包含—受扭迴转轴的半空间的性质*

本文研究包含有一根部份嵌入的迴转轴的半空间的性质.不用知道一给定的嵌入的轴的扭转问题的精确解,这些性质能指出此半空间的位移或应力场的某些特点并且有时可以用来检查数值解.文中给出嵌入半空间的受扭的刚性圆柱的轴的表面上的正确的应力分布的检查的例子.     

形式实模的核心

通过含单位元的交换环的实素理想构造出对应的模的实素子模,得到模的序存在的一个充要条件,并对模的所有序的支集的交集(文中称作"模的核心")作出一定的刻划,找到了判断模中的元素属于模的核心的充要条件.     

几何学概论(三)

(四)罗氏几何的光辉照亮了科学前进的道路我们来分析他的学说的哲学意义.在罗氏的时代,哲学中占统治地位的思想是康德的"不可知论",按照这批人的说法,客观世界是存在的,但是不可知的,时间空间是人心的创造,是人心给经验安排的秩序,我们所确实知道的世界的规律性是人心按先天的原则所创造出来的,先天就是与经验无关的,这样,我们的空间观念就完全是人心的创造,     

方程a~x=loga~x的解

一个方程的解可以看作两个函数的图象的交点的横坐标。反过来,方程的解又可以反映两个函数之间的某种关系,即它们的图象相交的情况。因此,可以利用函数的性质对方程的解,特别是直接求解很困难的某些超越方程的解的情况作出定性的讨论。也可以利用方程的解对函数的图象间的交点个数作出定量的研究,本文主要通过对函数y=x~(1/x)和y=x~x的性质的分析,就方程a~x=x和a~x=loga~x等的解的情况进行讨论。     

关于二次曲线的切线及奇异点的探讨

利用二次曲线的切线的定义,分别讨论过二次曲线上的一点的切线的求法及过二次曲线外的一点的切线的两种求法,并且得到了存在奇异点的二次曲线的具体类型.     

映射与函数、指数函数

1　重、难点分析关于映射与函数的概念 ,重点是映射、函数的概念的理解与掌握 ,难点是对映射、函数概念 ,对函数符号 ｙ =ｆ(ｘ) ,以及对函数是一种特殊的映射的理解 ,对函数的定义域、值域的理解与掌握 .对于函数的单调性和奇偶性 ,重点是对函数的单调性、奇偶性的概念的理解 ,难点是对函数的单调性、奇偶性的判断与应用 .关于反函数 ,重点是反函数的概念的理解 ,难点是对求反函数的方法的掌握 .关于指数、指数函数 ,重点是分数指数幂的概念和分数指数幂的运算性质、指数函数的图象和性质的理解与掌握 ,难点是根式的概念和分数指数幂的概念…     

任意角的三角函数

1本单元重点、难点分析三角函数是中学数学的重要内容之一,也是高等数学的重要基础。本单元首先将角的概念进行推广,并引入弧度制的表示方式,再定义六种三角函数,然后探讨同角三角函数间的一些基本关系式及三角函数的诱导公式。角的概念的推广和角的度量单位的更新(引入弧度制)是本单元的第一个重点,它拓宽了三角函数的应用范围,简化了三角函数的研究,是进一步学习三角函数的基础,起到了承上启下的作用.任意角的三角函数的定义是进一步学习三角函数的根基,由此导出的三角函数的符号、同角三角函数间的基本关系式及三角函数的诱导公式是本单…     

微分差分方程解之稳定性

最近20—30年来在调节过程的研究中微分差分方程得到很多的应用.在调节理论和在很多其他具有时滞的过程的理论中所发生的基本问题中的一个问题是关于过程的稳定性的问题,一般化为关于微分差分方程解的稳定性的问题.这具问题吸引了非常多的工作者的注意(参考交末的目录),但据我们所知,这些零散的研究从未被有系统地综述过.这篇文章的目的是用简要的形式综述关于微分差分方程解的稳定性的工作的结果,也包括本文作者的若干研究在内.     

关于直接揭露本貭特征对于学生掌握几何基本概念的作用的問題

一、研究的任务和方法概念乃是一种反映对象和現象的一般的并且是本质的特征的思维形式。概念的形成是在人类历史发展过程中进行的,概念的掌握是掌握現成的、社会上形成的概念。所以概念的掌握就不需要通过概念形成时人类所走过的复杂的、漫长的道路。虽然如此,但是概念的掌握仍然是一种复杂的过程,它取决于过去的經驗、已有的知识、掌握过程中实现的活动(如教学活动、生活活动等)、掌握借以实現的智力过程的系统。概念的教学方法是多种多样的,主要可分为两种:一种是直接揭露本质特征的方法,另一种是間接揭露本质特征的方法(如变式、对比等)。在平面几何的概念的教学中应該采用直接揭露本质特征的方法还是采     

横看成岭侧成峰善于联想思路清——一类三角问题的解法分析

匈牙利数学家乔治·波利亚致力于解题的研究,为了回答"一个好的解法是如何想出来的"这个令人困惑的问题,他专门研究了解题的思维过程,并把研究所得写成<怎样解题>一书.在波利亚的解题表中,拟定计划是解题的关键环节,拟定计划的过程是在"过去的经验和已有的知识"基础上,探索解题思路的发现过程,是不断变换问题,把复杂的问题向简单的问题转化,陌生的问题向熟悉的问题转化,最终把待解决的问题化归为已解决的或易解决的问题的过程,其中善于联想又是转化的关键.下面通过一道习题的分析,体验这种联想转化的思维过程.     

城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价指标与评价方法

定量的评判城市老旧居住小区整体交通环境质量并进而科学有效的提出老旧小区交通环境更新与改善措施,对城市老旧居住小区交通环境进行了调查,明确了老旧居住小区存在的突出交通问题,并提出了城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价的指标体系,包括行人跨路出行指数、无人行道路段长度占比、停车泊位供需比、路内非法停车占比、平均停车步行距离、泊位数量户数比、人均步行空间、无障碍通道、盲道设置比例、非机动车泊位供需比、地面停放车辆数小区面积比、外部穿行交通周转量小区面积比等。并给出了具体指标的计算方法与获得办法。以长沙市四个典型老旧居住小区为例,对评价方法进行了论证,并得到城市老旧居住小区存在的一般问题,包括人车混杂、人车交织现象严重,停车泊位短缺、车辆乱停乱放,交通设施、特别是弱势群体交通设施缺乏。给出的评价指标、评价方法与结论可为城市老旧小区改造更新,特别是其中很重要的交通环境更新提供决策依据。     

周期排列抛物形系列沟槽引起的线性水波Bragg共振及共振相位上移北大核心CSCD

该文解析研究了有限个周期排列的抛物形沟槽激发的水波Bragg共振.首先,利用变量替换,先将系数为隐函数的修正缓坡方程(MMSE)转化为系数为显函数的显式方程.然后,构造了修正缓坡方程的Frobenius级数解,并给出了级数解的收敛条件.最后,利用质量守恒的耦合条件,建立了反射系数的解析公式.根据反射系数的解析公式,分析了沟槽个数、沟槽深度与宽度对Bragg共振峰值、共振相位和共振带宽的影响.当沟槽深度和宽度固定而沟槽个数增加时,共振峰值逐渐增大并趋向于1,而共振带宽则逐渐变窄并趋于固定值.当沟槽个数和宽度固定时,Bragg共振峰值随沟槽深度增加而增加.当沟槽个数和深度固定时,Bragg共振反射峰值随沟槽宽度增加而先增后减,预示了沟槽存在某个宽度使得共振峰值达到最大,为Bragg共振反射针对沟槽宽度的优化奠定了理论基础.特别地,前不久在有限个周期排列旋轮线形沟槽上刚刚观察到的Bragg共振反射峰值相位的上移现象,再次在该文考虑的抛物形沟槽上得到确认,表明针对有限周期排列的沟槽地形,Bragg共振反射峰值的相位上移是一个普遍现象.也因此说明,凡是正弦沙纹和周期人工沙坝所激发的Bragg共振反射,其主振相位将会下移,而凡是周期系列沟槽所激发的Bragg共振反射,无论沟槽形状如何,其主振相位都将上移.另外,我们从Bragg共振的原始定义出发,定量地解释了相位上移发生的数学机理.     

Quality rating of a metal matrix-diamondcomposite from its thermal conductivity and electric resistance

The efficiency of hot-pressed diamond-containing composite materials (DCM) for various tool applications is greatly affected by microdefects, namely, the residual porosity of the metal matrix, damaged diamond grains, and imperfect diamond-matrix interfaces. An instrumental evaluation of these microdefects, predetermining the quality of a tool equipped with DCM, is rather difficult due to the small size, the nonstandard shape, and the strong heterogeneity of specimens. Proposed here is an alternative, nondestructive technique of DCM quality rating, which includes the measurement of electric resistance and thermal conductivity of diamond-containing composites and processing the obtained data by the methods of composite mechanics. It exploits the fact that diamond, being a dielectric, possesses an extremely high thermal conductivity, which allows estimating the residual porosity of a sintered metal matrix from the ratio of specific electric resistances, one being measured and another predicted by a theory. These data, in turn, are utilized to predict the thermal conductivity ofDCMwith an imperfect matrix. Matching with experiments, after solving the inverse problem gives the thermal resistance of diamond-matrix interface, which, within the frame work of the given model, simulates the damage of both the diamond grains and their bonds with the matrix. Thus, the numerical rating of quality is given in terms of two dimensionless parameters. The first one, 0 < K < 1, reflects the quality of the sintered metal matrix, whereas the second one, 0 < R <1, is an aggregate measure of the integrity of diamond grains and the perfection degree of composite interfaces. The quite satisfactory agreement observed between the theory and experiment confirms the efficiency of the technique and the reliability of the data obtained. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 361–374, May–June, 2006.     

Instability of solitary waves in non-linear composite media

A problem on the dynamic instability of soliton solutions (solitary waves) of Hamilton's equations, describing plane waves in non-linear elastic composite media with or without anisotropy, is considered. In the anisotropic case, there are two two-parameter families of solitary waves: fast and slow and, when there is no anisotropy, there is one three-parameter family. A classification of the instability of solitary waves of the fast family in the anisotropic case and of representatives of families of solitary waves, the velocities of which lie outside of the range of stability when there is anisotropy and when there is no anisotropy, is given on the basis of a numerical solution of a Cauchy problem for the model equations. In this paper, the fundamental equations describing plane waves in non-linear, anisotropic, elastic composites are derived, the Hamilton form of the basic equations is presented, the symmetries in the anisotropic and isotropic cases are considered, the conserved quantities and the soliton solutions, that is, the solitary waves are presented, the nature of the instability of representatives of all three families is investigated, brief formulation of the results is presented and problems of the instability of the fast family in the anisotropic case and of representatives of the families, the velocities of which lie outside of the range of stability in the presence and absence of anisotropy (explosive instability), are discussed.     

Integrals of semiintegrable k-tuples of germs of vector fields in the plane

An ordered collection of vector fields in the plane is called a semiintegrable collection if each succeeding element of the collection lies in the stationary subalgebra (in the algebra of smooth vector fields) of the phase portraits of all the preceding elements of the collection. The orbital equivalence of semiintegrable collections means the possibility of transferring, with the aid of a diffeomorphism of the plane, the phase portraits of the elements of one collection into those of the other one, respectively, with the preservation of the order. A complete classification of finite-modal collections relative to orbital equivalence is obtained. The invariants of the normal forms, namely the generators of the algebra of the first integrals, the invariant measures, the stationary subalgebras of the phase portraits of the collection, are computed in terms of elementary functions. Integer-valued invariants are obtained, like the number of elements in the collection, the dimension of the stationary subalgebra, etc.Translated from Trudy Seminara imeni I. G. Petrovskogo, No. 16, pp. 70–105, 1992.     

物体垂直出入水的非定常空泡数学模型

研究了物体从水下向水面高速运动产生的非定常垂直空泡,建立了出水垂直空泡的数学模型,得到了匀速、空泡压力不变条件下的空泡外形、长度、体积随水深变化的解析解,给出了出水通气空泡发展为超空泡的条件．利用类似的方法建立了水平空泡和入水空泡的数学模型,并对3种空泡进行了比较研究．比较研究的结论是,随物体距水面的水深减小,出水空泡体积自身有增大趋势,空泡不容易发生泄气现象．且要保持出水空泡压力不变,空泡内的气体含量就应该增加（可通过人工通气方式）．入水空泡正好相反,随物体入水深度增加,空泡体积自身有收缩的趋势,并挤压空泡内的气体从环境压力较低的空泡尾部喷射而出,导致空泡内的气体含量减少,空泡压力降低．但是当空泡压力低于环境压力后,空泡尾部又将被环境高压所封闭,气体喷射不出来．随着入水深度继续增加,空泡尾部将重复上述过程,形成周期性的喷射 封闭 喷射 封闭的脉动过程,这个脉动喷射过程将在空泡尾部的流体中形成一连串小气泡,并由于空泡内的压力波动而导致空泡形状发生波动现象．     

不确定性军事冲突模式预测的数学方法

本文在模糊集上研究了不确定性军事冲突态势的变化模式 ,即 Nash协商对策模式、协调模式、谈判偏好模式、谈判让步模式和战争模式 ;探讨了不同模式下对应的 Nash均衡域、协商域、偏好域、代价域和冲突域的数学意义 ,给出了不同模式下解确定的数学方法 ,从定量的角度实现了对军事冲突模式的判断和预测 .     

A non-equilibrium model of a porous medium saturated with immiscible fluids

A model of a thermoelastic porous medium, saturated with two immiscible fluids, is considered. It is assumed that there are no phase transitions, the contribution of pulsations to the stress and kinetic energy is small, and that the components of the medium are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The non-equilibrium of the state, related to the finite time of redistribution of the fluids among the pores of the channels due to the presence of surface forces, is taken into account. A general form of the governing relations, necessary and sufficient to satisfy the principles of thermodynamic compatibility and independence of the choice of system of coordinates, is obtained. It is shown that the establishment of equilibrium is accompanied by dissipation due to capillary forces, which does not lead to seepage dissipation or thermal dissipation. For the case when the deformation of the skeleton and the deviation of the mean porous pressure and the temperature from the initial values are small, while the saturation and the non-equilibrium parameter undergo finite changes, an approximation of the potential of the skeleton is proposed in the form of a quadratic expansion in small parameters. A feature of the expansion is the presence of an initial value of the potential, which depends on the saturation and non-equilibrium. The relationship between the thermodynamic potential and the non-equilibrium kinetics, related to the requirement that the dissipation by the capillary forces should be non-negative, is determined. A generalized Darcy's law is formulated, which takes cross terms into account. It is shown that the proposed approximations enable key effects, which accompany the motion of immiscible fluids in a porous medium, to be described.     

邻避冲突中的利益相关者演化博弈分析——以污染类邻避设施为例

工业化、城市化进程的加快在推进社会经济发展的同时,也催生了公民权利意识和环保意识的觉醒。在整体利益与局部利益、经济利益与环境利益等一系列矛盾交织的宏观背景下,继劳资纠纷、征地拆迁之后,污染类邻避设施成为诱发群体性事件的关键因子。因此,探究政府、邻避设施营建企业与周边民众三方间利益关系,理清相关主体的利益诉求对于邻避冲突的预防和处置具有重要实践意义。本文基于利益相关者理论,探究污染类邻避设施相关利益主体在冲突中所扮演的角色和发挥的作用,进而从博弈论视角出发构建政府、邻避设施营建企业和周边民众之间的三方演化博弈模型。在此基础上,通过对政府、营建企业和周边民众的稳定演化博弈策略选择分析,得出推动博弈三方向演化稳定策略点收敛的条件。利用Matlab对三方演化模型模拟仿真,结果表明政府采取不监管策略、营建企业采取合作策略及周边民众采取不抵抗策略是邻避冲突中三方利益相关者演化博弈的稳定策略点;高强度的政府奖励力度有利于促进营建企业采取合作策略,而抑制周边民众抵抗行为策略的选择;营建企业的经济补偿对于降低民众抵抗力度具有临界点,只有高额的经济补偿才会激励民众选择不抵抗的行为策略;而周边民众的抵抗力度对营建企业的策略选择无显著影响。本文研究结果对邻避冲突中相关利益主体起到一定启示作用:第一,政府作为邻避设施建设的监管者,应注重把握监管力度,完善公众参与渠道,降低个体风险感知;第二,营建企业作为邻避设施建设的实施者,应积极采用环保技术,构建科学利益补偿机制;第三,周边民众对于邻避设施的“落地”发挥关键作用,应加强自身公共理性,合理评估邻避风险,自觉维护社会公共利益。     

Historical origins of the nine-point conic. The contribution of Eugenio Beltrami

In this paper, we examine the evolution of a specific mathematical problem, i.e. the nine-point conic, a generalisation of the nine-point circle due to Steiner. We will follow this evolution from Steiner to the Neapolitan school (Trudi and Battaglini) and finally to the contribution of Beltrami that closed this journey, at least from a mathematical point of view (scholars of elementary geometry, in fact, will continue to resume the problem from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century). We believe that such evolution may indicate the steady development of the mathematical methods from Euclidean metric to projective, and finally, with Beltrami, with the use of quadratic transformations. In this sense, the work of Beltrami appears similar to the recent (after the anticipations of Magnus and Steiner) results of Schiaparelli and Cremona. Moreover, Beltrami's methods are closely related to the study of birational transformations, which in the same period were becoming one of the main topics of algebraic geometry. Finally, our work emphasises the role played by the nine-point conic problem in the studies of young Beltrami who, under Cremona's guidance, was then developing his mathematical skills. To this end, we make considerable use of the unedited correspondence Beltrami – Cremona, preserved in the Istituto Mazziniano, Genoa.