基于μ子动量谱的多群模型测量平板材料的厚度

在基于子多重库仑散射的断层成像技术中,天然宇宙射线中不同动量的子在同一目标对象中的散射特性存在明显的差异,这在一定程度上影响了成像分辨率。为了减少或消除这种不利影响,建立了一套基于天然宇宙射线子动量谱的多群模型,并检验其用于铅板厚度测量及平板材料识别中的性能和特征。结果表明,采用基于子动量谱的多群模型能够实现1~16 cm范围内铅板厚度的准确测量,相对误差小于5%。此外,该多群模型还可以通过计算辐射长度来识别未知平板的材料组成,尤其是对于高原子序数材料组成的平板,其辐射长度相对误差小于4%。     

A novel approach for the potential parameters selection of Peyrard-Bishop model

The selection of the potential parameters is a very difficult question because the potentials entering the model are effective potentials. In this Letter, an approach for selecting potential parameters of the Peyrard-Bishop model by mean Lyapunov exponent is presented. Using the theory introduced by Shibata [H. Shibata, Physica A 264 (1999) 226] on the Peyrard-Bishop model shows that, the system is very sensitive to the parameters selection. The obtained results demonstrate that the best range for parameters are where the mean Lyapunov exponent has low values. Furthermore, there is a good correspondence between our results and other reports.     

Global vector-field reconstruction of nonlinear dynamical systems from a time series with SVD method and validation with Lyapunov exponents

A method for the global vector-field reconstruction of nonlinear dynamical systems from a time series is studied in this paper. It employs a complete set of polynomials and singular value decomposition (SVD) to estimate a standard function which is certtral to the algorithm. Lyapunov exponents and dimension, calculated from the differential equations of a standard system, are used for the validation of the reconstruction. The algorithm is proven to be practical by applying it to a Roessler system.     

Symmetry breaking in the opinion dynamics of a multi-group project organization

A bounded confidence model of opinion dynamics in multi-group projects is presented in which each group’s opinion evolution is driven by two types of forces:(i) the group’s cohesive force which tends to restore the opinion back towards the initial status because of its company culture;and(ii) nonlinear coupling forces with other groups which attempt to bring opinions closer due to collaboration willingness.Bifurcation analysis for the case of a two-group project shows a cusp catastrophe phenomenon and three distinctive evolutionary regimes,i.e.,a deadlock regime,a convergence regime,and a bifurcation regime in opinion dynamics.The critical value of initial discord between the two groups is derived to discriminate which regime the opinion evolution belongs to.In the case of a three-group project with a symmetric social network,both bifurcation analysis and simulation results demonstrate that if each pair has a high initial discord,instead of symmetrically converging to consensus with the increase of coupling scale as expected by Gabbay’s result(Physica A 378(2007) p.125 Fig.5),project organization(PO) may be split into two distinct clusters because of the symmetry breaking phenomenon caused by pitchfork bifurcations,which urges that apart from divergence in participants’ interests,nonlinear interaction can also make conflict inevitable in the PO.The effects of two asymmetric level parameters are tested in order to explore the ways of inducing dominant opinion in the whole PO.It is found that the strong influence imposed by a leader group with firm faith on the flexible and open minded follower groups can promote the formation of a positive dominant opinion in the PO.     

Mean Lyapunov exponent approach for the helicoidal Peyrard-Bishop model

In this Letter, the ordered and disordered regions of the field variable of an oscillator chain are studied. For this purpose, the mean Lyapunov exponent (MLE) theory is applied to the helicoidal Peyrard-Bishop (hPB) model. Applying mean Lyapunov exponent theory introduced by Shibata [H. Shibata, Physica A 264 (1999) 226] on the model shows that, the system is very sensitive to the potential parameters. By analyzing the behavior of the MLE with respect to the harmonic helicoidal coupling (K), it can be found that, it is not possible to set the Morse potential parameters of the hPB model in good qualitative agreement with other experimental and theoretical studies. Furthermore, the results show that the MLE is independent of length of the DNA chain. This achievement is important since it can be used to overcome the computational difficulties.     

Continuum model for dislocation dynamics in a slip plane

In this paper, we present a continuum model for dislocation dynamics in a slip plane, which accurately incorporates both the long-range interaction and the local line tension effect of dislocations. Unlike the continuum models in the literature using dislocation densities, we use the disregistry across the slip plane to represent the continuous distribution of dislocations in the slip plane, which has the advantage of including the orientation dependence of dislocations in a very simple way. The continuum dislocation dynamics model is validated by linear instability analysis of a uniform dislocation array to small perturbations and comparisons of the results with those of the discrete dislocation dynamics model. Numerical examples for the evolution of distributions of dislocations and plastic slips in a slip plane are presented.     

A Global Infrared Image Synthesis Model for Large-Scale Complex Urban Scene

Most of infrared scene models deal with backgrounds, they can't simulate infrared urban scene. This paper presents a global infrared image synthesis model for large-scale complex urban scene which can be applied to various weather conditions and suitable for various parts of the urban scene. We first analysis the influence of all kinds of meteorological and environmental factors on the infrared characteristic of urban scene. Then based on principle of energy equilibrium we propose a global infrared image synthesis model for urban scene, discuss the specific forms for various parts of the scene and compute their surface temperature. As the rendering principle for infrared scene differs from that for visible scene, we propose a novel rendering criterion for infrared scene. Finally by the method of Gouraud Shading of Computer Graphics, infrared images of urban scene from different viewpoints at different time are presented. Field measurement further shows that our model is robust and feasible.     

A stochastic model for microtubule length dynamics

In this paper, we use random walk theory to describe the length dynamics of microtubules, one of the principal components of the cytoskeleton. We present a simple two-state model (growing and shrinking) of microtubule length evolution that incorporates a variable rate of switching between the states. Using the generating function technique, we calculate the mean length of microtubule, its variance and diffusion coefficient. We also report analytical and computer simulation results for the mean number of positive monomers in microtubule, and find good qualitative agreement with experimental data.     

Droplet dynamics for asymmetric Ising model

Nucleation from a metastable state is studied for an anisotropic Ising model at very low temperatures. It turns out that the critical nucleus as well as configurations on a typical path to it differ from the Wulff shape of an equilibrium droplet.     

On the parallel dynamics for the Little-Hopfield model

We propose a method (algorithm) for calculation of the explicit formulas for evolution of the main and the residual overlaps. It allows us to confirm the Gardner-Derrida-Mottishaw second-step formula for the main overlap and to go beyond to the next steps. We discuss the dynamical status of the Amit-Gutfreund-Sompolinsky formula for the main overlap and some computersimulation results.     

Quantum spin dynamics as a model for quantum computer operation

We study effects of the physical realization of quantum computers on their logical operation. Through simulation of physical models of quantum computer hardware, we analyze the difficulties that are encountered in programming physical realizations of quantum computers. Examples of logically identical implementations of the controlled-NOT operation and Grover's database search algorithm are used to demonstrate that the results of a quantum computation are unstable with respect to the physical realization of the quantum computer. We discuss the origin of these instabilities and discuss possibilities to overcome this, for practical purposes, fundamental limitation of quantum computers. Received 5 November 2001 and Received in final form 8 February 2002     

Stochastic dynamics in a two-level model of disorder: comparison of mean-field and exact solutions

Stochastic dynamics in the presence of quenched disorder (e.g., diffusion in a random medium) is generally treated in a suitable mean-field or effective medium approximation. While numerical simulations may help determine the accuracy of such approximations in specific models, there are relatively few instances in which analytic solutions are possible, to enable a precise comparison to be made with the mean-field results. We consider in this paper a simple but general model of quenched disorder in which a system variablex jumps stochastically between two valuesx _a andx _b . However, in each level there occurs with a certain probability a branch (or internal) state into which the system may fall, and from which a jump to the other level is possible only after a return to the original (or ‘active’) state. Four different configurations of the states of the system are thus possible, and the transitions between the states are governed by Markovian transition probabilities. The moments ofx and its autocorrelation function are computed in each case, and then configuration-averaged over the four realizations. This represents the exact solution. Next, a mean-field theory of the dynamics is developed: this turns out to involve an effective waiting-time density at each of the two levels that is non-exponential in time, so that the mean-field dynamics is a non-Markovian alternating renewal process. The moments and autocorrelation ofx are again computed, and compared with the exact solutions. The extent of the differences at both short and long times is elucidated, and a numerical comparison is presented for the case of maximal disorder.     

Zero-temperature dynamics for the ferromagnetic Ising model on random graphs

We consider Glauber dynamics at zero temperature for the ferromagnetic Ising model on the usual random graph model on N vertices, with on average γ edges incident to each vertex, in the limit as N→∞. Based on numerical simulations, Svenson (Phys. Rev. E 64 (2001) 036122) reported that the dynamics fails to reach a global energy minimum for a range of values of γ. The present paper provides a mathematically rigorous proof that this failure to find the global minimum in fact happens for all γ>0. A lower bound on the residual energy is also given.     

A study on entanglement dynamics for a four-qubit model

In this paper, we consider the entanglement dynamics of a four-qubit model [2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 042328] where two entangled qubits a and b locally interact with separate qubits A and B via the spin-exchange-like Hamiltonian. We study the effect of purity of initial entangled state of qubits a, b on the entanglement evolution and its relation with energy transfer. Also, we find that the total bipartite entanglement of qubits a, b plus A, B is not a constant any longer when the initial entangled state of a, b is not pure, which is a complement to the result in the paper [2007 J. Phys. B 40 S45] for the pure case.     

累积放电模型及其符号动力学研究

基于累积释放模型提出了一种累积放电模型.相比于累积释放模型, 累积放电模型无须变化的阈值调制, 即可出现多种状态, 例如混沌态、锁频等. 利用符号动力学对其进行研究, 发现在一定的参数条件下, 模型的输出符号序列可以被用于监测模型参数的变化, 而且与神经系统的测量相似, 都具有很高的分辨率. 计算机仿真和电路实验得到的结果也验证了上述说法. 电路实验结果显示模型的输出符号序列对输入频率的分辨率最高可以达到0.05 Hz, 对电流幅值的分辨率可达到1 μA, 并且都具有很大的动态范围. 关键词： 符号动力学 混沌 累积释放模型 非线性电路     

No-signaling non-unitary modification of quantum dynamics within a deterministic model of quantization

We have developed in the previous works a statistical model of quantum fluctuation based on a chaotic deviation from infinitesimal stationary action which is constrained by the principle of Locality to have a unique exponential distribution up to a parameter that determines its average. The unitary Schrödinger time evolution with Born’s statistical interpretation of the wave function is recovered as a specific case when the average deviation from infinitesimal stationary action is given by ?/2$?/2$ for all the time. This naturally suggests a possible generalization of the quantum dynamics and statistics by allowing the average deviation fluctuates effectively randomly around ?/2$?/2$ with a finite yet very small width and a finite time scale. We shall show that averaging over such fluctuation will lead to a non-unitary average-energy-conserving time evolution providing an intrinsic mechanism of decoherence in energy basis in the macroscopic regime. A possible cosmological origin of the fluctuation is suggested. Coherence and decoherence are thus explained as two features of the same statistical model corresponding to microscopic and macroscopic regimes, respectively. Moreover, noting that measurement-interaction can be treated in equal footing as the other types of interaction, the objective locality of the model is argued to imply no-signaling between a pair of arbitrarily separated experiments.     

Molecular dynamics calculation for the modified xy model

In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of molecular dynamics (MD) for the determination of the density of states of a system that suffers an abrupt change of state, we have performed extensive calculations for the modified rotor model, defined by the interaction potentialV() = 2J{1 – [cos(/2)] ^{p 2}} between neighboring rotors. Our results for 2-dimensionalL×L lattices withL=8, 16, 32, and 64 demonstrate clearly that the transition is continuous forp ²24, but suggest a first-order transition forp ²28.     

Relaxation dynamics of the Kuramoto model with uniformly distributed natural frequencies

The Kuramoto model describes a system of globally coupled phase-only oscillators with distributed natural frequencies. The model in the steady state exhibits a phase transition as a function of the coupling strength, between a low-coupling incoherent phase in which the oscillators oscillate independently and a high-coupling synchronized phase. Here, we consider a uniform distribution for the natural frequencies, for which the phase transition is known to be of first order. We study how the system close to the phase transition in the supercritical regime relaxes in time to the steady state while starting from an initial incoherent state. In this case, numerical simulations of finite systems have demonstrated that the relaxation occurs as a step-like jump in the order parameter from the initial to the final steady state value, hinting at the existence of metastable states. We provide numerical evidence to suggest that the observed metastability is a finite-size effect, becoming an increasingly rare event with increasing system size.     

Study of acoustic bubble cluster dynamics using a lattice Boltzmann model

The search for the development of a reliable mathematical model for understanding bubble dynamics behavior is an ongoing endeavor.A long list of complex phenomena underlies the physics of this problem.In the past decades,the lattice Boltzmann method has emerged as a promising tool to address such complexities.In this regard,we have applied a 121-velocity multiphase lattice Boltzmann model to an asymmetric cluster of bubbles in an acoustic field.A problem as a benchmark is studied to check the consistency and applicability of the model.The problem of interest is to study the deformation and coalescence phenomena in bubble cluster dynamics,as well as the screening effect on an acoustic multibubble medium.It has been observed that the LB model is able to simulate the combination of the three aforementioned phenomena for a bubble cluster as a whole and for every individual bubble in the cluster.     

人为扰动的模型势函数及其动力学特征

目前,结合高精度从头算方法和全维量子动力学计算,对四原子气相反应,理论计算可以获得与实验结果完全一致的结果。一般情况下,一个精确的量子动力学模拟需要一个精确的势能面,但是在实际的计算当中,势能面的拟合误差是不可避免的。在本文中,我们考察了在模型势能面外加各种扰动时的动力学反应行为,在2维的势能面上进行了量子动力学计算。反应速率常数对近反应能垒区域或最小能量反应路径上的干预是较为敏感的,但是在势能面上的其它地方加入的外加干扰对反应速率影响不大。本文给出一个比较重要的和比较简单的结论,在量子动力学模拟中,在精确的势能面上增加相关的扰动,会帮助我们更深入地理解给定类型的反应,对于一个特定体系,其精确势能面上可以作为一个模型体系研究。