Systematic Investigation of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Controlled by Internal Charge Transfer and Its Consequences for Selective PdCl2 Coordination

Fluoroionophores of fluorophore–spacer–receptor format were prepared for detection of PdCl₂ by fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescent probes 1 – 13 consist of a fluorophore group, an alkyl spacer and a dithiomaleonitrile PdCl₂ receptor. First, varying the length of the alkylene spacer (compounds 1 – 3 ) revealed a dominant through‐space pathway for oxidative photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in CH₂‐bridged dithiomaleonitrile fluoroionophores. Second, fluorescent probes 4 – 9 containing two anthracene or pyrene fragments connected through CH₂ bridges to the dithiomaleonitrile unit were synthesized. Modulation of the oxidation potential (E_Ox) through electron‐withdrawing or ‐donating groups on the anthracene moiety regulates the thermodynamic driving force for oxidative PET (ΔG_PET) in bis(anthrylmethylthio)maleonitriles and therefore the fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_f), too. The new concept was confirmed and transferred to pyrenyl ligands, and fluorescence enhancements (FE) greater than 3.2 in the presence of PdCl₂ were achieved by 7 and 8 (FE=5.4 and 5.2). Finally, for comparison, monofluorophore ligands 10 – 13 were synthesized.     

TiO2/BiNbO4复合光催化剂的制备及降解气相苯性能

采用固相反应法制备出BiNbO4,将其与TiO2耦合,得到TiO2/BiNbO4复合光催化剂。考察了催化剂在紫外光照射下催化降解气相苯的活性。结果表明,TiO2与BiNbO4耦合后催化活性明显提高,其中36%TiO2/BiNbO4紫外光照5 h对苯的降解率是P-25的3.7倍。紫外-可见漫反射谱(UV-Vis DRS)、XRD、XPS和低温氮吸附-脱附等表征结果表明TiO2与BiNbO4的能级匹配,二者之间存在能带协同效应。耦合后的TiO2/BiNbO4的光生电子和空穴能有效分离,从而提高了催化剂催化活性。     

MnO2上氧气第一个电子转移步骤的从头计算研究

采用裸露簇和嵌入簇模型, 对β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面以及O₂在(110)晶面的单址吸附模式(Pauling和Griffths模式), 进行从头计算. 从β-MnO₂ (001), (110), (111)三个晶面的电子结构差异以及O₂在(110)晶面吸附的吸附能、几何结构、集居数以及净电荷数分析得到: (001), (110), (111)三个晶面中(110)晶面的催化活性最高, 其活性顺序为(110)＞(111)＞(001). 氧气在(110)晶面的吸附, Pauling和Griffths两种吸附模式均存在, 属于化学吸附中的离子吸附. 氧气与MnO₂固体间发生了单电子转移, 氧气得到电子被还原成O₂^-, 转移电子属于整个体系, 具有离域性.     

Mg(BO2)2在MgCl2水溶液中的相平衡与化学平衡

借助拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)检测手段,对Mg(BO_2)_2在MgCl_2水溶液中水解的固液相平衡与物种化学平衡规律进行了研究。结果表明,MgCl_2对Mg(BO_2)_2的溶解转化、多硼氧配阴离子的物种分布有很大影响:(1)随着MgCl_2浓度从0达到饱和,Mg(BO_2)_2的表观饱和浓度从0.79%增加到1.96%,pH值从9.96降到6.27;(2)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg(OH)_2,在MgCl_2溶液中形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg_3Cl_2(OH)_4·4H_2O;(3)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解,硼的物种主要为B_4O_5(OH)_4~(2-)和B_3O_3(OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的49.81%和19.54%。在MgCl_2饱和溶液中,主要为B_3O_3(OH)_4~-和B_5O_6OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的44.57%和40.00%。     

荧光素-纳米二氧化钛表面复合及光诱导电子转移

本文研究了中性条件下TiO2纳米粒子与双阴离子态荧光素F2-的结合能力,发现所形成的复合物与文献报道的强酸性条件下TiO2-质子化荧光素H3F+复合物相比,结构与性能均很不同,F2--TiO2复合物吸收光谱红移30 nm以上且发射荧光。用UV-vis吸收光谱测定了复合物的结合常数、用稳态和瞬态荧光光谱测定了复合物的荧光效率和寿命分别为0.14和1.08 ns,与相应自由态F2-的测定值0.92和4.68 ns相比,复合物荧光效率和寿命都有很大的降低,这是由于复合物内部光诱导电子转移所致,因这一电子转移是热力学上非常有利的过程,其自由能变化达1.1 eV。光致电子转移的速率常数为7.1×108s-1,是其它竞争过程的3倍以上,复合物内光诱导电子转移效率达77%。     

Phase relationships in the system SrBr2SrCl2

Strontium bromide-chloride phases (SrBr_xCl_2?x) in the composition region 2.00 > x > 0 were prepared and examined by the Guinier powder X-ray diffraction technique. Observed and calculated powder intensities for the compositions x = 1.60, 1.40, and 0.30 are presented. The anions assume an ordered arrangement at the first two compositions and a random arrangement at the third. Two previously unreported intermediate phases at the composition about x = 1.50 and x = 0.60, both of unknown structure, were identified and their d values are reported. SrBr₂ is found to be insoluble in SrCl₂.     

酞菁与TiO2微粒间的光诱导电子转移相互作用

带有负电荷取代基的四磺化酞菁化合物与TiO2超微粒在溶液中通过静电相互吸引,能够形成基态复合物。通过吸收光谱和荧光光谱,计算了磺化酞菁与TiO2在溶液中的表现缔合平衡常数K.与相应的烷氧基取代酞菁化合物作比较,并通过单光子技术测定染料荧光寿命。结合荧光光谱,证明了磺化酞菁与TiO2在溶液中的缔合作用,有利于激发态酞菁染料向半导体TiO2的导带注入电子,从而发生分子间的电子转移反应,将磺化酞菁吸附在TiO2纳晶薄膜电极上,进行光电性能测试。结果表明,染料敏化TiO2纳晶薄膜电极光电响应的大小与染料在电极表面吸附的强弱有关。     

Cr2O3气相催化1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱HCl性能

采用沉淀法制备了不同焙烧温度的Cr₂O₃催化剂,用于1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)气相脱氯化氢制备二氯乙烯的反应。 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征手段,研究了Cr₂O₃催化剂气相催化裂解TCE脱氯化氢反应及其反应机理。 结果表明,Cr₂O₃催化剂上TCE气相脱氯化氢反应的转化率随着催化剂焙烧温度的升高逐渐降低,然而顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性先增大后减小。 400 ℃焙烧的Cr₂O₃催化剂催化性能最好,TCE转化率为70.8%,顺-1,2-二氯乙烯的选择性为90.0%。 然而,催化剂的单位面积反应速率随着焙烧温度升高先提高后下降,400 ℃焙烧催化剂的单位面积反应速率为0.801×10^-2 μmol/(s·m²)。 催化剂的单位面积反应速率和顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性与催化剂表面Cr₂O₃物种具有很好的对应关系,表明催化剂表面Cr₂O₃物种有利于脱氯化氢反应。 以酸中心为活性中心计算得到的转换频率(TOF)变化趋势与单位面积反应速率相一致,400 ℃焙烧的催化剂的TOF为2.82×10^-5 s^-1,表明Cr₂O₃催化剂Cr物种合适的平均价态(~3.20)有利于脱氯化氢反应。     

TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物中TiO2的结构相变

以钛酸丁酯和季铵盐改性有机蒙脱石为原料,采用原位水解法和原位脱羟法制备了TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)表征了不同焙烧温度下TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物中TiO2的结构相变,并与不同焙烧温度下纯TiO2的结构相变进行对比。结果发现TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物中TiO2从锐钛矿相开始转变为金红石的最低温度要比纯TiO2从锐钛矿开始相转变为金红石的最低温度高200℃,且在焙烧温度1 200℃时还存在锐钛矿相,而纯TiO2在焙烧温度800℃时就全部转换为金红石相。TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物中TiO2和纯TiO2的平均晶粒度都随焙烧温度升高而增大,但TiO2/蒙脱石纳米复合物中TiO2的平均晶粒度要小于相同温度下焙烧纯TiO2的平均晶粒度。表明蒙脱石结构层的硅氧结构抑制了TiO2晶型由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,进而使相变温度升高,同时阻碍了晶体的生长。     

反应控制相转移催化原位过氧化氢环氧化丙烯反应

 以原位 H₂O₂ 为氧源, 在新型反应控制相转移催化剂 (RCPTC) 作用下丙烯环氧化反应中, 考察了反应温度、反应时间、H₂O₂ 浓度和催化剂浓度对反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 在适宜的反应条件下, RCPTC 催化剂循环使用 5 次后, 环氧丙烷产率仍维持在 85.6% 以上, 且催化剂循环反应 3 次后, 其组成趋于稳定.     

Cr2O3和CrO3/Cr2O3催化剂的2-氯-1，1，1-三氟乙烷气相氟化反应的活性物种和失活

采用沉淀法和浸渍法制备了2种铬基（Cr₂O₃和CrO₃/Cr₂O₃）催化剂,用于气相氟化2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷合成1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷。研究发现含有低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂上2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷的稳态转化率为18.5%,而含有高价铬（Cr⁶⁺）物种和低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂初始转化率达到30.6%,然而存在明显的失活。含有Cr⁶⁺物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷氟化反应初始TOF值为1.71×10^-4 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr(Ⅵ)^-1·s^-1,高于含有Cr³⁺物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂（4.16×10^-5 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr(Ⅲ)^-1·s^-1）。Cr₂O₃催化剂在氟化反应前后催化剂的物相结构保持不变;而含有高价铬物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂经HF反应后生成了CrO_xF_y活性物种。然而,CrO_xF_y物种在反应中挥发或转化成稳定但无活性的CrF₃,从而导致催化剂失活。     

Phase transitions in Ca3(BN2)2 and Sr3(BN2)2

α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ crystallizes in the cubic system (space group: ) with one type of calcium ions disordered over of equivalent (8c) positions. An ordered low-temperature phase (β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂) was prepared and found to crystallize in the orthorhombic system (space group: Cmca) with lattice parameters: , , and . Structure refinements on the basis of X-ray powder data have revealed that orthorhombic β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ corresponds to an ordered super-structure of cubic α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂. The space group Cmca assigned for β-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ is derived from by a group-subgroup relationship.DSC measurements and temperature-dependent in situ X-ray powder diffraction studies showed reversible phase transitions between β- and α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ with transition temperatures between 215 and 240 °C.The structure Sr₃(BN₂)₂ was reported isotypic with α-Ca₃(BN₂)₂ () with one type of strontium ions being disordered over of equivalent (2c) positions. In addition, a primitive () structure has been reported for Sr₃(BN₂)₂. Phase stability studies on Sr₃(BN₂)₂ revealed a phase transition between a primitive and a body-centred lattice around 820 °C. The experiments showed that both previously published structures are correct and can be assigned as α-Sr₃(BN₂)₂ (, high-temperature phase), and β-Sr₃(BN₂)₂ (, low-temperature phase).A comparison of Ca₃(BN₂)₂ and Sr₃(BN₂)₂ phases reveals that the different types of cation disordering present in both of the cubic α-phases () have a directing influence on the formation of two distinct (orthorhombic and cubic) low-temperature phases.     

Phase relations of the Cr2O3TiO2 system

The phase relations of the system Cr₂O₃TiO₂ were determined at temperatures between 1400 and 1765°C in air. Discrete homologous series of Cr₂Ti_n?2O_2n?1, with n = 6, 7, 8, were found to be stable as single phases in the range of certain temperatures, while a continuous solid solution existed in the composition of n > 8 below 1425°C. This presence and its stable region of a new compound of Cr₂TiO₅ corresponding to n = 3 are revealed in the present paper. Cr₂Ti₂O₇, the so-called E phase, existed in wide homogeneity range, corresponding to the composition of approximately 3 < n < 5. High-temperature phases (called n and n′ phases in the present work) existed above 1425°C and seemed to be closely related to each other from the viewpoint of the structure except that some X-ray diffraction lines of n phase were strongly diffused. Both rutile and chromia had limited solid solubilities. In the present paper, phase relations between Cr₂O₃ and TiO₂ are summarized in a phase diagram.     

Cr2O3和CrO3/Cr2O3催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷气相氟化反应的活性物种和失活

采用沉淀法和浸渍法制备了2种铬基（Cr₂O₃和CrO₃/Cr₂O₃）催化剂,用于气相氟化2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷合成1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷。研究发现含有低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂上2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷的稳态转化率为18.5%,而含有高价铬（Cr⁶⁺）物种和低价铬（Cr³⁺）物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂初始转化率达到30.6%,然而存在明显的失活。含有Cr⁶⁺物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂的2-氯-1,1,1-三氟乙烷氟化反应初始TOF值为1.71×10^-4 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr（Ⅵ）^-1·s^-1,高于含有Cr³⁺物种的Cr₂O₃催化剂（4.16×10^-5 mol_HCFC-133a·mol_Cr（Ⅲ）^-1·s^-1）。Cr₂O₃催化剂在氟化反应前后催化剂的物相结构保持不变;而含有高价铬物种的CrO₃/Cr₂O₃催化剂经HF反应后生成了CrO_xF_y活性物种。然而,CrO_xF_y物种在反应中挥发或转化成稳定但无活性的CrF₃,从而导致催化剂失活。     

Possible spin-Peierls transition in La2RuO5

The semiconductor–semiconductor transition of La₂RuO₅ is studied by means of augmented spherical wave (ASW) electronic structure calculations as based on density functional theory and the local density approximation. This transition has lately been reported to lead to orbital ordering and a quenching of the local spin magnetic moment. Our results give strong hints for a different orbital ordering scenario than the one previously proposed. In our type of ordering the local S = 1 moment at the Ru sites is preserved in the low-temperature phase. The unusual magnetic behaviour is interpreted by the formation of spin ladders resulting from the structural transformations occurring at the transition. The spin ladders are characterized by antiferromagnetic coupling along the rungs. The loss of the total spin moment is attributed to a spin-Peierls transition.     

谈氢、氯混合气光照爆炸的引发

氢、氯混合气的爆炸属支化链反应,它包括:引发—自由基的产生;链增长—自由基与分子反应;链的终止。最初的一步引发很关键。     

双吡啶盐/酞菁体系的光诱导电子转移的ESR研究

研究了五种金属酞菁化合物与一系列双吡啶高氨酸盐（PQ2+）之间在苯中的光诱导电子转移．对于酞菁／PQ2+／苯体系，在可见光辐照下，酞菁化合物的价带电子可被激发至导带，然后于界面发生电子转移使PQ2+盐变成离子基PQ+，给出较弱的ESR信号；当有表面活性剂氯代十四烷基吡啶和电子给体三乙醇胺存在时，可使PQ基的ESR信号显著增强5～6信以上．当有氧存在时，PQ+基信号迅速消失，给出较明显的超氧负离子基O2-的信号．氧能严重抑制电子转移的过程．     

Phase relations in the pseudobinary system TiO2Ga2O3

Phase relations and microstructures in the TiO₂-rich part of the TiO₂Ga₂O₃ pseudobinary system have been determined at temperatures between 1373 and 1623°K using X-ray diffraction and electron and optical microscopy. The phases occurring in the system are TiO₂ (rutile), β-Ga₂O₃, a series of oxides Ga₄Ti_m?4O_2m?2 (m odd) which exist above 1463°K, and Ga₂TiO₅, which exists above 1598°K. The width of the phase region occupied by the Ga₄Ti_m?4O_2m?2 phases varies with temperature. At 1473°K it is narrow, and has limits of Ga₄Ti₂₅O₅₆ to Ga₄Ti₂₁O₄₈ while at higher temperatures it broadens to limits of from Ga₄Ti₂₇O₆₀ to Ga₄Ti₁₁O₂₈ at 1623°K. These phases are often disordered and crystals frequently contain partially ordered intergrowths of oxides with various values of m. On the TiO₂-rich side of the phase region there is a continuous change in texture from rutile to the end members of the Ga₄Ti_m?4O_2m?2 structures. The findings are summarized on a phase diagram.     

冷冻对CuCl_2溶液水团簇结构及CuCl_2与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的影响

为了考察CuCl_2溶液经冷冻作用后分子结构的改变及其生物功能,测定了其冷冻前后电导率和~(17)O-NMR化学位移和半峰宽的变化及随时间的变化规律,并进一步利用荧光光谱、紫外光谱、傅立叶红外光谱和圆二色光谱研究了与冷冻前后的CuCl_2作用后牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的构象变化。研究表明,CuCl_2溶液经冷冻处理后水团簇变小,这一过程可保持8 h左右。光谱实验结果表明冷冻处理后的CuCl_2与BSA的相互作用趋弱,对BSA的增色效应降低,配位诱导作用减小,对α-螺旋结构的氢键破坏作用减弱。红外曲线拟合结果显示与冷冻前后的CuCl_2作用后,BSA的α-螺旋结构由45.9%分别下降到31.8%和33.0%,β-折叠结构由21.1%分别增大到29.1%和26.5%,无规结构则都有所增多。CD谱结果与其一致。用冷冻处理水溶解BSA后与CuCl_2反应,同样具有使CuCl_2与BSA相互作用趋弱的效果,表明冷冻对CuCl_2与BSA相互作用变弱的效应是由于水的分子团簇结构变化引起的。