolysis of the zinc(II) aquo ion by measuring the relative intensity of bands due to SO ₄ ^2– and HSO ₄ ^– according to the equilibrium reaction Zn(OH₂)₆]²⁺ + SO ₄ ^2– [Zn(OH₂)₅OH]⁺ + HSO ₄ ^– The precipitate in equilibrium with the solution at 210°C could be characterized as ZnSO₄ · H₂O (gunningite) by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman and infrared spectroscopy. At 244°C the equilibrium precipitate could be identified as ZnSO₄ (zincosite).     

A new sulfonamide derivative as magnesium ion receptor: N-tosyl-2,6-diisopropyl-4-(2,3-dimethoxylbenzoylamide)aniline

N-Tosyl-2,6-diisopropyl-4-(2,3-dimethoxylbenzoylamide)aniline (1) has been synthesized and its metal ion (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) coordinating properties investigated by FT-IR, ESI-MS, and ¹H NMR methods. Among the tested metal ions, the overall stability constant (log K) for Mg²⁺ (6.89) is the highest (Na⁺, 5.64; K⁺, 5.43; Ca²⁺, 5.51) in 10% water/THF at 25.0 ± 0.5 °C determined by UV-vis spectroscopy, indicating that 1 is a potent ionophore for Mg²⁺ ion.     

On the chemistry of Baltic amber inclusion droplets

Summary Baltic amber inclusion droplets were analyzed by means of gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis. It turned out that they were constituted of water in which a variety of inorganic cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl^–, Br^–, NO ₃ ^– , SO ₄ ^2– ) were dissolved. Moreover, NH ₄ ⁺ , acetate, and succinate ions were detected with the latter strongly predominating. However, no terpenes could be traced. From these results it was concluded that the inclusion droplets stem from splash water of a saline environment into which amber genuine succinic acid was extracted. Ammonium and acetate ions could originate from either tree sap contents or biogenic contents of the splash water.

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Zur Chemie von Inklusionströpfchen des baltischen Bernsteins

Zusammenfassung Inklusionströpfchen des baltischen Bernsteins wurden mit Hilfe von GC-MS, FTIR Spektroskopie und Kapillarelektrophorese analysiert. Es stellte sich heraus, daß es sich dabei um Wasser handelt, in dem eine Reihe von anorganischen Kationen (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) und Anionen (Cl^–, Br^–, NO ₃ ^– , SO ₄ ^2– ) gelöst sind. Darüber hinaus enthalten sie auch NH ₄ ⁺ , Acetat- und Succinationen, wobei letztere in großem Überschuß vorhanden sind. Terpene waren jedoch nicht nachzuweisen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurde abgeleitet, daß die Inklusionströpfchen von salinem Spritzwasser stammen, in welches aus dem Bernstein stammende genuine Bernsteinsäure extrahiert worden war. Ammonium- und Acetationen könnten entweder aus den Inhaltsstoffen des Baumsaftes oder aus biogenen Materialien des Spritzwassers herrühren.

     

Phthaleinviolett als Indicator in der Chelatometrie

Zusammenfassung Durch Dünnschicht-Chromatographie auf Maisstärke konnte die Trennung und der Nachweis von Pb²⁺-, Ag⁺- und Hg₂ ²⁺- sowie Ba²⁺-, Sr²⁺-, Ca²⁺- und Mg²⁺-Ionen durchgeführt werden. Als Fließmittel diente Aceton-3 n Salpetersäure (11) bzw. Aceton-3 n Salzsäure (23). 1 · 10^–8 bis 5 · 10^–9 Äquivalente der Ionen konnten nachgewiesen werden.

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Summary Separation and identification of Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg²⁺ and Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ ions has been achieved by thin-layer chromatography on maize starch, using acetone — 3 n nitric acid (11) resp. acetone — 3 n hydrochloric acid (23) as a solvent. 1 · 10^–8 to 5 · 10^–9 equivalents of the ions could be detected.

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Ein Teil der Versuche für diese Arbeit hat die Chemie-Absolventin Ana Bem ausgeführt, wofür ihr auch bei dieser Gelegenheit gedankt sei.     

Complexation properties of phosphonocarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions

The concentration formation constants of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) complexes with the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions were determined in aqueous solution at 25°C by potentiometric and coulometric titrations at different ionic strengths and were extrapolated to I=0 in order to obtain thermodynamic values of the formation constants. Complexes were formed by the completely deprotonated K _f (ML) and monoprotonated K _f (MHL) forms of the PAA anion. The respective values for the complexes are: log K _f (CaL)=4.68±0.03, log K _f (CaHL)=2.61±0.08; log K _f (MgL)=5.58±0.09, log K _f (MgHL)=3.0±0.3. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation for the deprotonated Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ PAA species, determined from the temperature dependence of the log K _f (ML), are: H⁰(Ca) =0.6±0.2 kcal-mol^–1, S⁰(Ca)=21.4±0.6 cal-mol^–1-K^–1, H⁰(Mg)=3.0±0.7 kcal-mol^–1, and S⁰(Mg)=35±2 cal-mol^–1-K^–1. It is seen there-fore, that the complexes are entropy stabilized but enthalpy destabilized. Formation constants were also determined for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ complexes with PAA analogs, phosphonoformic and 3-phosphonopropionic acids and the complexation of PAA was also studied at a single ionic strength, with Na⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions.     

Salt effects on the protonation of imidazole in aqueous solution at different ionic strengths: A tentative explanation by a complex formation model

Imidazole protonation constants were determined potentiometrically, using a (H⁺)-glass electrode, in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂, tetramethylammonium (Me₄N-) iodide and chloride, Et₄N-, Pr₄N- and Bu₄N-iodides. Salt effects were tentatively explained by assuming that complexes [H(Im)X]^o (Im = imidazole, X^–=Cl^– or I^–), [M(Im)]²⁺ (M²⁺=Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺) and [A(Im)]⁺ (A⁺ = tetraalkylammonium cation) were formed in solution. Calcium(II)-selective electrode measurements confirmed our hypothesis about the formation of the Ca²⁺-imidazole complex. The reliability of the complex formation model is discussed on the basis of its self consistency and in light of previous results.