ICF氘代固体靶的研制

 以自制全氘代苯乙烯单体(氘代率99%)为原料, 以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂, 经自由基本体聚合反应, 先制得全氘代聚苯乙烯, 最后采用乳液微封装技术制得了直径150～450μm、壁厚2～15μm、球形度≥99.5%、同心度95%～98%、表面粗糙度＜30nm的ICF固体靶用空心微球。介绍了制备工艺,并对全氘代聚笨乙烯分子量及其分布的控制,微球壁内气泡形成机理,微球储存稳定性等进行了初步探讨。     

体相微马达双气泡聚并驱动的界面演化机制

微纳米马达是建立微流体环境与宏观操控的桥梁,气泡微马达的驱动速度高,这一优势在实际应用中不可替代.管式气泡马达适用于复杂场景但能量转化率低,气泡驱动的Janus微球马达效率高但仅适用于气液界面附近.鉴于此,本文提出通过双气泡聚并方式驱动Janus微球马达的新体系,调和了高能量转化率与界面受限的矛盾.在实验中,借助高速摄像记录了双气泡聚并驱动微马达的～100μs级过程,气泡聚并紧邻微球发生,通过释放的能量驱动微球显著运动,其融合过程是独特的可动曲壁受限下的气液界面演化问题.进一步结合伪势格子Boltzmann数值方法探究了气泡聚并驱动的流体动力学机制.研究结果揭示了不同时段气泡聚并的细节,给出了气泡颗粒尺寸比等因素对微球位移、初始动能转换率的影响,确认了双气泡聚并释放表面能的高效驱动机制.     

ICF空心微球靶传热的有限元分析

 为分析冷冻靶丸外部温度场，应用ANSYS软件对ICF空心微球靶的热传递进行了有限元分析。建立了单元传热的几何物理模型，靶丸微球呈空间均匀分布，计算区域由三个同心球壳组成，分别为液体层、靶丸壳层以及氦气层，氦气层厚度为球壳层厚度的7倍。模型左右两边界设为绝热边界条件，采用智能自动划分网格,设定参数为3，单元类型为三角形。模拟表明，在靶丸工作温度为24 K的情况下，为保持靶丸气泡受力平衡，自洽得到靶丸内部温度梯度为14.02 K/cm，以此求解出所施加的外部温度场为7.758 K/cm。将计算值与现有的实验结果进行了比较，模拟结果与国外实验值(8.2 K/cm)吻合得较好。     

加热探头圆柱上的液体微层厚度

1前言核态沸腾气泡形成时表面存在液体微层。虽然微层很薄,但对加热过程中的传热和气泡的产生具有重要影响。Lay和Dhirl‘］通过更细致的分析微层内的压力分布预言了微层的形状和热流,但考虑的仅是平板上气泡的液体微层。本文考虑了小的加热圆柱探针上气泡层的生长。当?..     

超声场下刚性界面附近溃灭空化气泡的速度分析

为了揭示刚性界面附近气泡空化参数与微射流的相互关系, 从两气泡控制方程出发, 利用镜像原理, 建立了考虑刚性壁面作用的空化泡动力学模型. 数值对比了刚性界面与自由界面下气泡的运动特性, 并分析了气泡初始半径、气泡到固壁面的距离、声压幅值和超声频率对气泡溃灭的影响. 在此基础上, 建立了气泡溃灭速度和微射流的相互关系. 结果表明: 刚性界面对气泡振动主要起到抑制作用; 气泡溃灭的剧烈程度随气泡初始半径和超声频率的增加而降低, 随着气泡到固壁面距离的增加而增加; 声压幅值存在最优值, 固壁面附近的气泡在该最优值下气泡溃灭最为剧烈; 通过研究气泡溃灭速度和微射流的关系发现, 调节气泡溃灭速度可以达到间接控制微射流的目的.     

超声造影剂微气泡的包膜黏弹特性的定量表征研究

包膜黏弹特性显著影响微气泡超声造影剂的诊断及治疗应用效果. 本文结合原子力显微镜技术及声衰减特性测量提出了一种对微气泡造影剂包膜黏弹特性定量表征的新方法. 首先采用原子力显微镜技术进行机械特性分析得到包膜微气泡的有效硬度及体弹性模量; 然后测量声衰减特性, 基于微气泡动力学理论, 计算包膜微气泡的体黏度系数. 为验证方法的有效性, 实验制备了直径为1-5 μm的白蛋白包膜微气泡造影剂, 原子力显微镜测量的有效硬度和体弹性模量分别为0.149±0.012 N/m和8.31±0.667 MPa, 并与粒径无关. 声衰减特性测量和动力学理论拟合的包膜微气泡的体黏度系数为0.374±0.003 Pa·s. 该方法可推广至其他种类包膜微气泡的黏弹特性表征, 对超声造影剂的制备及其诊断和治疗应用有积极意义.     

同向流动微气泡产生与分裂的实验研究

本文使用高速CCD可视化技术研究硅微通道内气液等温同向流动微气泡形成过程.作为离散相的空气和连续相的水,流经各自通道后汇聚在主通道前段;在一定的流量比值范围内,连续产生大小均匀的微气泡;发现存在bubbling和jetting两种微气泡形成模式.气泡产生频率随空气和水的流速增大而增加.最后研究了气泡在T型微通道出口处的行为,观察到分裂和不分裂两种形式并进行了分析.     

ICF靶用微球弹跳的影响因素分析

 通过对微球弹跳模型的建立,对微球弹跳过程进行了受力分析,解释了微球弹跳过程中遇到的微球粘连或“不跳”、弹跳率起伏不定及弹跳幅度高低不同等现象。通过对加载信号方向与大小、微球质量及尺寸大小、微球及反弹盘表面特性、环境湿度等影响微球弹跳效果因素的分析,提出了改善涂层表面粗糙度和弹跳效果的措施,包括根据微球大小调整微球弹跳激励方式、等离子体中和微球表面电荷、反弹盘表面改性减小球盘之间的相互作用力。     

无阀微泵腔内气泡对周期驱动压力的影响

气泡的存在使无阀微泵的工作性能和使用寿命大大降低, 甚至无法正常工作. 为了合理地预测无阀微泵腔内气泡对周期驱动压力的影响, 给出了用来描述收缩管/扩张管型无阀压电微泵的数学模型, 包括泵腔体积变化、连续性方程、流体有效体积弹性模量以及锥管阻力系数的计算. 同时, 分析了腔内不同气泡体积对无阀微泵周期驱动压力的影响, 并对两个气泡进入无阀微泵泵腔时压力脉动过程进行了仿真和试验研究. 通过仿真结果与试验数据的比较表明, 所提出的存在气泡时无阀微泵数学模型及仿真方法是合理的. 关键词： 无阀微泵 气泡 压力脉动     

微通道过冷流动沸腾气泡滑移特性研究

利用可视化手段实验研究矩形截面微通道过冷流动沸腾中的气泡滑移现象。实验使用截面尺寸为1 mm×1 mm的铜基微通道,使用工质为去离子水,气泡滑移过程由高速CCD相机观察并记录。实验研究发现,微通道过冷流动沸腾中的气泡滑移过程可区分为低速滑移阶段和高速滑移阶段,在不同阶段气泡直径、气泡接触直径以及气泡滑移速度具有不同的变化特点,而且气泡的最大滑移速度发生于气泡脱离通道壁面而进入主流的时刻。同时研究了运行工况对于气泡滑移过程的影响,发现滑移气泡的最大滑移距离和最大滑移速度均随沸腾数Bo的增加而增大。     

Ultrastructure of the siphonaceous green alga Halimeda cuneata,with emphasis on the cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm streaming is a fundamental process for the transport of molecules and organelles in plant cells. In vegetative filaments of the coenocytic green alga, Halimeda cuneata Hering, the spatial organisation of microtubules in the cytoplasmic layer, was observed under transmission electron microscopy. A cross section of a cortical filament shows a tubular cell wall enclosing a peripheral layer of cytoplasm with numerous chloroplasts, amyloplasts, nuclei, mitochondria and microtubules surrounding a small central vacuole. Towards the thallus medulla the central vacuole enlarges considerably and the cytoplasm becomes gradually reduced to a thin parietal layer, the number of organelles is reduced and the quantity of microtubules increases. Therefore, most of the thallus volume is occupied by the huge central vacuole which extends throughout the coenocytic filaments. Microtubules run longitudinally, being about 0.05 μm from each other. Some microtubules were observed in close association to cell organelles.     

Ultramicroscopy reveals that senescence induces in-situ and vacuolar degradation of plastoglobules in aging watermelon leaves

The dynamics of plastoglobules in chloroplasts in aging watermelon leaves were examined by means of transmission electron microscopy, with the aim to understand the intracellular sites for the degradation of plastoglobules in response to leaf senescence. Plastoglobules in chloroplasts in aging leaves with 40% loss of chlorophyll increased drastically in number and size in comparison with young and mature leaves. As senescence advanced, plastoglobules underwent degradation within chloroplasts, or were secreted outside chloroplasts. There were two distinct types of secretion. One type was that chloroplasts protruded to form plastoglobule-containing vesicles and, as the vesicles were detached from chloroplasts, plastoglobules were carried outside chloroplasts. The other type was that plastoglobules squeezed out through the chloroplast envelope into cytoplasm. Lipid droplets were present in the vacuole and underwent degradation therein. Lipid droplets in the vacuole shared similar ultramicroscopic appearance with plastoglobules in chloroplasts, indicating that plastoglobules were engulfed and degraded by the vacuole after they were secreted outside chloroplasts. These results suggested that senescence induces both in-situ and vacuolar degradation of plastoglobules in aging watermelon leaves.     

Review on exact and perturbative deformations of the Einstein–Straus model: uniqueness and rigidity results

The Einstein–Straus model consists of a Schwarzschild spherical vacuole in a Friedman–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) dust spacetime (with or without $\Lambda $ Λ ). It constitutes the most widely accepted model to answer the question of the influence of large scale (cosmological) dynamics on local systems. The conclusion drawn by the model is that there is no influence from the cosmic background, since the spherical vacuole is static. Spherical generalizations to other interior matter models are commonly used in the construction of lumpy inhomogeneous cosmological models. On the other hand, the model has proven to be reluctant to admit non-spherical generalizations. In this review, we summarize the known uniqueness results for this model. These seem to indicate that the only reasonable and realistic non-spherical deformations of the Einstein–Straus model require perturbing the FLRW background. We review results about linear perturbations of the Einstein–Straus model, where the perturbations in the vacuole are assumed to be stationary and axially symmetric so as to describe regions (voids in particular) in which the matter has reached an equilibrium regime.     

超声强度定性演示实验

利用超声波在介质中传播使质点产生强烈振动而引起界面的变化。演示了超声场在换能器平面辐射、聚焦系统下焦平面及其以内的横截面上的液包喷泉的变化．     

Immunolocalization of an osteopontin-like protein in dense granules of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and its association with the parasitophorous vacuole

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite infecting a broad host range, including humans. The parasite invades host cell by active penetration with the participation of its secretory organelles proteins during this process. Until now, only a limited number of secretory proteins have been discovered, and the effectors molecules involved in parasite invasion and survival are not well understood. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional glycophosphoprotein, secreted by different cell types, which is involved in various physiological and pathological events including cell signaling and survival. For the first time we demonstrated in this work by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy approaches the localization of an OPN-like protein in dense granules of extracellular T. gondii tachyzoites. Western blotting and RT-PCR confirmed this protein expression by the parasites. Our results also showed, after macrophage invasion, an intense positive labeling for OPN-like protein at the sub-apical portion of tachyzoites, the site of dense granules secretion, and the localization of this protein at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. These data suggest that dense granules secrete an OPN-like protein, and we speculate that this protein participates during the parasite interaction process with host cells and parasitophorous vacuole formation.     

Novel organelles in primate retinal epithelium

We are investigating age-related changes in organelles in monkey retinal epithelium using transmission and analytic electron microscopy. We previously described a circular organelle in retinal epithelium with a diameter of about 0.5 μm. The organelle is unique in containing a single, round vacuole within an otherwise electron dense interior. We suggested that the organelle might be a melanosome with lysosomal properties. We now find that there are two similar organelles with such a single vacuole but which differ in their chemical composition, electron density, cell location and according to age.Epon embedded sections from the macular epithelium of seven monkeys, ranging from 1 to 35 years of age, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. A seven year old monkey was processed for analytic electron microscopy to determine the chemical composition of the organelles. The number and location of the organelles in the retinal epithelium were determined.The chemical composition of these two organelles was different. One of the organelles contained high mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen and little phosphorous characteristic of melanin; the other had little oxygen and nitrogen and higher mole fractions of phosphorous uncharacteristic of melanin, but more common with lysosomal organelles. The latter had an electron dense rim around the vacuole, a less electron dense interior than the melanin containing organelle and also contained iron. The melanin containing organelle was more common in young monkeys and in the middle third of the cell. The organelle without melanin was more common in old monkeys and localized in the basal third of the cell.Two similarly vacuolated organelles, not identified before in retinal epithelium, differ in their chemical composition. One contains melanin; the other does not. The former is more common in young and the latter more common in old monkeys. This suggests reorganization and or degradation of melanin-containing organelles with age. These changes show how analytic electron microscopy can distinguish major ultra-structural differences in organelles when mere observation fails to do so easily.     

微封装法制备聚苯乙烯空心微球的改进

 主要介绍了密度匹配微封装技术，利用此项技术制备的聚苯乙烯空心微球 球形度好于99%，同心度好于98%。另外还对球壳内壁气泡问题及大直径球壳的制备进 行了讨论。     

Local supercluster and anomalous Hubble expansion

The local supercluster of galaxies (LSG) is considered as an expanding region inside a vacuole which is itself embedded in a Friedmann model. It is shown that de Vaucouleurs' data for the LSG can be accounted for by this inhomogeneous cosmological model. On the contrary, the interpretation of these observations would meet some difficulty with a theory of tired light.Dedicated to Achille Papapetrou on the occasion of his retirement.     

水下高速目标对转螺旋桨空化线谱频率理论预报

水下高速目标对转螺旋桨常工作在空化状态,其噪声线谱由前后桨相互作用及前后桨与船舶尾流场的相互作用引起。通过Goldstein的声相似方程,将空泡看作螺旋桨的一部分,对空化条件下水下对转螺旋桨的线谱频率进行了理论预报。推导出了远场条件下单极子源性质的声源所产生的声压表达式,得到了其线谱预报频率。对实测水下高速目标进行了线谱预报,通过比较发现预报值与实测线谱频率具有较高的吻合度。     

NMR study of tomato pericarp tissue by spin-spin relaxation and water self-diffusion

Pericarp tissues of tomato varieties Quest and Cameron were studied by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at a controlled temperature of 20°C. The spin-spin relaxation times and the water diffusion coefficients were measured with Carr-Parcell-Meiboom-Gill and pulsed field gradient multi-spin-echo (PFGMSE) NMR sequences. Four relaxing components were extracted from the spin-spin relaxation. The components withT ₂=11 ms,T ₂=65 ms,T ₂=430 ms andT ₂=1500 ms were related to the nonexchangeable protons and water proton in each cell compartment (i.e., cell wall-extracellular space, cytoplasm and vacuole, respectively). In contrast to the relative intensities, theT ₂ values appeared insensitive to variety and harvest period. The difference in relative intensity was related to the size of the pericarp cell. The water self-diffusion coefficients for each cell compartment were determined simultaneously with the PFGMSE sequence. The water self-diffusion coefficients for the vacuole and cytoplasm were not affected by the harvest date or variety. However, the water self-diffusion in the cell wall-extracellular space was significantly different between the two varieties.