金纳米四面体增强有机太阳电池光吸收及光伏性能研究

为增强有机太阳能电池的光利用率,提高能量转换效率,本文合成了金四面体形状的纳米粒子,并用聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)包裹形成了核壳结构的金纳米四面体(Au@PSS tetrahedra NPs).将其掺杂到有机太阳能电池空穴提取层与活性层的界面处,利用表面等离子体共振效应来增强活性层对光的吸收,从而提高有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率.研究了掺杂浓度和PSS包裹厚度对电池性能的影响.结果表明:掺杂浓度为6%时,器件性能最佳,能量转换效率达到3.08%; PSS壳层厚度优化为2.5 nm时,转换效率达到3.65%,较标准电池提升了22.9%.电池性能的改善主要源于金四面体纳米粒子的共振吸收峰位于给体材料吸收谱范围内,纳米粒子的共振促进了给体的吸收,同时PSS壳层的引入促进了激子的解离和电荷的转移,上述因素的改善提升了电池的短路电流、填充因子和转换效率.     

基于金纳米棒@二氧化硅表面等离子体共振增强的有机太阳能电池

把包裹SiO₂的金纳米棒（Au NRs@SiO₂）掺杂到有机太阳能电池的活性层中,利用表面等离子体共振效应来增强活性层对光的吸收,从而提高有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率。研究了不同掺杂浓度和不同包裹厚度对电池性能的影响。结果表明,掺杂浓度为1.5%时,器件性能最佳,能量转换效率达到4.02%;SiO₂壳层厚度为3 nm时,转换效率达到4.38%,较标准电池提升了29.2%。     

基于局域表面等离子体共振效应的聚合物波导传感器特性研究

以SU-8光刻胶作为波导芯层材料,设计了基于金纳米粒子的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)波导传感器。根据Mie理论,建立了金纳米粒子的消光模型,理论分析了纳米粒子半径、待测物折射率等因素对局域表面等离子体共振曲线的影响。分析表明:当待测液体折射率增大时,LSPR共振峰的位置发生红移。随着金纳米粒子半径的逐渐增大,传感器灵敏度增加。共振吸收峰逐渐由单峰变为双峰,其中一个峰位于520 nm波长附近,主要由表面等离子体吸收造成;另一个峰随金纳米粒子半径的增大而逐渐红移,主要由表面等离子体散射造成。     

银纳米片等离子体效应增强有机太阳能电池及其性能优化研究

将银纳米片引入有机太阳能电池,增强了器件的光吸收及光电转换效率。制备得到了具有不同等离子共振吸收特性的银纳米片。当银纳米片的等离子共振吸收与活性层的吸收相匹配时,器件的光电流显著增强。通过改变银纳米片与活性层之间的距离,研究了等离子体共振增强电磁场的传递特性。两者的距离越近则耦合入活性层的电磁场越强,器件的光电流越高。经优化后,以P3HT∶PCBM为活性层的有机太阳能电池的光电转换效率由3.04%增长到3.82%,提高了26%。     

Fe3O4纳米粒子对P3HT:PCBM电池的影响

为了提高太阳能电池的性能,研究磁性纳米粒子在外加磁场的作用下对聚合物太阳能电池有源层P3HT:PCBM成膜及太阳能电池性能的影响。本文采用热分解法制备了磁性Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,将不同质量分数的Fe₃O₄纳米粒子掺入到P3HT:PCBM溶液中,旋涂后在外加磁场的作用下自组成膜。通过TEM、XRD对制备的Fe₃O₄纳米粒子进行表征,并利用偏光显微镜、原子力显微镜对成膜质量进行探究。结果表明,采用热分解法制备的Fe₃O₄纳米粒子直径在10 nm左右,在外加磁场作用下,Fe₃O₄纳米粒子对成膜有一定的调控作用。当Fe₃O₄纳米粒子掺杂质量分数为1%时,太阳能电池器件的开路电压增加3.77%,短路电流增加24.93%,光电转换效率提高7.82%。     

复合阴极Ag/LiF/Al对P3HT:PCBM太阳能电池性能的影响

在P3HT∶PCBM聚合物太阳能电池的阴极LiF/Al中引入纳米结构的银膜组成Ag/LiF/Al复合阴极,太阳能电池的光电流能显著提高。在AM1.5G和100mW.cm-2的模拟太阳光照射下,当银膜厚度为4纳米时,优化的太阳能电池的光电流要比只有LiF/Al的参比太阳能电池高20%以上。研究表明,纳米银膜产生的表面等离子体效应是增强聚合物太阳能电池光电池的主要原因。不过,银膜修饰的太阳能电池填充因子和开路电压要比参考电池低,最终使该类型电池效率降低。在银膜处增加的载流子复合可能是导致电池填充因子、开路电压和能量转化效率降低的重要原因。     

基于单个金纳米棒的表面等离子体共振增强单个纳米晶上转换发光

稀土离子掺杂上转换纳米晶在生物成像和光伏领域具有广泛的应用前景,但其较低的上转换效率限制了其应用。利用原子力显微镜探针在纳米尺度下操控单个金纳米棒与单个上转换纳米晶耦合,通过单颗粒光谱学研究了金纳米棒局域表面等离子体共振对纳米晶上转换发光的影响。结果表明纳米晶上转换发光强度对激发光的偏振方向具有强烈的依赖性。当激发光偏振方向平行于金纳米棒长轴时,纳米晶的绿色和红色上转换发光可以分别获得最大增强倍数为18和40的发光增强。     

金属复合纳米粒子的局域表面等离子体特性研究

提出了一种在银层上面覆盖一层金的四棱台复合纳米结构。采用离散偶极子近似(DDA)方法,针对光激发复合金属纳米粒子的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)进行研究,讨论了四棱台纳米粒子金银复合结构在不同尺寸、不同混合比等条件下的消光特性及折射率灵敏度。计算结果显示,在银层厚度为50 nm的四棱台纳米粒子上覆盖金层,其折射率灵敏度不变。同时,四棱台银纳米粒子厚度的增加会使其消光峰值波长蓝移。金材料比例的增加会使金银复合纳米结构的消光峰值波长红移。当金银复合结构的纳米粒子的厚度大于自由电子的平均自由程时,其局域表面等离子体激发强度不发生变化。     

表面等离子体共振效应在光电催化中的应用及机理研究

面对日益严峻的能源和环境问题,人们对可再生能源的需求日益增强。本文通过以金为核的二元及三元纳米粒子,设计了一种表面等离子体共振(surface plasmonic resonance,SPR)增强的光电催化剂。其中,金核通过SPR效应在光照下产生光热效应及光电效应,提高了材料的催化活性。光照条件下纳米粒子表面的局域热点温度可以通过4-甲氧基异腈苯探针分子利用表面增强拉曼光谱得到。同时利用对氨基苯硫酚(PATP)探针分子证实SPR产生的光电催化效应。最重要的是,通过定量计算得到了光热效应及光电效应在SPR增强的光电催化性能各自的贡献。这些结果为表面等离子体共振协助增强的光电催化反应提供理论依据,并为新型光电催化材料提供了新的设计思路。     

金纳米环双体尺寸和耦合效应对表面等离子体共振特性的影响

采用离散偶极子近似方法系统地研究了金纳米环双体的消光光谱及其电场分布. 计算结果表明, 金纳米环双体在耦合作用下的共振消光峰对应着不同振动模式, 改变金纳米环双体的排列方式、 间距和尺寸大小, 其表面等离子体共振消光峰发生红移或蓝移. 因此可以通过对金纳米环双体结构参数和排列方式的设定, 调节其表面等离子体共振消光峰的位置. 电场分布表明, 水平排列的金纳米环双体较单个金纳米环产生更强的局部表面增强电场. 适当的小间距, 较大的内外半径的金纳米环水平阵列更适合做表面增强拉曼散射的衬底, 在生物分子检测等领域具有潜在的应用.     

Improving power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells by cooperative LSPR of gold-silver dual nanoparticles

Enhancing optical and electrical performances is effective in improving power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Here, gold and silver dual nanoparticles were imported and embedded in the hole transport layer of perovskite solar cells. Due to the cooperative localized surface plasmon resonance of these two kinds of metal nanostructures, light harvest of perovskite material layer and the electrical performance of device were improved, which finally upgraded short circuit current density by 10.0%, and helped to increase power conversion efficiency from 10.4% to 11.6% under AM 1.5G illumination with intensity of 100 m W/cm~2. In addition, we explored the influence of silver and gold nanoparticles on charge carrier generation, dissociation, recombination, and transportation inside perovskite solar cells.     

金属纳米颗粒对有机太阳能电池光吸收效率影响的研究

借助时域有限差分法,对几种常见金属纳米颗粒影响有机太阳能电池光吸收效率的因素及其内部物理机制进行了研究.首先对金属纳米颗粒激发局域表面等离子共振的场分布特点进行分析,对比其在电池不同功能层中对光吸收率的影响;其次基于米氏理论与电共振效应,得出金属纳米颗粒的结构参量对局域表面等离子共振位置及强度的影响规律,并以此进行优化设计.结果表明,具有高对称性形貌的金属纳米颗粒以小尺寸密堆积结构引入电池活性层,能够促进电池光吸收增强三倍以上.     

金属纳米颗粒对有机太阳能电池光吸收效率影响的研究

借助时域有限差分法,对几种常见金属纳米颗粒影响有机太阳能电池光吸收效率的因素及其内部物理机制进行了研究.首先对金属纳米颗粒激发局域表面等离子共振的场分布特点进行分析,对比其在电池不同功能层中对光吸收率的影响;其次基于米氏理论与电共振效应,得出金属纳米颗粒的结构参量对局域表面等离子共振位置及强度的影响规律,并以此进行优化设计.结果表明,具有高对称性形貌的金属纳米颗粒以小尺寸密堆积结构引入电池活性层,能够促进电池光吸收增强三倍以上.     

Control of plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles via excimer laser irradiation

A significant shift of the surface plasmon resonance absorption spectrum of gold nanoparticles was obtained by the oxidation of the nanoparticle surface via pulsed excimer laser irradiation. The high UV-light absorption of gold nanoparticles chemically produced by citrate reduction led to the important surface oxidation up to 26%. As a result of laser irradiation, the gold/gold oxide core-shell nanoparticles with little variation of the nanoparticle size were produced. After only 5 min of laser irradiation, a 12-nm blue shift in surface plasmon resonance was obtained. The possible mechanisms governing the modification in surface plasmon resonance by laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles were discussed.     

银纳米颗粒对聚合物太阳能电池性能的提高

采用水溶性银纳米颗粒附着在反型太阳能电池的电子传输层上,用以提高有机太阳能电池的短路电流。所制备的器件结构为ITO/ZnO/Ag NPs/P3HT(Poly 3-hexylthiophene):PC_[60]BM/MoO₃/Ag。其金属银纳米颗粒的表面等离激元在410 nm处出现了共振吸收峰,半峰全宽约为60 nm。器件的光电流在可见光范围内均有所增加,短路电流相对于标准器件提高了20.2%,光电转化效率相对提高了17.2%。     

Dual plasmonic‐enhanced bulk‐heterojunction solar cell incorporating gold nanoparticles into solution‐processed anode buffer layer and active layer

A dual plasmonic resonance effect on the performance of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl C61‐butyricacid methyl ester (PC61BM) based polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated by selectively incorporating 25 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a solution‐processed molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) anode buffer layer and 5 nm colloidal Au NPs in the active P3HT:PCBM layer. The devices exhibit up to ～20% improvement in power conversion efficiency which is attributed to the dual effect of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NPs with enhanced light absorption and exciton generation. Our report shows a guideline on the usage of dual LSPR effect for the solution‐processed polymer solar cells to achieve high efficiencies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Heat-generating property of a local plasmon resonator under illumination

We have investigated the heat generation from gold nanoparticles resulting from their local plasma resonance. We have demonstrated the self-assembly of Au nanoparticle arrays/dielectric layer/Ag mirror sandwiches, i.e., a local plasmon resonator, using a dynamic oblique deposition technique. The thicknesses of the Au and dielectric layers were changed combinatorially on a single substrate. As a result, local plasmon resonator chips were successfully fabricated. Because of strong interference, their optical absorption can be controlled between 0.0% and 97% in the near-IR region, depending on the thickness of the dielectric layer. We evaluated the heat generation from Au nanoparticles by measuring the temperature of water with which a cell prepared on a chip is filled under laser illumination. The change in the water temperature is proportional to the optical absorption of the local plasmon resonator chips. This suggests that the photothermal conversion efficiency can be controlled by interference. These features make the application of the local plasmon resonator to nanoheaters, which can spatiotemporally control heat generation, suitable.     

Sensitivity enhancement of graphene coated surface plasmon resonance biosensor

In this paper, a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor is presented using angular interrogation. Due to low sensitivity of conventional biosensor, graphene/two-dimensional transition metal are used in surface plasmon resonance biosensor to improve the sensitivity. Here, we propose a seven layer model of biosensor which shows by incorporating silicon layer in addition of transition metal dichalcogenides MoS₂ and graphene, the sensitivity of the proposed SPR biosensor can be greatly enhanced than the conventional gold film SPR sensors. It is observed that the highest sensitivity can be obtained by optimizing the structure with 8 nm thickness of silicon layer, one layer of MoS₂ and one layer of graphene. The highest sensitivity of our proposed sensor is 210°/RIU.     

Surface plasmon resonance in superperiodic metal nanoslits

A superperiodic metal nanoslits device is a surface plasmon resonance optical diffraction grating in which each line of the grating consists of an array of finite number metal nanoslits. The metal nanoslits, upon optical excitations, support localized surface plasmon resonance. The superperiod of the nanoslits causes the coherent radiation of the surface plasmon resonance into the far field with angular dispersion. Therefore, localized surface plasmon resonance in the metal nanoslits can be measured with a CCD or a linear photodetector array. In this Letter, we describe a surface plasmon resonance spectral sensor using a superperiodic gold nanoslits array without using an external optical spectrometer.     

Dipole and quadrupole surface plasmon resonance contributions in formation of near-field images of a gold nanosphere

Multipolar plasmon optical excitations at spherical gold nanoparticles and their manifestations in the particle images formatted in the particle surface proximity are studied. The multipolar plasmon size characteristic: plasmon resonance frequencies and plasmon damping rates were obtained within rigorous size dependent modelling. The realistic, frequency dependent dielectric function of a metal was used. The distribution of light intensity and of electric field radial component at the flat square scanning plane scattered by a gold sphere of radius 95 nm was acquired. The images resulted from the spatial distribution of the full mean Poynting vector including near-field radial components of the scattered electromagnetic field. Monochromatic images at frequencies close to and equal to the plasmon dipole and quadrupole resonance frequencies are discussed. The changes in images and radial components of the scattered electromagnetic field distribution at the scanning plane moved away from the particle surface from near-field to far-field region are discussed.