混合气体声复合弛豫频谱的解析模型

为研究声传播和分子多模式振动能量弛豫的相互关系,本文提出了一种混合气体声 复合弛豫频谱的解析模型.该模型从振动模式微观能量转移及其耦合形成宏观弛豫过程两个角度, 分析了依赖于声频率的混合气体有效热容.并通过求解振动模式能量转移的通用弛豫方程, 最终得到可同时体现主副弛豫过程的声弛豫吸收和声频散的解析结果.仿真结果表明, 对于CO₂, CH₄, N₂和O₂组成的多种混合气体, 该模型的声吸收谱与实验数据相符,峰值误差在1%以内,且反映了多振动模式形成的 声复合弛豫吸收谱上通常仅会显现1-2个吸收波峰的物理现象.与已有模型相比, 本解析模型可直接求出混合气体声弛豫频谱上特征点的解析形式,并利于对其进行定性定量分析. 从而为研究声传播特性与气体分子弛豫特性的相互关系提供了一个有效理论模型.     

Performance characteristics a nonlinear diode and optimal analysis of refrigerator

This paper establishes a model of a nonlinear diode refrigerator consisting of two diodes switched in the opposite directions and located in two heat reservoirs with different temperatures. Based on the theory of thermal fluctuations, the expressions of the heat flux absorbed from the heat reservoirs are derived. After the heat leak between the two reservoirs is considered, the cooling rate and the coefficient of performance are obtained analytically. The influence of the heat leak and the temperature ratio on the performance characteristics of the refrigerator is analysed in detail.     

Perturbation method for the second-order nonlinear effect of focused acoustic field around a scatterer in an ideal fluid

Two nonlinear models are proposed to investigate the focused acoustic waves that the nonlinear effects will be important inside the liquid around the scatterer. Firstly, the one dimensional solutions for the widely used Westervelt equation with different coordinates are obtained based on the perturbation method with the second order nonlinear terms. Then, by introducing the small parameter (Mach number), a dimensionless formulation and asymptotic perturbation expansion via the compressible potential flow theory is applied. This model permits the decoupling between the velocity potential and enthalpy to second order, with the first potential solutions satisfying the linear wave equation (Helmholtz equation), whereas the second order solutions are associated with the linear non-homogeneous equation. Based on the model, the local nonlinear effects of focused acoustic waves on certain volume are studied in which the findings may have important implications for bubble cavitation/initiation via focused ultrasound called HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound). The calculated results show that for the domain encompassing less than ten times the radius away from the center of the scatterer, the non-linear effect exerts a significant influence on the focused high intensity acoustic wave. Moreover, at the comparatively higher frequencies, for the model of spherical wave, a lower Mach number may result in stronger nonlinear effects.     

Performance characteristics and optimal analysis of a nonlinear diode refrigerator

This paper establishes a model of a nonlinear diode refrigerator consisting of two diodes switched in the opposite directions and located in two heat reservoirs with different temperatures.Based on the theory of thermal fluctuations,the expressions of the heat flux absorbed from the heat reservoirs are derived.After the heat leak between the two reservoirs is considered,the cooling rate and the coefficient of performance are obtained analytically.The influence of the heat leak and the temperature ratio on the performance characteristics of the refrigerator is analysed in detail.     

Free-vibration acoustic resonance of a nonlinear elastic bar

Free-vibration acoustic resonance of a one-dimensional nonlinear elastic bar was investigated by direct analysis in the calculus of variations. The Lagrangian density of the bar includes a cubic term of the deformation gradient, which is responsible for both geometric and constitutive nonlinearities. By expanding the deformation function into a complex Fourier series, we derived the action integral in an analytic form and evaluated its stationary conditions numerically with the Ritz method for the first three resonant vibration modes. This revealed that the bar shows the following prominent nonlinear features: (i) amplitude dependence of the resonance frequency; (ii) symmetry breaking in the vibration pattern; and (iii) excitation of the high-frequency mode around nodal-like points. Stability of the resonant vibrations was also addressed in terms of a convex condition on the strain energy density.     

The role of acoustic impedance of pressure medium in ultrasonic investigation of solids

Abstract

The problem of leaking of ultrasonic waves (UW) into pressure medium through the boundary of the sample has been studied. Theoretical approach was experimentally veryfied for gasous and liquid pressure media for pressure values up to 1 GPa.     

Patch nearfield acoustic holography in a moving medium

To realize the accurate reconstruction of sound field in a moving medium under the condition of limited holographic aperture, a patch nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) in a moving medium is proposed. The proposed method not only reduces the influence caused by the limited aperture effects through sound field extrapolation, but also perfectly suits for sound field reconstruction in a moving medium by improving the shape of the modified Tikhonov regularization filter and the noise estimation method in accordance with flow effects. In the method, two cases that the flow direction is parallel to and perpendicular to the hologram surface are considered. Especially in the perpendicular case, the expression of the wavenumber component in the z direction is improved to make the proposed method suitable for the moving medium at a high Mach number. Simulations are investigated to examine the performance of the proposed method and show its advantages by comparing with NAH in a moving medium and the conventional patch NAH. It is found that, the proposed method is effective and robust at different flow velocities of the medium and different frequencies of the sound source.     

Existence of traveling wave solutions of a high-order nonlinear acoustic wave equation

In this Letter, we present an analytical study of a high-order acoustic wave equation in one dimension, and reformulate a previously given equation in terms of an expansion of the acoustic Mach number. We search for non-trivial traveling wave solutions to this equation, and also discuss the accuracy of acoustic wave equations in terms of the range of Mach numbers for which they are valid.     

Experimental study of nonlinear acoustic effects in a granular medium

Results of a series of experimental studies of nonlinear acoustic effects in a granular medium are presented. Different effects observed in the experiments simultaneously testify that the nonlinearity of granular media is governed by the weakest intergrain contacts. The behavior of the observed dependences suggests that the distribution function of contact forces strongly increases in the range of forces much smaller than the mean force value, which is inaccessible for conventional experimental measuring techniques. For shear waves in a granular medium, the effects of demodulation and second harmonic generation with conversion to longitudinal waves are studied. These effects are caused by the nonlinear dilatancy of the medium, i.e., by the nonlinear law of its volume variation in the shear stress field. With the use of shear waves of different polarizations, the anisotropy of the nonlinearity of the medium is demonstrated. The observation of the cross-modulation effect shows that the nonlinearity-induced modulation components of the probe wave are much more sensitive to weak nonstationary perturbations of the medium, as compared to the linearly propagating fundamental harmonic. The nonlinear effects under study offer promise for diagnostic applications in laboratory measurements and in seismic monitoring systems.     

Enhanced performances of InGaN/GaN-based blue light-emitting diode with InGaN/AIInGaN superlattice electron blocking layer

InGaN/AIlnGaN superlattice （SL） is designed as the electron blocking layer （EBL） of an InGaN/GaN-based light- emitting diode （LED）. The energy band structure, polarization field at the last-GaN-barrier/EBL interface, carrier concen- tration, radiative recombination rate, electron leakage, internal quantum efficiency （IQE）, current-voltage （l-V） perfor- mance curve, light output-current （L-l） characteristic, and spontaneous emission spectrum are systematically numerically investigated using APSYS simulation software. It is found that the fabricated LED with InGaN/AIInGaN SL EBL exhibits higher light output power, low forward voltage, and low current leakage compared with those of its counterparts. Meanwhile, the efficiency droop can be effectively mitigated. These improvements are mainly attributed to the higher hole injection efficiency and better electron confinement when InGaN/AIlnGaN SL EBL is used.     

Enhanced performances of InGaN/GaN-based blue light-emitting diode with InGaN/AlInGaN superlattice electron blocking layer

InGaN/AlInGaN superlattice(SL) is designed as the electron blocking layer(EBL) of an InGaN/GaN-based lightemitting diode(LED). The energy band structure, polarization field at the last-GaN-barrier/EBL interface, carrier concentration, radiative recombination rate, electron leakage, internal quantum efficiency(IQE), current–voltage(I–V) performance curve, light output–current(L–I) characteristic, and spontaneous emission spectrum are systematically numerically investigated using APSYS simulation software. It is found that the fabricated LED with InGaN/AlInGaN SL EBL exhibits higher light output power, low forward voltage, and low current leakage compared with those of its counterparts.Meanwhile, the efficiency droop can be effectively mitigated. These improvements are mainly attributed to the higher hole injection efficiency and better electron confinement when InGaN/AlInGaN SL EBL is used.     

Incommensurate-commensurate phase transitions in an anisotropic antiferromagnetic model on triangular lattice

An anisotropic antiferromagnetic model on a triangular lattice with competing interactions is investigated by the cluster transfer-matrix method. A phase diagram with ferrimagnetic, incommensurate, and disordered phases is found. Three order parameters are introduced. At commensurate-incommensurate and incommensurate-disorder phase transition lines two of them change in continuous and one in discontinuous way.     

LD阵列侧面泵浦棒状激光介质内的光场研究

建立了LD侧面泵浦激光介质内的光场分布数值模型。通过光线追迹方法,简化了介质对泵浦光折射的计算方式。利用Matlab软件数值模拟了泵浦光在介质内的归一化分布。提出获得高质量、高能量的激光输出参数的选取原则。当LD的束腰半径为1μm、LD的数量为40个、介质的半径为1.5mm、发光面到介质的泵浦距离为0.5mm、介质吸收系数在2cm-1～6cm-1之间时,泵浦光在激光介质内的增益分布较好。     

强流二极管产生大面积脉冲X射线参数计算

利用二极管的电压电流波形计算了电子束参数,建立了串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶蒙特卡罗粒子输运计算模型,给出了两种情况下轫致辐射X射线场参数。结果表明:阳极靶厚度增加时,轫致辐射X射线平均能量增大,而能量转换效率先增大,后减小;距离串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶5cm位置处,X射线注量分别为76.50,3.74mJ/cm2;光子平均能量分别为81.13,60.77keV;半径为12cm的圆面上,串级二极管X射线剂量呈马鞍形分布,均匀性为1.70∶1;边长为52cm的正方形平面上,四路并联二极管X射线剂量均匀性小于6.30∶1;电子束轫致辐射转换效率分别为0.29%,0.32%。     

强流二极管产生大面积脉冲X射线参数计算

利用二极管的电压电流波形计算了电子束参数,建立了串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶蒙特卡罗粒子输运计算模型,给出了两种情况下轫致辐射X射线场参数。结果表明：阳极靶厚度增加时,轫致辐射X射线平均能量增大,而能量转换效率先增大,后减小;距离串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶5 cm位置处,X射线注量分别为76.50,3.74 mJ/cm2;光子平均能量分别为81.13,60.77 keV;半径为12 cm的圆面上,串级二极管X射线剂量呈马鞍形分布,均匀性为1.70∶1;边长为52 cm的正方形平面上,四路并联二极管X射线剂量均匀性小于6.30∶1;电子束轫致辐射转换效率分别为0.29％,0.32％。     

Effect of viscosity on stability and accuracy of the two-component lattice Boltzmann method with a multiple-relaxation-time collision operator investigated by the acoustic attenuation model

A two-component lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision operator is presented to improve the numerical stability of the single relaxation time (SRT) model. The macroscopic and the momentum conservation equations can be retrieved through the Chapman—Enskog (C-E) expansion analysis. The equilibrium moment with the diffusion term is calculated, a diffusion phenomenon is simulated by utilizing the developed model, and the numerical stability is verified. Furthermore, the binary mixture channel model is designed to simulate the sound attenuation phenomenon, and the obtained simulation results are found to be consistent with the analytical solutions. The sound attenuation model is used to study the numerical stability and calculation accuracy of the LBM model. The simulation results show the stability and accuracy of the MRT model and the SRT model under different viscosity conditions. Finally, we study the influence of the error between the macroscopic equation of the MRT model and the standard incompressible Navier—Stokes equation on the calculation accuracy of the model to demonstrate the general applicability of the conclusions drawn by the sound attenuation model in the present study.     

Modeling of a millimeter wave planar Schottky diode using both improved equivalent circuit model and 3D-EM model

In this paper, a planar Schottky varistor diode is studied and modeled by equivalent circuit method and three dimensional full wave electromagnetic (3D-EM) method, respectively. The diode's equivalent circuit is extracted from millimeter-wave small-signal S-parameter measurements. Since the package of the diode influences the electromagnetic field distribution at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths, a 3D-EM model and an improved equivalent circuit model is applied to describe the field precisely. The simulated results of equivalent circuit, improved equivalent circuit and 3D-EM model are compared with the measured results. In addition, the effects caused by silver paste conductive adhesive are considered in 3D-EM model and improved equivalent circuit model. The results show that both the 3D-EM model and improved equivalent circuit model have good S-parameter consistency with measured results.     

Optic and acoustic plasmon modes of a semiconductor superlattice

The collective plasmon modes of s semiconductor superlattices consisting of alternating layers of electrons and holes or alternating layers of electrons with different densities are investigated. For wells widely separated in space, such that Bloch wavefunction overlap between wells is negligible, we find optical-like and acoustical-like plasmon modes propagating along the superlattice direction. Perpendicular to the superlattice direction, the acoustic mode (ω～q_″) recently observed by Olego and Pinczuk⁸ is found to be split into two acoustic branches.     

Localisation and phase transition of acoustic waves in a soft medium containing air bubbles

We study via numerical experiments the localisation property of an acoustic wave in a viscoelastic soft medium containing randomly-distributed air bubbles. The behaviours of the oscillation phases of bubbles are particularly investigated in various cases for distinguishing efficiently the acoustic localisation from the effects of acoustic absorption caused by the viscosity of medium. The numerical results reveal the phenomenon of `phase transition' characterized by an unusual collective oscillation of bubbles, which is an effective criterion to unambiguously identify the acoustic localisation in the presence of viscosity. Within the localisation region, the phenomenon of phase transition persists, and a remarkable decrease in the fluctuation of the oscillation phases of bubbles is observed. The localisation phenomenon will be impaired by the enhancement of the viscosity factors, and the extent to which the acoustic wave is localised may be determined by appropriately analyzing the values of the oscillation phases or the amount of reduction of the phase fluctuation. The results are particularly significant for the practical experiments in an attempt to observe the acoustic localisation in such a medium, which is in general subjected to the interference of the great ambiguity resulting from the effect of acoustic absorption.