Wavefront and ray-density plots using seventh-order matrices

The optimization of an optical system benefits greatly from a study of its aberrations and an identification of each of its elements’ contribution to the overall aberration figures. The matrix formalism developed by the author was the object of a previous paper and allows the expression of image-space coordinates as high-order polynomials of object-space coordinates. In this paper we approach the question of aberrations, both through the evaluation of the wavefront evolution along the system and its departure from the ideal spherical shape and the use of ray density plots. Using seventh-order matrix modelling, we can calculate the optical path between any two points of a ray as it travels along the optical system and we define the wavefront as the locus of the points with common optical path length; the results are presented on the form of traces of the wavefront on the tangential plane, although the formalism would also permit sagittal plane plots. Ray density plots are obtained by actual derivation of the seventh-order polynomials.     

Use of Dirac matrices in polarization optics

Several matrix methods have been developed for studying polarization properties of light. Jones was the first to apply the matrix method to the study of polarization optics. In Jones matrix formalism the polarized wave field is represented by 2-element column matrix known as Jones Vector and the polarization device encountered by light is represented by a 2×2 matrix, known as the characteristic Jones matrix of the device. Mueller introduced a new matrix method where the wave field is represented by a 4-dimensional vector. The elements of the vector are the Stokes parameters of the beam. In Mueller matrix formalism the optical device is represented by a 4×4 real matrix known as ‘Mueller Matrix’ of the device. The use of coherency matrix also proves to the useful in the study of partially polarized light. Pauli spin matrices have been used to unify the different matrix treatments of polarization optical phenomena. The present article is an attempt to unify the analysis of polarization phenomena using Dirac matrices used by Dirac in quantum mechanics. We have however redefined the set of Dirac matrices in terms of the Kronecher product of Pauli spin matrices.     

Deformable mirrors based on piezoelectric unimorph microactuator array for adaptive optics correction

This paper describes a piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM) for adaptive optics (AO) applications, with a 100 μm thick silicon mirror driven by 61 unimorph microactuators. Measurement results show that the stroke of the DM is ~ 7.4 μm at 100 V, and the resonance frequency is at 18 kHz. To demonstrate the correction capability of the DM, low-order Zernike modes up to 14th term were reproduced. Furthermore, a close-loop correction of laser beam in a 633 nm helium-neon laser system was performed. After system aberrations being compensated, a focal spot approximate to Airy disk was achieved.     

Characteristic properties of the conical Mueller matrix

We present results of mathematical relations existing between the Mueller matrix obtained for an in-plane of incidence scattering geometry (plane Mueller matrix, PMM) and the Mueller matrix obtained for an out-the-plane of incidence scattering geometry (conical Mueller matrix, CMM), for light scattered from a rough surface. We obtain a similarity relation between the CMM and the PMM for one- (1-D) and for two-dimensional (2-D) surfaces. This similarity relation implies that the PMM and the CMM have the same determinant, trace and eigenvalues for 1-D and 2-D surfaces, respectively. We can say that measurements made in the conical geometry are “Similarity Equivalent” to those in the in-plane geometry for both kind of surfaces, respectively.     

Experimental validation of closed-loop adaptive optics based on a self-referencing interferometer wavefront sensor and a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator

A closed-loop adaptive optics system based on a self-referencing interferometer wavefront sensor (SRI WFS) using phase-shifting point-diffraction technique and an electrically addressed phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC SLM) is built and validated experimentally. The wavefront aberration of incoming beam is directly measured by analyzing four frames phase-shifted interferograms captured by a single CCD camera in two camera shots, and then by loading the conjugate function onto the SLM the wavefront aberration is corrected. The proposed scheme does not rely on any complicated control algorithm or wavefront-reconstruction algorithm and can achieve high-resolution and high-accuracy correction. Closed-loop correction results of single order Zernike aberrations and a Kolmogorov turbulence phase screen show that considerable improvements in the Strehl ratio (of greater than 0.94) is achieved.     

光纤中的集成光学与离散光学

光纤集成光学和离散光学有望成为光子学集成的一个新分支。这种集成技术可以通过离散的方法方便地在一根光纤中控制和操纵光波,也为集成光学与离散光学的研究提供了一个灵活方便的平台,为微光子器件和系统集成提供了一种有效的方法和手段。文章简要总结了在光纤内实现光学器件集成和微光学系统集成的主要思想和关键技术,探讨了离散光学需要考虑的核心内容,为该方向的进一步发展提供了若干前期的研究基础。     

HMO in geometrical optics

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自由曲面光学虚拟制造与检测系统的探讨

自由曲面光学产品设计、制造与检测的工艺流程，通常采取试凑法逐次逼近。由于加工 检测 再加工，循环往复，既费时，成本又高，产生了瓶颈问题。为了解决此弊端，本文运用虚拟制造技术，提出光学虚拟制造的基本构想，即虚拟制造系统结构模型，给出光学系统虚拟原型的构成和光学系统成像质量虚拟检测系统的构成，讨论光学成像质量的仿真检测以及敏度分析方法。研究结果表明：运用虚拟制造与检测技术，可缩短研发周期，降低成本，优化工艺并提高产品质量。     

Theoretical analysis of imaging properties of a pressure-actuated deformable mirror for adaptive compensation of rotationally symmetrical wavefronts

Our work presents a theoretical analysis of aberration properties of a simple single-channel deformable mirror from both the aspect of modeling the shape of the mirror reflecting surface and the mechanisms of wave-front correction using such mirror. The proposed mirror can be used for a compensation of rotationally symmetrical wavefronts, e.g. focusing of optical beams, adaptive change of resonator parameters in laser technology, phase shifting, etc. The detailed analysis of possibilities of wave-front correction was performed.     

On optics of human meridians

A new concept and its methodology for studying human meridians are presented based on rigorous and scientific observation on the objective existence of human meridians in view of biomedical optics. According to this methodology, the infrared radiant characteristics of acupuncture meridians over human body and the optical transport properties of light propagating along the meridian are reported. This study, thus, confirms the existence of acupuncture meridians, sheds new light on an approach to investigation of human meridians and offers a new perspective in understanding the potential meridian functions such as energy and information transfer and physiological regulation. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB504505), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60578056 and 30572309), the Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Health & United Fujian Provincial Health and Education Project for Tackling the Key Research of China (Grant No. WKJ2005-2-004), the Young Scientists and Technicians Innovation Project of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2007F3026), and the Fund from Fujian Normal University (Grant No. 2008100218)     

智能光学的概念及发展

智能光学是在主动光学和自适应光学基础上发展起来的新兴的概念。本文介绍了智能光学概念的提出和发展过程,并进一步明确和扩展了智能光学的概念和范畴。对智能光学的技术基础及其应用现状进行了总结和评述,主要包括动态光学调制技术、动态光学探测技术、智能光学系统等,涉及了天文、军事、空间、生物医学等领域中应用的望远镜、显微镜、激光器等光学系统和光学设备。最后,对智能光学的未来发展和应用前景提出了展望。     

锥形梯度折射率激光准直系统的矩阵光学研究

把梯度折射率激光准直系统视为一个整体,采用矩阵光学的方法,研究了高斯光束经锥形梯度折射率激光准直系统的传输特性.讨论了多级密接锥形梯度折射率激光准直系统的设计原理.     

Transformation optics and cloaking

Invisibility, a long sought-for speculation in science fiction, has been turned into reality in the laboratory through the use of a theoretical technique called Transformation Optics. The principles of transformation optics show that any desired smooth deformation of the electromagnetic field can be implemented exactly by an appropriately engineered metamaterial. All demonstrations of cloaking to date have had limitations, however, reflecting our technological inability to implement the transformation optics algorithm exactly. However, the scientific principles leading to perfect invisibility are now established, and practical improvements on the initial designs are now occurring very rapidly. Most recently, researchers have re-examined transformation optics to include time as well as space, describing and then implementing the concept of a cloak that hides events, a conceptual breakout that promises many new applications. This review describes the general ideas underlying transformation optics, and how the various types of cloak based on these ideas have been implemented practically to date.     

浅谈超构表面在量子光学中的应用

近年来,利用超构表面对光场的调控研究取得了令人瞩目的进展,不仅在经典光的调控方面取得了优异的成果,在量子光学方面的研究和应用也开始崭露头角,引起人们越来越多的研究兴趣。文章简要讨论了基于超构表面的量子光学的研究进展,包括量子光源的制备、量子态的调控以及量子态的探测和成像等方面。     

Wigner optics in the metaxial regime

A consistent methodology is developed, using the Wigner matrix associated with the Helmholtz equation, to treat metaxial optical systems. The propagation equation of this matrix is derived and its relationship with the corresponding paraxial propagation equation is clarified.     

Adaptive optics in astronomy

Since Galileo’s first observations in 1609, telescopes have grown dramatically in size. Larger telescopes collect more light, allowing astronomers to detect fainter sources and to look further back in time towards the birth of the universe. The angular resolution of these telescopes, however, has been limited by turbulence in the earth’s atmosphere. This limitation can be dramatically reduced with the use of adaptive optics (AO) to measure and correct the blurring introduced by atmospheric turbulence. AO is now routinely used for science observations on the world’s largest telescopes and is providing a much more detailed view of our universe.     

Nanocomposite‐based stretchable optics

Stretchable and conformable optical devices open up very exciting perspectives for the fabrication of systems incorporating diffracting and optical power in a single element. Supersonic cluster beam implantation of silver nanoparticles in an elastomeric substrate grooved by molding allows effective fabrication of cheap and simple stretchable optical elements able to withstand thousands of deformations and stretching cycles without any degradation of their optical properties. The nanocomposite‐based reflective optical devices were characterized both morphologically and optically showing excellent performances and stability compared to similar devices fabricated with standard techniques. The nanocomposite‐based devices can therefore be applied to arbitrary curved nonoptical grade surfaces in order to achieve optical power and to minimize aberrations like astigmatism. The high resilience of the nanocomposite material on which the devices are based allows them to be peeled and reused multiple times.     

非线性光学五十年

文章简要回顾了非线性光学的诞生以及早期的发展,包括二次谐波,激光和频和差频现象,受激拉曼散射,以及激光的一些自作用行为等,介绍了非线性光学的一些重要研究成果和应用,包括非线性光谱学,位相共轭和自适应光学,相干非线性光学以及高次谐波等,最后对非线性光学当前和未来研究热点作了总结和展望.     

Theory of paraxial lateral aberrations of electrostatic imaging electrostatic electron optics based on asymptotic solutions and its verification

In imaging electron optics, study of geometrical lateral aberrations of third order and paraxial lateral aberrations of second order has traditionally been paid more attention to, but the existence of paraxial chromatic aberrations of third order and paraxial chromatic aberrations of magnification of third order was almost ignored, and the general form of paraxial lateral aberration has not been studied theoretically.In the present paper, the paraxial lateral aberrations expressed in general form have been derived emphatically on the basis of asymptotic solutions of paraxial equation. The relationship between the coefficients of asymptotic solutions has been investigated, which proves that the coefficients of asymptotic solutions are related each other. Through a bi-electrode electrostatic spherical concentric system model, two special solutions expressed by asymptotic solutions and accurate solutions in a bi-electrode electrostatic spherical concentric system have been deduced, and the paraxial lateral aberrations have been verified and tested, in which the aberration coefficients are solved by asymptotic solutions of paraxial equation. Result completely proves that the approach based on asymptotic solutions to solve the paraxial lateral aberrations are practicable and accurate enough. The paraxial chromatic aberration of magnification of third order and the paraxial chromatic aberration of third order have been firstly derived, and the Recknagel-Artimovich formula of paraxial chromatic aberration of second order which possess an greatest part in the whole paraxial lateral aberrations has been deduced and confirmed. A simple and clear form for expressing paraxial lateral aberrations of imaging electron optics is suggested for practical use. Results of the present paper will have theoretical value for aberration theory of imaging electron optics and practical significance for the design of image tubes.     

On negative refraction in electron optics

Negative refraction is investigated within the context of both relativistic and non-relativistic electron optics. In fact, starting from the de Broglie wave-particle dualism, the negative refractive index as a function of wavelength is determined for both relativistic and non-relativistic electrons. Comparison with photon optics is done. Negative refractive index averaged over both sufficiently small and sufficiently large wavelength ranges is found to be tending to minus unity and minus infinity, respectively. In addition, the sensitivity to wavelength of the negative refractive index is evaluated.