Experimental characterization of dynamic soil-track interaction on dry sand

A set of soil-track interaction relations was made developed for the morbility simulation of tracked or crawler system vehicles on dry, loose sand. These interaction relations were developed specifically for multibody mobility codes in which the soil-vehicle interaction is represented solely by soil-track interaction forces. By employing plate penetration and shear tests, an average pressure-sinkage relation, a shear force-slippage relation, and a sinkage-slippage relation were measured. These plate test data were sufficient only to describe the soil-track interaction on hard ground. On soft ground, however, it was found that intermittent sinkages induced by each passage of the road wheels become important. This dynamic contribution is called “agitation sinkage.” Based on this observation, the sinkage rate (velocity) was decomposed into elastic and plastic rates; the plastic part consists of normal force-induced, slip-induced, and agitation-induced components. Whereas the elastic and the first two components of the plastic sinkage rate were characterized by the conventional plate penetration and plate shear tests, the last term, agitation sinkage, required a new dynamic test in which the sinkage of the track after successive passages of moving road wheels was measured. It is recommended that this new field measurement technique be adopted to characterize the agitation sinkage for various terrains.     

Tractive performance of a driven rigid wheel on soft ground based on the analysis of soil-wheel interaction

A new analytical method has been presented to predict the tractive performance of a rigid wheel running on soft ground. The resultant stress of the normal stress and the shear resistance applied around the peripherical contact part of the rigid wheel should be calculated by use of the dynamic pressure-sinkage curve measured from the plate loading and unloading test, considering the rolling locus of the wheel in the direction of the external resultant force of the effective driving force and the axle load. The effective driving force could be calculated as the difference of the driving force, i.e. the integration of shear resistance and the locomotion resistance calculated from the total amount of sinkage. As a result, the analytical relations between the driving force, the effective driving force and the slip ratio, the amount of sinkage and the slip ratio, the amount of eccentricity of resultant force and the slip ratio, and the entry angle, the exit angle and the slip ratio could be verified experimentally.     

输电线路挤扩支盘桩受力特性的试验研究

挤扩支盘桩是一种具有较高的承载力和较小的沉降变形的新桩型。对某220kV送电线路工程的挤扩支盘灌注桩分别开展了下压+水平联合工况、上拔+水平联合工况和水平荷载的现场真型静载荷试验,得到了挤扩支盘桩在不同工况下的承载力、桩身轴力、桩周侧阻力和桩端阻力的分布规律。支盘桩的抗拔承载力较普通灌注桩提高约20%,支盘的存在使得桩身轴力呈现明显的阶跃式变化。根据挤扩支盘桩的荷载传递规律,建议承力盘间距不小于桩身设计直径的4倍,且不小于承力盘设计直径的2倍。     

A discrete particle approach to simulate the combined effect of blast and sand impact loading of steel plates

The structural response of a stainless steel plate subjected to the combined blast and sand impact loading from a buried charge has been investigated using a fully coupled approach in which a discrete particle method is used to determine the load due to the high explosive detonation products, the air shock and the sand, and a finite element method predicts the plate deflection. The discrete particle method is based on rigid, spherical particles that transfer forces between each other during collisions. This method, which is based on a Lagrangian formulation, has several advantages over coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian approaches as both advection errors and severe contact problems are avoided. The method has been validated against experimental tests where spherical 150 g C-4 charges were detonated at various stand-off distances from square, edge-clamped 3.4 mm thick AL-6XN stainless steel plates. The experiments were carried out for a bare charge, a charge enclosed in dry sand and a charge enclosed in fully saturated wet sand. The particle-based method is able to describe the physical interactions between the explosive reaction products and soil particles leading to a realistic prediction of the sand ejecta speed and momentum. Good quantitative agreement between the experimental and predicted deformation response of the plates is also obtained.     

A piecewise bearing capacity method of unstructured terrain considering characteristics of soil mechanic and wheel geometry

Bearing capacity of the unstructured terrain considering the effects of the wheel geometry and soil mechanic properties is analyzed in this paper. Two-dimensional pressure-sinkage simulations are conducted to evaluate the degrees of similarity between the flat plate and wheel in terms of their ultimate bearing characteristics of Terzaghi theory. The results show that these degrees of similarity are mainly reflected in the soil in-depth direction and the corresponding failure behaviors. Based on the approximation of the ultimate bearing capacity between the wheel and flat plate, a piecewise bearing capacity evaluation method with the effects of the soil mechanic properties and three-dimensional wheel geometry is proposed. The pressure-sinkage values of the proposed model show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed model performs better than the semi-empirical models, as it considers more soil bearing features and needs less fitting parameters to assess the unstructured terrain.     

Effect of tine rake angle and aspect ratio on soil failure patterns in dry loam soil

Studies were conducted in a laboratory glass-sided soil bin with dry compact loam soil (c = 0.02 kPa, Φ = 20° and cone index 210 kPa) with the specific objective of observing the effect of flat tine rake angle and aspect ratio on soil failure patterns. The tine was moved in the soil in a quasi-static condition and soil failure patterns were observed through a glass window. Tine rake angles of 50°, 90° and 130° were used while aspect ratio effects were studied by varying both width and depth of the tine. Individual effects of width and depth were investigated by maintaining a constant aspect ratio of 2.0 but varying width and depth. Results obtained indicated that soil failure patterns are affected by tine design parameters. Soil failure patterns were observed to be of progressive shear type in all cases. For 50° rake angle tines, the patterns consisted of inclined shear lines starting from the tine tip and gradually moving upwards towards the horizontal soil surface, intersecting it at an average failure angle of 32°. In the case of 90° rake angle tines, the inclined shear surface was at a distance from the tine tip whereas, for 130° rake angle tines, prismatic-shaped stationary soil wedges were formed adjacent to the tine. Failure angles for the 90° and 130° rake angle tines were almost the same as those for 50° rake angle tines. The results of this study also indicated that aspect ratio alone cannot account for changes in soil failure patterns, their corresponding soil reactions, forward rupture or surcharge profiles. The effects are mainly due to the individual changes in width and depth. There were no distinct zones as described in the passive soil pressure theory. Soil failures were in regular cycles resulting in corresponding variations in the soil reactions on the tines.     

考虑接缝传荷的文克勒地基上矩形薄板的级数解

应用双重正弦级数展开的方法,推演得到了文克勒地基上计入两块矩形板间接缝传荷效应的级数解。假设接缝传递剪力与板间挠度差成正比、传递弯矩与板间转角差成正比,进而分析了单轮和单轴荷载作用在纵缝边缘中部时,接缝传荷效应对板边最大挠度和最大应力的影响规律;通过引入接缝传荷效应系数和接缝极限传荷的两个挠度比及两个应力比,建立了计入接缝传荷效应的板边最大挠度和最大应力的一般式,总结了不同板尺寸、荷载面积尺寸和类型及板材料泊松比对四个接缝影响系数和四个接缝极限传荷的挠度比及应力比的影响规律。结果表明:不同荷载面积下,受荷板接缝边缘最大挠度、最大应力均随弯矩或剪力传荷刚度系数的增大而减小,且应力的变化幅度相较挠度要小。影响系数fV^w(ξV)、fM^w(ξM)、fM^σ(ξM)与荷载圆相对半径(a/l)、相对板长(L/l)和相对板宽(B/l)无关,且单轮荷载与双轮荷载规律相同;而影响系数fV^σ(ξV)与荷载圆相对半径(a/l)有关,与相对板长(L/l)和相对板宽(B/l)无关;挠度比λV^w与荷载圆相对半径、板尺寸(L/l,B/l)及泊松比v无关,恒等于0.5,而λM^w、λV^σ、λM^σ均与荷载相对半径(a/l)、板尺寸(L/l,B/l)及泊松比v有关,且影响因素中荷载面积尺寸的影响最为显著。     

RPC箱型桥墩抗震性能的试验研究与数值分析

以RPC箱型桥墩为研究对象,拟定合理结构形式和尺寸,设计了3个RPC箱型墩试件。通过对试件施加常轴力以及水平反复荷载,研究了水平荷载加载方向角对RPC箱型墩抗震性能的影响,分析了各试件的韧性、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、荷载退化曲线和刚度退化曲线等方面的特征,并得出了各试件的位移延性系数和耗能系数。作者编制并验证了单向荷载作用下的全过程非线性数值分析程序。实验与数值结果表明:RPC箱型墩具有较好的抗震性能,水平荷载加载方向角是影响箱型墩抗震性能的一个重要因素;斜向受力构件的抗震性能要弱于主轴受力构件。     

Evolution of the bearing capacity of dry sand with its density

To clarify the influence of the density of dry sand on its bearing capacity, a series of plate sinkage tests was conducted. These tests were made using rigid plates loaded by a force normal to their plane and acting at the center. In a part of the tests, five values of sand density varying from the lowest to the highest were used. A comparison of the measured bearing capacity with that predicted by classical and empirical laws is shown. This analysis is made for square, circular and rectangular plates.     

Mechanical behaviour of the upper layers of a sandy loam soil under shear loading

The mechanical behaviour of the upper layers of a sandy loam soil was studied under standard triaxial compression and direct shear box tests. Variations of soil material properties were investigated at four different initial dry bulk densities of 1410, 1520, 1610 and 1670 kg/m³. Soil deformation and volume change under the triaxial compression loading were also studied at these bulk densities. Results from the two tests showed increases in the soil mechanical properties with the initial dry bulk density. The internal friction angle values measured with the triaxial compression apparatus exceeded those measured with the direct shear box. In contrast, the soil cohesion values measured with the direct shear box exceeded those measured with the triaxial compression apparatus. Under the triaxial compression test, the loose soil samples underwent contraction and volume reduction, whereas the dense samples swelled and failure cracks appeared clearly at various planes. The soil contraction for the former case characterizes the occurrence of soil compaction, whereas the cracks propagation and volume increase in the latter case characterizes the breaking up and loosening of soil during tillage operations. For the loose and moderately compacted states, the engineering Poisson's ratio increased with the axial strain until loading was completed. It also increased at the compacted and very compacted states until reaching given loading stages, after which its value started to decrease. This shifting in the engineering Poisson's ratio during loading may provide another identification of the moment of soil failure occurrence, in addition to that of the maximum shear stress.     

Mobility algorithm evaluation using a consolidated database developed for wheeled vehicles operating on dry sands

A substantial number of laboratory and field tests have been conducted to assess performance of various wheel designs in loose soils. However, there is no consolidated database which includes data from several sources. In this study, a consolidated database was created on tests conducted with wheeled vehicles operating in loose dry sand to evaluate existing soil mobility algorithms. The database included wheels of different diameters, widths, heights, and inflation pressures, operating under varying loading conditions. Nine technical reports were identified containing 5253 records, based on existing archives of laboratory and field tests of wheels operating in loose soils. The database structure was assembled to include traction performance parameters such as drawbar pull, torque, traction, motion resistance, sinkage, and wheel slip. Once developed, the database was used to evaluate and support validation of closed form solutions for these variables in the Vehicle Terrain Interface (VTI) model. The correlation between predicted and measured traction performance parameters was evaluated. Comparison of the predicted versus measured performance parameters suggests that the closed form solutions within the VTI model are functional but can be further improved to provide more accurate predictions for off-road vehicle performance.     

Effects of tine rake angle and aspect ratio on soil reactions in dry loam soil

Study was conducted in a laboratory glass-sided soil bin with dry compact loam soil with 5.2% (d.b.) moisture content. The specific objective of this study was to determine the effects of flat rigid tine rake angle (forward angle between tine face and horizontal soil surface) and aspect ratio (tine width/tine depth) on soil reactions. The tine was moved in the soil in a quasi-static condition and soil reactions were recorded using L-shaped force transducers. Corresponding soil failure patterns were observed through a glass window. Tine rake angles of 50°, 90° and 130° were used. The effects of aspect ratio were studied by varying both width and depth of the tines. Individual effects of width and depth were investigated by maintaining a constant aspect ratio of 2.0 but varying width and depth. Observations indicated that soil reactions are affected by tine design parameters. For all tine rake angles and aspect ratios, soil reactions were observed to be cyclic in nature and could be matched well with corresponding soil failure patterns. The horizontal and vertical soil reactions were in phase. Investigations into the individual effects of tine width and depth revealed that the aspect ratio alone cannot account for changes in soil reactions. The effects are mainly due to the individual changes in width and depth.     

THE SHEAR LAG EFFECT OF BOX BEAMS WITH VARYING LATERAL LOADING LOCATIONS 1)

对箱梁各翼板(顶板、悬臂板、底板)分设不同剪力滞广义纵向位移,其横向分布均取二次抛物线形式,并引入载荷横向位置参数η,以分析载荷横向变位对剪力滞效应的影响.运用能量变分原理,建立剪力滞控制微分方程,求解了简支梁和悬臂梁在均布载荷作用下的控制微分方程的解.算例分析表明:载荷横向变位改变直接承受载荷的翼板的正负剪力滞特性,对非直接承载翼板只改变其应力幅度;箱梁横向框架效应对直接承载翼板纵向应力的贡献远远大于剪切变形.与块体有限元分析结果较吻合,表明该算法能较准确分析载荷横向变位作用下箱梁剪力滞的变化规律.     

A new indentation model for snow

Plate indentation tests have been used widely to characterize the properties of terrains. In particular, pressure-sinkage curves obtained from these tests have been used for vehicle-terrain interaction predictions. However, there is a lack of physical basis to properly interpret the meaning of these empirical curves such that they cannot be related to fundamental material properties. Also, the relation between the plate indentation tests and static (non-rolling) pneumatic tire indentation is not clear. In this paper, we conducted finite element analysis of circular plate indentation and static tire indentation simulations for fresh snow of different depths. The results indicate that the pressure-sinkage relationship for the plate indentation test is qualitatively similar to that for static tire indentation. Three deformation zones have been identified for these tests using pressure-sinkage and density-sinkage data: a small elastic zone (Zone I), a propagating hardening plastic zone (Zone II) and a densification (finite depth) zone (Zone III). The onset of a finite-depth zone was identified where the pressure bulb beneath the plate/tire has reached the bottom of snow. It is shown that Zone I and Zone II correspond to a semi-infinite terrain typical of vehicle-soil interaction, whereas Zone III corresponds to a finite-depth domain for snow and other multilayered media. The plastic constraint underneath the indenters suggests a quasi-uniaxial stress state such that a simple 1-D indentation model was proposed for Zone I, a spherical cavity expansion solution was adapted for Zone II, and an upper bound solution was adapted for Zone III. The results of the prediction of the transition between Zone II and Zone III as well as the pressure-sinkage relationships compared well with finite element solutions of plate indentation and static tire indentation tests, and with field data.     

Determining the angle of repose of sand under low-gravity conditions using discrete element method

This study is a comparative investigation of data, collected through experimental and numerical means, related to the flow of sand particles through a hopper under low-gravity conditions. During a parabolic airplane flight simulating low-gravity conditions, we determined effects of gravity on the angle of repose of sand pile particles by flowing dry sand from a hopper. The gravity effects on the angle of repose of the sand were negligible. Two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the angle of repose. Results were compared to observations made during the low-gravity experiments. Effects of varying parameters such as the friction coefficient and coefficient of rolling friction were determined by running various DEM simulations. Moreover, the effect of the elemental radius on the angle of repose was investigated using DEM. The angle of repose is influenced by certain changes in the friction coefficient and rolling friction values, but the elemental radius has only a negligible effect on the angle of repose within the range of variation. Results show that the DEM model used for this study might be applicable to determine terramechanical interactions under lunar surface gravity conditions, provided that parameters are adjusted and an extended period of simulation is achieved.     

Hydroelastic analysis of gravity wave interaction with submerged horizontal flexible porous plate

The present study deals with the surface gravity wave interaction with submerged horizontal flexible porous plate under the assumption of small amplitude water wave theory and structural response. The flexible porous plate is modeled using the thin plate theory and wave past porous structure is based on the generalized porous wavemaker theory. The wave characteristics due to the interaction of gravity waves with submerged flexible porous structure are studied by analyzing the complex dispersion relation using contour plots. Three different problems such as (i) wave scattering by a submerged flexible porous plate, (ii) wave trapping by submerged flexible porous plate placed at a finite distance from a rigid wall and (iii) wave reflection by a rigid wall in the presence of a submerged flexible porous plate are analyzed. The role of flexible porous plate in attenuating wave height and creating a tranquility zone is studied by analyzing the reflection, transmission and dissipation coefficients for various wave and structural parameters such as angle of incidence, depth of submergence, plate length, compression force and structural flexibility. In the case of wave trapping, the optimum distance between the porous plate and rigid wall for wave reflection is analyzed in different cases. In addition, effects of various physical parameters on free surface elevation, plate deflection, wave load on the plate and rigid wall are studied. The present approach can be extended to deal with acoustic wave interaction with flexible porous plates.     

砂土中锚板抗拔性能试验研究

运用自行研制开发的试验装置和数据采集系统,对锚板在砂土中的抗拔性能进行了试验研究。分析了锚板在松砂和密砂两种情况下抗拔力和位移的关系曲线特征,研究了不同埋深率下抗拔力和破坏系数的变化规律,并根据抗拔力与破坏系数随埋深率的变化趋势得到了松砂和密砂状态下的临界埋深率。试验结果表明,密度对砂土中锚板的抗拔性能有非常大的影响,增加砂土的密实度可以大幅度提高锚板的抗拔承载力并显著减小锚板的位移变形。增加锚板的埋置深度同样也可以大幅提高锚板的抗拔承载力,但抗拔承载力的增加幅度受临界埋深率的限制,临界埋深率随密度增加有增大的趋势。该试验结果可为锚板上拔预测模型的建立及设计提供参考依据。     

Modelling of progressive interface failure under combined normal compression and shear stress

The present work is concerned with an analysis of progressive interface failure under normal compressive stress and varying shear stress using the cohesive crack model. The softening model is assumed and frictional linear stress at contact is accounted for. A monotonic loading in anti-plane shear of an elastic plate bonded to a rigid substrate is considered. An analytical solution is obtained by neglecting the effect of minor shear stress component in the plate. The elastic and plate interface compliances are included into the analysis. Three types of solutions are distinguished in the progressive delamination analysis, namely short, medium and long plate solutions. The analysis of quasi-static progressive delamination process clarifies the character of critical points and post-critical response of the plate. The analytical solution provides a reference benchmark for numerical algorithms of analysis of progressive interface delamination. The case of a rigid–softening interface was treated in a companion paper, where also cyclic loading was considered.     

爆破振动作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

基于对顺层岩质边坡的受力分析,在极限平衡理论的基础上,应用Mohr-Column准则,按照Bishop关于边坡稳定性安全系数的定义,推导出在爆破振动作用下顺层岩质边坡稳定性安全系数的计算方法。通过算例分析,证实了计算方法的可行性,说明了爆破振动拟静力系数同顺层边坡安全系数的关系。研究结果表明,垂直向下、水平指向坡外的爆破振动荷载以及两者的联合爆破荷载对边坡稳定性安全系数的影响最大;爆破荷载拟静力系数从0起每增加0.05,爆破振动水平指向坡外和垂直向下时,层裂长度为12.76 m的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.801%～10.665%、1.366%～1.978%,无层裂的顺层边坡安全系数分别减少7.61%～10.546%、1.473%～2.289%。同时,爆破振动产生的层裂长度、边坡长度以及联合爆破荷载的方向对边坡稳定性也有影响。     

Mixed-mode interface toughness of wafer-level Cu-Cu bonds using asymmetric chevron test

Characterization of interfacial adhesion is critical for the development of wafer bonding processes to manufacture microsystems with high yield and reliability. It is imperative that the test method used in such adhesion studies corresponds to the loading conditions present during processing and operation of the devices. In most applications in which wafers and die are bonded, the interface experiences a combination of shear and normal loading (i.e. mixed-mode loading) with the relative magnitude of the Mode I and II components varying in different scenarios. In the current work, the toughness of Cu-Cu thermocompression bonds, which are of interest for the fabrication of three-dimensional integrated circuits, is analyzed using a bonded chevron specimen with layers of different thickness that allows for the application of interfacial loading with variable mode mixity. The phase angle (a function of the degree of mode mixity at the interface) is varied from 0° to 24° by changing the layer thickness ratio from 1 to 0.48. The Cu-Cu bond toughness increases from 2.68 to 10.1 J/m², as the loading is changed from Mode I (pure tension) to a loading with a phase angle of 24°. The energy of plastic dissipation increases with increasing mode mixity, resulting in the enhanced interface toughness. The Mode I toughness of Cu-Cu bonds is minimally affected by plasticity, and therefore, provides the closest estimate of the interfacial work of fracture under the bonding conditions employed.