Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

A particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of medium energy beam transport for the SSC-Linac

A new linear accelerator system, called the SSC-Linac injector, is being designed at HIRFL (the heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of the SSC-Linac, the medium energy beam transport (MEBT) consists of seven magnetic quadrupoles, a re-buncher and a diagnose box. The total length of this segment is about 1.75 m. The beam dynamics simulation in MEBT has been studied using the TRACK 3D particle-in-cell code, and the simulation result shows that the beam accelerated from the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) matches well with the acceptance of the following drift tube linac (DTL) in both the transverse and longitudinal phase spaces, and that most of the particles can be captured by the final sector focusing cyclotron for further acceleration. The longitudinal emittance of the RFQ and the longitudinal acceptance of the DTL was calculated in detail, and a multi-particle beam dynamics simulation from the ion source to the end of the DTL was done to verify the original design.     

Beam dynamics simulation of HEBT for the SSC-linac injector

The SSC-linac (a new injector for the Separated Sector Cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) system to accelerate ²³⁸U³⁴⁺ from 3.72 keV/u to 1.008 MeV/u. As a part of the SSC-linac injector, the HEBT (high energy beam transport) has been designed by using the TRACE-3D code and simulated by the 3D PIC (particle-in-cell) Track code. The total length of the HEBT is about 12 meters and a beam line of about 6 meters are shared with the exiting beam line of the HIRFL system. The simulation results show that the particles can be delivered efficiently in the HEBT and the particles at the exit of the HEBT well match the acceptance of the SSC for further acceleration. The dispersion is eliminated absolutely in the HEBT. The space-charge effect calculated by the Track code is inconspicuous. According to the simulation, more than 60 percent of the particles from the ion source can be transported into the acceptance of the SSC.     

Design of the low energy beam transport line for the China spallation neutron source

The design of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) low-energy beam transport (LEBT) line, which locates between the ion source and the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), has been completed with the TRACE3D code. The design aims at perfect matching, primary chopping, a small emittance growth and sufficient space for beam diagnostics. The line consists of three solenoids, three vacuum chambers, two steering magnets and a pre-chopper. The total length of LEBT is about 1.74m. This LEBT is designed to transfer 20mA of H-pulsed beam from the ion source to the RFQ. An induction cavity is adopted as the pre-chopper. The electrostatic octupole steerer is discussed as a candidate. A four-quadrant aperture for beam scraping and beam position monitoring is designed.     

一种用于C-ADS 低能束流传输线束流强度控制的新型可调限束光阑

为了实现超导直线加速器束流强度的连续可调,并满足加速器在线稳定可靠运行,针对我国加速器驱动次临界系统(C-ADS)低能束流传输线(LEBT)的束流强度调控,提出了一种新型的可调限束光阑。可调限束光阑采用两个相对旋转的镜像对称转芯,转芯的孔径在某一范围内可以实现连续变化,以刮除不需要的外部粒子,提高束流品质,降低束损,最重要的是可实现束流强度的在线连续可调,并满足圆形束的要求。仿真和试验结果表明,在0～10 mA范围内,可以有效地卡掉不需要的外部粒子束流,并实现束流强度的在线连续调节。该装置为质子直线加速器提供了一种方便的束流调试方法,能够满足ADS直线加速器稳定可靠的在线运行。     

PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC(Separated Sector Cyclotron)-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL(Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou).The beam intensity at the LEBT(Low Energy Beam Transport)for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous.The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes.The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron.An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron,as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects.The results of the PIC(Particle-In-Cell)mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.     

PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC （Separated Sector Cyclotron）-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL （Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou）. The beam intensity at the LEBT （Low Energy Beam Transport） for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous. The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes. The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron. An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron, as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects. The results of the PIC （Particle- In-Cell） mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.     

Design of the low energy beam transport line for the China spallation neutron source

The design of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) low-energy beam transport (LEBT) line, which locates between the ion source and the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), has been completed with the TRACE3D code. The design aims at perfect matching, primary chopping, a small emittance growth and sufficient space for beam diagnostics. The line consists of three solenoids, three vacuum chambers, two steering magnets and a pre-chopper. The total length of LEBT is about 1.74 m. This LEBT is designed to transfer 20 mA of H-pulsed beam from the ion source to the RFQ. An induction cavity is adopted as the pre-chopper.The electrostatic octupole steerer is discussed as a candidate. A four-quadrant aperture for beam scraping and beam position monitoring is designed.     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ)linear accelerator(linac)is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system(injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron).The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell(PIC)code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency(at least 95%)for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac(DTL).The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole （RFQ） linear accelerator （linac） is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system （injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron）.The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell （PIC） code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission effciency （at least 95%） for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac （DTL）.The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

Comparison of the PIC model and the Lie algebraic metnod in the simulation of intense continuous beam transport

Both the PIC(Particle-In-Cell) model and the Lie algebraic method can be used to simulate the transport of intense continuous beams.The PIC model is to calculate the space charge field,which is blended into the external field,and then simulate the trajectories of particles in the total field;the Lie algebraic method is to simulate the intense continuous beam transport with transport matrixes.Two simulation codes based on the two methods are developed respectively,and the simulated results of transport in a set of electrostatic lenses are compared.It is found that the results from the two codes are in agreement with each other.and both approaches have their own merits.     

Comparison of the PIC model and the Lie algebraic method in the simulation of intense continuous beam transport

Both the PIC (Particle-In-Cell) model and the Lie algebraic method can be used to simulate the transport of intense continuous beams. The PIC model is to calculate the space charge field, which is blended into the external field, and then simulate the trajectories of particles in the total field; the Lie algebraic method is to simulate the intense continuous beam transport with transport matrixes. Two simulation codes based on the two methods are developed respectively, and the simulated results of transport in a set of electrostatic lenses are compared. It is found that the results from the two codes are in agreement with each other, and both approaches have their own merits.     

脉冲馈入方式改变对束流传输的影响

利用加速器原有的束流传输及检测系统,在单脉冲直线感应加速器上分别对双边馈入和单边馈入情况下强流束的传输情况进行了实验测量。实验结果表明:在改变加速脉冲的馈入方式后,传输过程中电子束在加速段的束心位置发生了明显改变,将对加速器的束流输运产生非常不利的影响。通过对实验数据的比较和分析,提出了传输线延时产生双脉冲可能采用的脉冲馈入方案。     

脉冲馈入方式改变对束流传输的影响

利用加速器原有的束流传输及检测系统,在单脉冲直线感应加速器上分别对双边馈入和单边馈入情况下强流束的传输情况进行了实验测量。实验结果表明：在改变加速脉冲的馈入方式后,传输过程中电子束在加速段的束心位置发生了明显改变,将对加速器的束流输运产生非常不利的影响。通过对实验数据的比较和分析,提出了传输线延时产生双脉冲可能采用的脉冲馈入方案。     

磁绝缘线振荡器中模式竞争问题的数值模拟

为理解磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)实验中频频出现的模式竞争问题,利用3维全电磁粒子模拟程序对C波段MILO的实验模型进行研究,探索各种非对称激励机制对产生微波模式的影响,结果显示:阴极电子随机发射、电压的慢上升前沿、较低的电压等因素都可导致非对称高阶模式的产生,并使输出微波功率大大降低。模拟计算得出MILO中存在频率为3.6 GHz左右的基模和频率分别为3.7,4.1,4.6 GHz左右的3种高阶模式,与Karat计算结果基本一致。     

强流电子束源阴极等离子体的粒子模拟

模拟了强流电子束源阴极表面附近区域数密度约1014 cm-3的等离子体的膨胀过程,观察到等离子体膨胀速度约为1 cm/μs。通过观察不同时刻阴极附近电子和离子的相空间分布、数密度分布和轴向电场分布,分析了等离子体膨胀过程。结果表明:等离子体的产生使得阴极表面电场增强,进而增大阴极的电流发射密度,电流密度增加使得空间电荷效应增强,并使等离子体前沿处的电场减小,当等离子体前沿处的电场减小到零时等离子体向阳极膨胀。讨论了等离子体温度、离子质量、束流密度和离子产生率对等离子体膨胀速度的影响。结果表明:等离子体的膨胀速度随着等离子体温度升高而增大,随离子质量增大而减小,但膨胀速度不等于离子声速;等离子体产生率越小,等离子体膨胀速度越小。     

Evolutionary genetic optimization of the injector beam dynamics for the ERL test facility at IHEP

The energy recovery linac test facility （ERL-TF）, a compact ERL-FEL （free electron laser） two-purpose machine, has been proposed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. As one important component of the ERL-TF, the photo-injector was designed and preliminarily optimized. In this paper an evolutionary genetic method, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, is applied to optimize the injector beam dynamics, especially in the high-charge operation mode. Study shows that using an incident laser with rms transverse size of 1-1.2 ram, the normalized emittance of the electron beam can be kept below 1 mm.mrad at the end of the injector. This work, together with the previous optimization of the low-charge operation mode by using the iterative scan method, provides guidance and confidence for future construction and commissioning of the ERL-TF injector.     

A transport model and numerical simulation of the high-frequency dynamics of three-dimensional beam trusses

The theory of microlocal analysis shows that the energy density associated with the high-frequency vibrations of a three-dimensional Timoshenko beam satisfies a Liouville-type transport equation. In the present application, the material of the beam is assumed to be isotropic. Its parameters are allowed to vary along the beam axis at length scales much larger than the wavelength of the high-frequency waves traveling in it. Moreover, the curvature and torsion of the beam are accounted for. The first part of the paper focuses on the derivation of the transport model for a single three-dimensional beam. In order to extend this model to beam trusses, the reflection/transmission phenomena of the energy fluxes at junctions of beams are described by power flow reflection/transmission operators in a subsequent part. For numerical simulations, a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is used on account of the discontinuities of the energy density field at the junctions. Thus, a complete mechanical-numerical modeling of the linear transient dynamics of beam trusses is proposed. It is illustrated by numerical examples highlighting some remarkable features of high-frequency vibrations: The onset of a diffusive regime characterized by energy equipartition rules at late times. Energy diffusion is prompted by the multiple reflection/transmission of waves at the junctions, with possible mode (polarization) conversions. This is the regime applicable to the statistical energy analysis of structural acoustics systems. The main purpose of this research is to develop an effective strategy to simulate and predict the transient response of beam trusses impacted by acoustic or mechanical shocks.     

2MeV注入器脉冲电子束时间分辨能谱诊断研究

介绍了利用磁分析器和电子束产生的契伦科夫辐射光诊断直线感应加速器脉冲电子束时间分辨能谱的原理、方法及诊断系统,对中物院2MeV感应叠加型注入器的2kA强流脉冲电子束时间分辨能谱进行实验诊断,并与二极管电压进行对比分析。测得能量约2.2MeV,60ns内最大能量变化为4%。