New quantization conditions for field theory without divergence

Quantum field theory is a fundamental tool in particle and nuclear physics. Elemental particles are assumed to be point particles and, as a result, the loop integrals are divergent in many cases. Regularization and renormalization are introduced in order to get the physical finite results from the infinite, divergent loop integrations. We propose new quantization conditions for the fields whose base is very natural, i.e., any particle is not a point particle but a solid one with three dimensions. With this solid quantization, divergence could disappear.     

激光熔覆中金属粉末粒子与激光相互作用模型

为了对同轴激光熔覆过程中运动的金属粉末粒子的速度和温度进行理论分析,并研究各工艺参量的影响,建立了运动中金属粉末粒子的运动模型和热模型.模拟结果表明,粉嘴几何尺寸、粒子直径以及气/粉两相流初始速度是影响粒子运动行为的重要因素;粉嘴几何尺寸、激光焦点位置、激光发散角、激光功率、粒子直径以及气/粉两相流初始速度是影响粒子热行为的重要因素.在相同的工艺参量下(粉嘴出口内径r=2 mm,粉嘴倾角α=60°,初始气流速度v0=0.8 m/s),基于数字粒子图像测速(DPIV)技术,对316L不锈钢粉末粒子运动模型进行了实验验证.结果表明,运动理论模型是可靠的.该模型是掌握同轴激光熔覆过程中金属粉末粒子运动行为的有效工具;同时,热模型也是分析粉末粒子温度随不同参量变化的重要工具.     

(Super-) field theories from (super-) twistors

We obtain higher spin linearized field theories through the BRST second quantization of the classical D=4 massless point particle. By applying the same procedure to the classical supersymmetric particles, one obtains linearized N-extended off-shell unconstrained superfield actions. By extending the procedure to D=10, one is led to a new spacetime geometry which reduces in some limit to the usual D=10 Minkowski geometry.     

Stochastic electrodynamics with particle structure Part I: Zero-point induced Brownian behavior

If ordinary views on particle structure are introduced in a simple classical particle model in replacement of the point particles of standard use in stochastic electrodynamics, it can be shown that an internalZitterbewegung induced by the zero-point field background gives rise to a Brownian movement for the whole particle with a diffusion constant of the form D = /2m_D , where m_D is a modeldependent mass. Since the days of Madeleung and Fuhr brownian behaviour has often been associated with quantization. We discuss this from the viewpoint of stochastic electrodynamics.     

Particle Size Determination by Laser Reflection: Methodology and problems

The particle size distribution of crystalline solids has progressively become a key parameter in manufacturing processes, as important as chemical purity. Among the particle size determination and counting systems available on the market, very few offer the possibility of continuous in situ monitoring of the particle size evolution during crystallization. For this reason, much interest has been aroused by the appearance of the Par Tec 100, patented by Laser Sensor Technology [1, 2]. A study has been carried out in a stirred vessel to verify the precision and reproducibility of particle size measurement and elucidate the influence of experimental parameters on data accessible with this instrument. Optimum reproducibility has logically been achieved by fixing the highest possible cycle time and taking the mean of several cycles. Determinations with the Par Tec 100 are influenced variously, according to whether they relate to the total number of particles counted or to the mean size. Thus, the number of counts measured by a particle size probe largely depends on the operating conditions and more particularly on the hydrodynamic conditions, solvent, temperature and focal point position. Its dependence relative to the concentration of the solid in suspension is normal and linear for a solid and for a given monodisperse sample. To establish the relationship between the number of counts and the population density would therefore necessitate delicate calibration on a case-by-case basis. The mean size determined does not depend on suspension homogeneity, provided that the stirring speed is sufficient for a statistically significant total count. On the other hand, for a given sample, a displacement of the focal point can lead to considerable variations in the size determined. The optimal focal point position for small sizes is in fact highly sensitive. Lastly, the optimal position of the focal point is considerably dependent on the true size of the particles, which means that this counter is unsuitable for the precise analysis of a dispersed sample since each particle size class would require a different setting of the focal point. In addition, the sizes determined, irrespective of the products studied, appear to be underestimated for large particles and over estimated for small particles.     

The coordinate coherent states approach revisited

We revisit the coordinate coherent states approach through two different quantization procedures in the quantum field theory on the noncommutative Minkowski plane. The first procedure, which is based on the normal commutation relation between an annihilation and creation operators, deduces that a point mass can be described by a Gaussian function instead of the usual Dirac delta function. However, we argue this specific quantization by adopting the canonical one (based on the canonical commutation relation between a field and its conjugate momentum) and show that a point mass should still be described by the Dirac delta function, which implies that the concept of point particles is still valid when we deal with the noncommutativity by following the coordinate coherent states approach. In order to investigate the dependence on quantization procedures, we apply the two quantization procedures to the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation and find that they give rise to significantly different results. Under the first quantization procedure, the Unruh temperature and Unruh spectrum are not deformed by noncommutativity, but the Hawking temperature is deformed by noncommutativity while the radiation specturm is untack. However, under the second quantization procedure, the Unruh temperature and Hawking temperature are untack but the both spectra are modified by an effective greybody (deformed) factor.     

Fermionic greybody factors of two and five-dimensional dilatonic black holes

We analyze the persistence of curvature singularities when analyzed using quantum theory. First, quantum test particles obeying the Klein–Gordon and Chandrasekhar–Dirac equation are used to probe the classical timelike naked singularity. We show that the classical singularity is felt even by our quantum probes. Next, we use loop quantization to resolve a singularity hidden beneath the horizon. The singularity is resolved in this case.     

Delta-Gravity

We present a model of the gravitational field based on two symmetric tensors. The equations of motion of test particles are derived: Massive particles do not follow a geodesic but massless particles trajectories are null geodesics of an effective metric. Outside matter, the predictions of the model coincide exactly with General Relativity, so all classical tests are satisfied. In Cosmology, we get accelerated expansion without a cosmological constant. Additionally, we study the quantization of the model. The main result being that the Effective Action is finite and receives one loop corrections only.     

A Pseudo-classical Model of a Weyl Particle and Quantization of Classical Constants

A problem is considered where a Weyl particle is described in (3 + 1) dimensions. In doing this, we modify the quantization procedure, taking into account the contemporary progress in the understanding of the quantization of models with degenerate coordinates (i.e., with coordinates that enter into the Lagrangian without their time derivatives). The related problem of quantization of classical constants, which is characteristic of the most of pseudo-classical models of relativistic particles, is also discussed.     

The transition cluster-solid state in small gold particles

In small Au particles, embedded in glass, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant of the particle material and its temperature change between 300 and 1.5 K were measured as a function of particle size. Strong size dependence in a narrow size region point to a structural phase transition, probably from the cluster to the solid state, in particles of about 5 × 10² atoms, in this system.     

Effect of impact breakup of solid and liquid particles on two-phase supersonic flow about solids

Experimental modeling of processes occurring when a supersonic gaseous suspension containing solid or liquid particles flows about a freely flying body is carried out. Considered is the situation when the particles reach the surface of the body intact and are not entrained by the flow. It is found that, after the particles break into pieces and disperse, exchange between the phases intensifies, causing a change in the position of the bow shock wave and the formation of a layer with an increased concentration of the particles. Collisions of solid and liquid particles with the solid surface are modeled. The observation of the particle dispersion pattern after impact breakup and measurement of the particle velocity shed light upon a mechanism behind the formation and movement of a finely dispersed particle cloud that arises when initial particles experience impact breakup. It is found that the postcollision dispersion of the particles generates two shock waves originating from the interaction zone.     

A Local-Realistic Model of Quantum Mechanics Based on a Discrete Spacetime

This paper presents a realistic, stochastic, and local model that reproduces nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM) results without using its mathematical formulation. The proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and operations on probabilities, in particular assuming a discrete spacetime under the form of a Euclidean lattice. Individual (spinless) particle trajectories are described as random walks. Transition probabilities are simple functions of a few quantities that are either randomly associated to the particles during their preparation, or stored in the lattice nodes they visit during the walk. QM predictions are retrieved as probability distributions of similarly-prepared ensembles of particles. The scenarios considered to assess the model comprise of free particle, constant external force, harmonic oscillator, particle in a box, the Delta potential, particle on a ring, particle on a sphere and include quantization of energy levels and angular momentum, as well as momentum entanglement.     

Propagators in polymer quantum mechanics

Polymer Quantum Mechanics is based on some of the techniques used in the loop quantization of gravity that are adapted to describe systems possessing a finite number of degrees of freedom. It has been used in two ways: on one hand it has been used to represent some aspects of the loop quantization in a simpler context, and, on the other, it has been applied to each of the infinite mechanical modes of other systems. Indeed, this polymer approach was recently implemented for the free scalar field propagator. In this work we compute the polymer propagators of the free particle and a particle in a box; amusingly, just as in the non polymeric case, the one of the particle in a box may be computed also from that of the free particle using the method of images. We verify the propagators hereby obtained satisfy standard properties such as: consistency with initial conditions, composition and Green’s function character. Furthermore they are also shown to reduce to the usual Schrödinger propagators in the limit of small parameter μ₀${\mu }_0$, the length scale introduced in the polymer dynamics and which plays a role analog of that of Planck length in Quantum Gravity.     

Detection of the density of fine particulate matter employing laser beam divergence and inertia-dependent particle motion

We present a miniaturized sensor setup capable of determining the density of airborne particles employing size information provided by an enhanced light-scattering intensity ratio technique and inertia-dependent particle motion. The method is based on the particle density-dependent spatial particle spreading, measured as the time of flight using a divergent laser beam. Measurement results using polystyrene latex and silica particles in a size range of 500–1,600 nm show good agreement with theoretical estimations.     

Wave functions in geometric quantization

A geometrical way is described to associate quantum states in the sense of geometric quantization to wave functions in the quantum mechanical sense for each relativistic elementary particle. Explicit computations are made in a number of cases: Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, neutrino and antineutrino Weyl equations, and very general cases of massive and massless particles of arbitrary spin. In this later case one is led in a canonical way to Penrose wave equations.     

Modeling effective viscosity reduction behaviour of solid suspensions

Under a simple shearing flow, the effective viscosity of solid suspensions can be reduced by controlling the inclusion particle size or the number of inclusion particles in a unit volume. Based on the Stokes equation, the transformation field method is used to model the reduction behaviour of effective viscosity of solid suspensions theoretically by enlarging the particle size at a given high concentration of particles. With a lot of samples of random cubic particles in a unit cell, our statistical results show that at the same higher concentration, the effective viscosity of solid suspensions can be reduced by increasing the particle size or reducing the number of inclusion particles in a unit volume. This work discloses the viscosity reduction mechanism of increasing particle size, which is observed experimentally.     

Dynamical charges in the quantized renormalized massive Thirring model

Within Luther's approach to the quantization of the massive Thirring model we construct infinitely many commuting local, conserved charges for the lattice theory. The values of these charges on soliton, antisoliton and breather states are calculated exactly. Scattering processes for these particles are discussed and it is shown that there is no particle production in the lattice nor in the renormalized continuum massive Thirring model.     

Quantization of the dynamics of a particle on a double cone by preserving Noether symmetries

The classical quantization of the motion of a free particle and that of an harmonic oscillator on a double cone are achieved by a quantization scheme [M. C. Nucci, Theor. Math. Phys. 168 (2011) 994], that preserves the Noether point symmetries of the underlying Lagrangian in order to construct the Schrödinger equation. The result is different from that given in [K. Kowalski, J. Rembielński, Ann. Phys. 329 (2013) 146]. A comparison of the different outcomes is provided.