Analysis of superconducting cavity quench events at SSRF

Quench is important and dangerous to superconducting RF cavities. This paper illustrates the mechanism of quench and how a quench detector works, and analyzes the quench events happening during beam operations and cavity conditioning. We find that the quench protection is mostly triggered by some reasons such as fluctuation of cavity voltage, multipacting or arc, rather than a real cavity thermal breakdown. The results will be beneficial to optimize the operation parameters of superconducting cavities, to discover the real reasons for beam trip by quench interlock, and to improve the operation stability of superconducting RF systems.     

上海光源500MHz超导腔水平测试

上海光源是能量为3.5 GeV的第三代先进中能同步辐射光源,其储存环上安装了三台超导高频腔补偿电子因同步辐射等原因丢失的能量。为保障上海光源的长期稳定高效运行,中国科学院上海应用物理研究所和上海市低温超导高频腔技术重点实验室共同研制了具备低高次模损失参数和可承受更高入射功率的新型500 MHz超导腔,作为上海光源在线运行超导高频腔的备用腔。超导铌腔经低温垂直测试达到所需加速性能后,需要与高功率输入耦合器、高次模吸收器、低温恒温器等集成并完成水平测试,获得超导腔模组的加速性能、低温性能和真空性能。介绍了超导腔备用腔的研制、集成和测试过程,采用文丘里(Venturi)校准法获得模组的静态功耗反应模组的低温性能,并通过高功率测试获得了超导腔备用腔模组的加速性能。测试结果表明：自主研制的500 MHz超导腔备用腔满足上海光源的工作需求,在超导腔的加速腔压为2.0 MV时,无载品质因数为1.2×10⁹ @4.2 K,且低温模组的静态热损耗为36.1 W。     

分段保护超导螺线管磁体失超过程的过电压

超导磁体失超过程的过电压准确分析是失超保护系统设计的基础。对于分段保护的超导螺线管磁体,在传统椭球形正常区失超传播模型的基础上,将3维温度计算结果映射到1维导线方向上,确定沿导线的温度分布,进而计算出各匝电阻。将线圈看作以匝为单位的电阻和电感组成的电路,计算出沿导线的电阻电压、电感电压以及合电压瞬态分布,较准确地估计了失超过程中最大对地电压、层间电压和匝间电压。利用该方法对某分段保护的螺线管磁体进行了计算,获得了失超过程中磁体内部过电压;发现磁体内部的电压分布由方向相反的电感电压和电阻电压共同决定;以单段正常区电阻电压作为该磁体对地电压过于保守。     

Investigation on the fabrication of the 3rd harmonic superconducting cavity for the SSRF storage ring

A third harmonic superconducting niobium cavity has been proposed for installation in the Shang-hai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring to improve the Touschek lifetime. In order to investigate the feasibility of the superconducting cavity fabrication indigenously and the possibility to master the fabrica-tion techniques, cavities were fabricated from copper and niobium sheets by deep drawing and electron-beam welding, and a series of measurements, such as resonant frequency, shape dimensions and wall thickness, were carried out during this process. After analysis of various problems existing in the fabrication process, tech-nique improvements were proposed, and finally the precise shape as designed and resonant frequency within 1.2 MHz were achieved for the new completed cavities. In addition, full annealing was finally proved to be a good cure for niobium sheets' tearing up during deep drawing. By fabricating niobium cavities successfully, some problems to the next step were cleared. This paper introduces the process of cavity fabrication and its technique improvements towards forming, and the initial vertical test result of niobium cavity is also presented.     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值,改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明,对于铜铌溅射腔,在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度,改善晶格结构;对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法,在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场,提高超导腔的临界磁场,从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

Investigation on the fabrication of the 3rd harmonic superconducting cavity for the SSRF storage ring

A third harmonic superconducting niobium cavity has been proposed for installation in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility （SSRF） storage ring to improve the Touschek lifetime. In order to investigate the feasibility of the superconducting cavity fabrication indigenously and the possibility to master the fabrica tion techniques, cavities were fabricated from copper and niobium sheets by deep drawing and electron-beam welding, and a series of measurements, such as resonant frequency, shape dimensions and wall thickness, were carried out during this process. After analysis of various problems existing in the fabrication process, technique improvements were proposed, and finally the precise shape as designed and resonant frequency within 1.2 MHz were achieved for the new completed cavities. In addition, full annealing was finally proved to be a good cure for niobium sheets＇ tearing up during deep drawing. By fabricating niobium cavities successfully, some problems to the next step were cleared. This paper introduces the process of cavity fabrication and its technique improvements towards forming, and the initial vertical test result of niobium cavity is also presented.     

The design of a five-cell high-current superconducting cavity

Energy recovery linacs are promising for achieving high average current with superior beam quality. The key component for accelerating such high-current beams is the superconducting radio-frequency cavity. The design of a 1.3 GHz five-cell high-current superconducting cavity has been carried out under cooperation between Peking University and the Argonne National Laboratory. The radio-frequency properties, damping of the higher order modes, multipacting and mechanical features of this cavity have been discussed and the final design is presented.     

溅射方法干式处理超导加速腔表面的研究与分析

详细研究了利用超高真空氩离子清洗技术发展的一种超导铌腔表面的“干式”处理方法,从微观和宏观角度分析了溅射处理对铌的表面特性和对超导腔性能的影响.与传统的“湿式”处理方法(化学抛光BCP和电抛光EP)相比,干式处理方法具有结构简单、容易控制、没有污染等优点,是一种很有潜力的超导腔处理方法,可以提高超导腔的性能. 关键词： 超导加速腔 溅射 形貌分析 残留电阻比RRR     

Design of a higher harmonic cavity for the SSRF storage ring

Higher harmonic cavity used in the third generation synchrotron light source increases the Touschek lifetime. The higher harmonic cavity of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a 1.5GHz passive superconducting cavity. Its higher order modes (HOM) are extracted by a ferrite HOM damper out of the cryostat. Multi-cell cavity is chosen concerning the voltage. The harmonic cavity dynamics, beam dynamics with passive harmonic cavity and the design of single cell cavity are included in this paper.     

Study of multipacting effect in superconducting cavity

A number of superconducting cavities of axis-symmetric geometry have been considered to study the effect in order to achieve the desired performance.It is shown that the multipacting effect is strongly dependent on the condition of the RF surface and can be suppressed with reconsideration of the geometry.The simulation result is compared with the result of the semi-analytical model in the end.     

Study of multipacting effect in superconducting cavity

A number of superconducting cavities of axis-symmetric geometry have been considered to study the effect in order to achieve the desired performance. It is shown that the multipacting effect is strongly dependent on the condition of the RF surface and can be suppressed with reconsideration of the geometry. The simulation result is compared with the result of the semi-analytical model in the end.     

Study and design of RF coupler for Chinese ADS HWR superconducting cavity

An RF power coupler is a key component of the superconducting accelerating system in Chinese ADS proton linac injector I, which is used to transmit 15 kW RF power from the power source to the superconducting HWR cavity. According to the requirement of working frequency, power level, transmission capability and cooling condition, the physics design of coupler has been finished, which includes RF structure optimization, thermal simulation, thermal stress analysis and so on. Based on this design, the prototype of HWR coupler has been fabricated, and it has successfully passed the high power test.     

Study and design of RF coupler for Chinese ADS HWR superconducting cavity

An RF power coupler is a key component of the superconducting accelerating system in Chinese ADS proton linac injector I, which is used to transmit 15 kW RF power from the power source to the superconducting HWR cavity. According to the requirement of working frequency, power level, transmission capability and cooling condition, the physics design of coupler has been finished, which includes RF structure optimization, thermal simulation, thermal stress analysis and so on. Based on this design, the prototype of HWR coupler has been fabricated, and it has successfully passed the high power test.     

分段保护超导螺线管磁体失超过程的过电压

超导磁体失超过程的过电压准确分析是失超保护系统设计的基础。对于分段保护的超导螺线管磁体,在传统椭球形正常区失超传播模型的基础上,将3维温度计算结果映射到1维导线方向上,确定沿导线的温度分布,进而计算出各匝电阻。将线圈看作以匝为单位的电阻和电感组成的电路,计算出沿导线的电阻电压、电感电压以及合电压瞬态分布,较准确地估计了失超过程中最大对地电压、层间电压和匝间电压。利用该方法对某分段保护的螺线管磁体进行了计算,获得了失超过程中磁体内部过电压;发现磁体内部的电压分布由方向相反的电感电压和电阻电压共同决定;以单段正常区电阻电压作为该磁体对地电压过于保守。     

Design and study of a high-current 5-cell superconducting rf cavity

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is considering the development of a superconducting linac-based fourth-generation hard X-ray source to meet future scientific needs of the hard X-ray user community. This work specifically focuses on the design of an optimized 5-cell superconducting radio-frequency structure well suited for a high-energy, high-beam-current energy recovery linac. The cavity design parameters are based on the APS storage ring nominal 7 GeV and 100 mA beam operation. A high-current 5-cell cw superconducting cavity operating at 1.4 GHz has been designed. In order to achieve a high current, the accelerating cavity shape has been optimized and large end-cell beam pipes have been adopted. The beam break-up threshold of the cavity has been estimated using the code TDBBU, which predicts a high threshold beam current for a 7 GeV energy recovery linac model. A copper prototype cavity has been fabricated that uses half-cell modules, initially assembled by clamping the cells together.     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

 为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值，改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明，对于铜铌溅射腔，在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度，改善晶格结构；对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法，在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场，提高超导腔的临界磁场，从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

Design and study of a high-current 5-cell superconducting rf cavity

The Advanced Photon Source （APS） at Argonne National Laboratory is considering the development of a superconducting linac-based fourth-generation hard X-ray source to meet future scientific needs of the hard X-ray user community. This work specifically focuses on the design of an optimized 5-cell superconducting radio-frequency structure well suited for a high-energy, high-beam-current energy recovery linac. The cavity design parameters are based on the APS storage ring nominal 7 GeV and 100 mA beam operation. A high-current 5-cell cw superconducting cavity operating at 1.4 GHz has been designed. In order to achieve a high current, the accelerating cavity shape has been optimized and large end-cell beam pipes have been adopted. The beam break-up threshold of the cavity has been estimated using the code TDBBU, which predicts a high threshold beam current for a 7 GeV energy recovery linac model. A copper prototype cavity has been fabricated that uses half-cell modules, initially assembled by clamping the cells together.     

超导腔垂直测试数字化自激励环路研制

介绍北京大学垂直测试系统的数字化自激励环路系统,重点分析了实际测试中避免多单元（cell）超导腔模式串扰的方法以及偏离四倍频采样对信号幅度和相位的影响。该系统运行稳定可靠,可有效区分1.3 GHz 9-cell超导腔$ {\rm{{\text{π}}}} $模与$ 8{\rm{{\text{π}}}}/9 $模,解决了多cell超导腔测试中模式串扰问题。分析了超导腔自激励环路在垂直测试中的应用,介绍了北京大学垂直测试系统的数字化自激励环路,采用上下变频方案的射频前端和包括有限脉冲响应滤波器的数字算法,系统简洁扩展性强。重点分析了实际测试中避免多cell超导腔模式串扰的方法以及偏离四倍频采样对信号幅度和相位的影响。在多种不同频率超导腔的垂直测试中该系统运行稳定可靠,可有效区分1.3 GHz 9-cell超导腔$ {\text{π}} $模与$ 8{\rm{{\text{π}}}}/9 $模,解决了多cell超导腔测试中模式串扰问题。     

FAIR项目Super-FRS超导二极磁铁测试线圈的三维失超数值模拟

国际反质子与离子研究装置(FAIR)项目中的Super-FRS超导二极磁铁是一个大型温铁结构的超导磁体,由中国负责设计、研制和测试。为了研究超导线圈的性能和其设计的可靠性,前期研制了一个测试线圈。建立了一个基于ANSYS和OPERA 3D的三维失超模型,不仅将模拟结果和实验数据进行对比,更可以获得失超过程的更多细节。模型将环氧浸渍的超导线圈简化为各项异性连续介质。将ANSYS求解器用于瞬态传热过程的分析,OPERA 3D用于磁场计算,并采用ANSYS脚本语言（APDL）进行焦耳热的计算和保护电路方程的求解。模拟得到了温度、电压、电流随时间的变化曲线和失超传播过程。最后将模拟结果和测试线圈的测试结果进行了比较。     

Design of a higher harmonic cavity for the SSRF storage ring

Higher harmonic cavity used in the third generation synchrotron light source increases the Touschek lifetime.The higher harmonic cavity of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)is a 1.5 GHz passive superconducting cavity.Its higher order modes(HOM)are extracted by a ferrite HOM damper out of the cryostat.Multi-cell cavity is chosen concerning the voltage.The harmonic cavity dynamics,beam dynamics with passive harmonic cavity and the design of single cell cavity are included in this paper.