高精度干涉仪针孔空间滤波器研制

应用于高重复频率、高功率193 nm准分子激光器会聚光路中的针孔空间滤波器,除了需要考虑它的材料加工难易、厚度、针孔尺寸等因素外,还需考虑材料抗激光损伤特性。本文利用激光损伤理论中一维热流模型对无限厚和有限厚不同金属样品在高峰值功率193 nm 准分子激光器照射下的损伤阈值进行了分析。结果表明：铝材料在厚度为1.2μm处比其它金属的损伤阈值高,可达1.16×1010 W/cm2,且材料易于加工。利用聚焦离子束技术加工了航空铝材料样品,得到了厚度为1.2和1.5μm的针孔空间滤波器样品。扫描电镜观察其具有较好圆度和内壁粗糙度,基本满足剪切干涉仪对针孔空间滤波器的需求。     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数(MTF),结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟X光针孔成像的可行性。     

上海光源硬X射线相干衍射成像实验方法初探

相干X射线衍射成像方法是一种先进的成像技术,分辨率可达纳米量级.国际上大多数的同步辐射装置和自由电子激光装置都建立了该成像方法,并有将其作为主要成像技术的趋势.上海光源作为目前国内唯一的一台第三代同步辐射光源,尚未建立基于硬X射线的相干衍射成像实验平台.随着一批以波荡器为光源的光束线站投入使用,使得该方法的建立成为了可能.本文基于上海光源BL19U2生物小角散射线站,通过有效的光路设计,搭建了相干衍射实验平台,在12 keV和13.5 keV能量点均获得了硬X射线相干光束,并基于小孔衍射测量了入射光束的空间相干长度.该平台支持常规和扫描相干衍射实验模式,对小孔衍射图样及波带片扫描衍射图样实现了正确的相位重建,证明了该平台初步具备开展硬X射线相干衍射成像实验的能力.硬X射线相干衍射成像实验平台为国内首次建立,将为国内该实验方法的发展和应用提供有效的软硬件支持.     

上海光源同步辐射空间干涉仪研制

 研制了上海光源同步辐射空间干涉仪,用于储存环束团横向截面尺寸及发射度的精确测量。对干涉仪工艺设计中的光路参数、关键设备选型、数据处理方法及数据采集处理软件结构进行了分析讨论。结合束流实验完成了系统调试及运行参数优化,结果表明,CCD增益系数与曝光时间设置对测量精度有显著影响,增益系数设为0 dB,曝光时间设为200 ms时,随机测量误差可控制在μm量级。对上海光源储存环横向束斑尺寸进行了精确测量,结果表明:空间相干度曲线近似为高斯分布,可以采用单一空间频率的相干度测量值进行快速束斑尺寸计算;水平束斑尺寸实测值为52.4 μm,与理论值预期值53.0 μm相比,差异小于2%;系统测量误差约为5.5%,主要误差来源为相干度随机测量误差。     

Transfiguration of extracting mirror in synchrotron radiation system at SSRF

The first extracting mirror is very important for synchrotron radiation monitor (SRM). The SRM system of SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) should extract the visible light with low optical distortion. The analysis of SR power spectrum and heat transfiguration based on Matlab is introduced in this paper, which will be used in calibration. One beryllium mirror with water-cooling is used to transmit X-ray and reflect visible light to satisfy the measurement request. The existing system suffers from a dynamic problem in some beam physics study. The system includes optics, image acquisition and interferometers. One of the instruments is a digital camera providing the image of the beam transverse profile. The hardware configuration will be summarized. The synchrotron radiation measurement system has been in operation in SSRF for more than one year.     

First observation of the point spread function of optical transition radiation

We represent the first experimental observation of the point spread function (PSF) of optical transition radiation (OTR) performed at KEK-Accelerator Test Facility extraction line. We have demonstrated that the PSF vertical polarization component has a central minimum with a two lobe distribution. However, the distribution width varied significantly with wavelength. We assume that we observed a severe effect from spherical or chromatic aberrations which are not taken into account in any existing theoretical model. We believe that the result of this work will encourage theoreticians to continue developing the theory as it is important for various transition radiation applications. Nonuniform distribution of the OTR PSF creates an opportunity for developing a submicrometer transverse beam size monitor.     

Beam based alignment of the SSRF storage ring

There are 140 beam position monitors (BPMs) in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring used for measuring the closed orbit. As the BPM pickup electrodes are assembled directly on the vacuum chamber, it is important to calibrate the electrical center offset of the BPM to an adjacent quadrupole magnetic center. A beam based alignment (BBA) method which varies individual quadrupole magnet strength and observes its effects on the orbit is used to measure the BPM offsets in both the horizontal and vertical planes. It is a completely automated technique with various data processing methods. There are several parameters such as the strength change of the correctors and the quadrupoles which should be chosen carefully in real measurement. After several rounds of BBA measurement and closed orbit correction, these offsets are set to an accuracy better than 10 μm. In this paper we present the method of beam based calibration of BPMs, the experimental results of the SSRF storage ring, and the error analysis.     

同步光成像方法对加速器储存环束流的测量

利用可见光波段的同步光直接成像对北京正负电子对撞机二期工程（BEPCⅡ）储存环束流的横向截面尺寸进行了测量,对可见光直接成像方法的光路搭建注意事项进行了详细说明,并详细阐述了此测量方法对光路放大倍数的精确测量及过程,同时对可能产生的随机误差和系统误差提出了处理方法,利用点扩散函数（PSF）对成像过程中产生的衍射误差进行了处理,这些处理方法对其他测量系统如X射线小孔成像也适用,并将测量结果与可见光空间干涉方法测量结果进行了对比,且符合很好。     

超声波扩散角的测量方法改进

为了提高利用小孔反射法测量超声波扩散角的准确度,采用多点测量获得小孔反射波强度分布曲线,通过数据处理软件得到此分布曲线的半峰全宽,在此基础上校正小孔尺寸对测量结果的影响.     

上海光源500MHz超导腔水平测试

上海光源是能量为3.5 GeV的第三代先进中能同步辐射光源,其储存环上安装了三台超导高频腔补偿电子因同步辐射等原因丢失的能量。为保障上海光源的长期稳定高效运行,中国科学院上海应用物理研究所和上海市低温超导高频腔技术重点实验室共同研制了具备低高次模损失参数和可承受更高入射功率的新型500 MHz超导腔,作为上海光源在线运行超导高频腔的备用腔。超导铌腔经低温垂直测试达到所需加速性能后,需要与高功率输入耦合器、高次模吸收器、低温恒温器等集成并完成水平测试,获得超导腔模组的加速性能、低温性能和真空性能。介绍了超导腔备用腔的研制、集成和测试过程,采用文丘里(Venturi)校准法获得模组的静态功耗反应模组的低温性能,并通过高功率测试获得了超导腔备用腔模组的加速性能。测试结果表明:自主研制的500 MHz超导腔备用腔满足上海光源的工作需求,在超导腔的加速腔压为2.0 MV时,无载品质因数为1.2×109 @4.2 K,且低温模组的静态热损耗为36.1 W。     

合肥国家同步辐射光源软X射线束空间相干性实验研究

本文从实验角度对合肥国家同步辐射实验室软X射线束的空间相干性进行了研究.利用放置在物面上的高分辨正性光刻胶,记录了中心波长为3.2nm的波带片和针孔直径为30μm组合的光场分布(光斑),获得相应条件下的爱里斑及空间相干直径实验数据;完成了一个双缝干涉实验.所得的这些结果与理论计算相一致.     

Detailed characterization of polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses by a charge-coupled device detector and a pinhole

A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device (CCD) detector was proposed in this study. The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polycapillary x-ray optics to determine the illuminating region of the incident x-ray beam on the input side of the optics. The CCD detector placed downstream of the polycapillary x-ray optics ensured that the incident x-ray beam controlled by the pinhole irradiated a specific region of the input surface of the optics. The intensity of the output beam of the polycapillary x-ray optics was obtained from the far-field image of the output beam of the optics captured by CCD detector. As an application example, the focal spot size, gain in power density, transmission efficiency, and beam divergence of different parts of a polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses (PFXRL) were measured by a pinhole and CCD detector. Three pinholes with diameters of 500, 1000, and 2000 μm were used to adjust the diameter of the incident x-ray beam illuminating the PFXRL from 500 μm to the entire surface of the input side of the PFXRL. The focal spot size of the PFXRL, gain in power density, transmission efficiency, and beam divergence ranged from 27.1 μm to 34.6 μm, 400 to 3460, 26.70% to 5.38%, and 16.8 mrad to 84.86 mrad, respectively.     

用束流位置监测器测量上海光源束流寿命

通过理论分析研究了电磁耦合型束流位置探测器（BPM）用于束流寿命测量的可行性,并在上海光源储存环上进行了束流实验,对其性能进行了评估。实验结果表明,与目前常用的直流流强变压器（DCCT）系统相比,BPM给出的束流寿命具有更高的带宽和分辨力,有利于进行不同时间尺度的束流寿命评估,而且可以通过多个平均的方式来进一步提高测量精度。     

工作点反馈系统对同步辐射光源运行稳定性的提升（英文）

上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)储存环上目前已经安装了十台插入元件(IDs)。在用户时间,插入元件的间隙被反复地调整以进行科学实验。虽然使用了插入件前馈系统,但依然存在扰动束流光学的残余四极场,它会导致束流横向振荡工作点的变化,进而影响机器的性能和同步辐射光亮度的稳定。为此,我们研发了一个工作点反馈系统来解决这个问题,并且已经在上海光源储存环上投入了运行,在两周左右的运行周期内,工作点的稳定度达到了±0.001。这个反馈系统还有另一个重要功能,即可以根据监控反馈系统校正电流的变化趋势来判断二极磁铁电源和四极磁铁电源是否存在慢漂问题。为了验证这个工作点反馈的可行性,我们对使用反馈前后几周的束流参数进行了比较,包括储存环注入效率、束流寿命、水平方向束斑尺寸以及β函数的变化情况(beta-beatings)。     

X‐ray beam‐position feedback system with easy‐to‐use beam‐position monitor

X‐ray beam‐position stability is indispensable in cutting‐edge experiments using synchrotron radiation. Here, for the first time, a beam‐position feedback system is presented that utilizes an easy‐to‐use X‐ray beam‐position monitor incorporating a diamond‐fluorescence screen. The acceptable range of the monitor is above 500 µm and the feedback system maintains the beam position within 3 µm. In addition to being inexpensive, the system has two key advantages: it works without a scale factor for position calibration, and it has no dependence on X‐ray energy, X‐ray intensity, beam size or beam shape.     

HLS注入段束流位置探头定标电场的拟合和误差计算

 描述了束流位置探测器(BPM)探头定标、定标电场的拟合和误差计算。该定标系统采用了具有调节精度为10μm垂直放置真空管道的天线模拟定标装置和分辨率高达1μm外差式、窄带频域信号处理电子学线路。并推导出针对合肥光源（HLS）定标系统条件下的电场拟合函数及相关的BPM-Mapping图和误差计算结果,较精确地计算出该高精度定标系统误差。     

超级质子-质子对撞机中束流热屏的热-结构耦合模拟分析

束流热屏(beam screen)是新一代高能粒子对撞机中的重要部件,用于将束流在管道中运行时产生的热量转移到冷却系统中,同时通过束流热屏上的排气孔将残余气体输送至冷管壁上,维持良好的真空度.然而,在转移热负载的过程中,温度变化产生的形变会影响束流热屏的结构稳定性.如何在保证束流热屏良好传热性能的情况下,尽量减小形变是优化束流热屏结构设计的关键问题之一.本文采用ANSYS软件对束流热屏模型的传热性能和力学性能进行了模拟,并优化了束流热屏结构设计,增强其传热性能和结构稳定性.对于束流热屏外屏的内表面,采用减小铜涂层厚度的方式来降低运行过程中产生的洛伦兹力.相关理论模型计算结果表明:与厚度为100μm的铜涂层工况相比,当铜涂层的厚度在0到100μm之间变化时,厚度为75μm的铜涂层可以使束流热屏外屏的最大形变降低70.9%,同时使束流热屏的最高温度升高1.1%.对于束流热屏内屏,采用间隔布置支撑肋片的设计方案对束流热屏的结构进行加固处理,提高束流热屏整体的结构稳定性.计算结果表明:与未加支撑肋片的工况相比,当相邻两个支撑肋片之间的间隔为1个排气孔时,束流热屏内屏的最大形变可降低86.8%,同时使束流热屏的最高温度降低7.69%.研究成果为新一代高能粒子加速器真空系统中关键部件束流热屏的设计提供重要的理论参考.     

Point spread function measurement of an X‐ray beam focused by a multilayer zone plate with narrow annular aperture

The experimental procedure for obtaining the point spread function (PSF) of a focusing beam generated using an X‐ray multilayer zone plate (MZP) with a narrow annular aperture has been developed. It was possible to reconstruct the PSF by applying the tomographic process to the measured dataset consisting of line spread functions (LSFs) in every radial direction on the focal plane. The LSFs were measured by a knife‐edge scanning method of detecting scattered intensity. In the experimental work, quasi‐monochromatic undulator radiation with a first harmonic energy of 20 keV was directly focused without a monochromator by the MZP, and the PSF was measured using this procedure. As a result, a near diffraction‐limited focused beam size of 46 nm full width at half‐maximum was obtained.     

上海光源储存环工作点测量系统

报道了工作点测量技术的研究现状,对束流频谱分析用于工作点测量的方法进行了详细说明。介绍了上海光源储存环工作点测量系统的物理需求、方案设计、硬件结构及关键设备选型。采用束流实验的方法对系统配置参数进行优化,对系统测量误差及分辨力进行测试评估,讨论了测量系统不同工作模式的优缺点,并给出加速器不同运行阶段应该采用的运行模式。优化后的上海光源工作点测量系统,其系统测量误差小于0.000 1,测量分辨力好于0.000 05,测量过程对束流轨道及等效束斑尺寸的扰动控制在μm量级,现已在上海光源运行及机器研究中投入实用。     

用束流位置监测器精确测量储存环流强

 束流位置监测器（BPM）是粒子加速器束测系统中最为常见的元件,该探头输出信号中除包含束流位置信息外还包含电荷量等其它信息,可作为多参数束流诊断设备。采用BPM理论分析和数值仿真分析相结合的方法讨论了该种探头同时用于束流流强测量的可行性。在上海光源储存环上进行了束流试验,测定了全环140个BPM的流强标定系数,对BPM用于流强测量的分辨率、束流位置依赖性、频率依赖特性进行了测试,根据实验结果讨论了该方法在当前技术条件下所能达到的性能及其局限性。