Speed dependent polarization correlations in QED and entanglement

Exact computations of polarizations correlations probabilities are carried out in QED, to the leading order, for initially polarized as well as unpolarized particles. Quite generally they are found to be speed dependent and are in clear violation of Bells inequality of Local Hidden Variables (LHV) theories. This dynamical analysis shows how speed dependent entangled states are generated. These computations, based on QED are expected to lead to new experiments on polarization correlations monitoring speed in the light of Bells theorem. The paper provides a full QED treatment of the dynamics of entanglementReceived: 25 June 2004, Published online: 5 October 2004PACS: 12.20.Ds Specific calculations - 12.20.Fv Experimental tests - 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bells inequalities, GHZ states, etc.)Work supported by a Royal Golden Jubilee Award.     

Perturbed angular correlation measurements on the 40.9 keV level of62Cu. A preliminary study of 2Zn-insulin

Time-differential PAC measurements have been made using⁶²Zn, both in aqueous solution at pH 6.0 and also incorporated into crystalline 2Zn-insulin. Three Nal(Tl) detectors were used — a 2.54 cm thick scintillator detecting the stop 41 keV gamma ray and two 5.0 cm thick scintillators at 90 and 135 detecting the start 597 keV gamma rays. The need to separate the 597 keV line from the 511 keV background was found to require very careful setting-up conditions in the case of a fixed-detector spectrometer. The solution data produced a fast relaxation time of (75±25) ns, while the three 2Zn-insulin batches gave data which were analyzed using a static interaction with an assumed axial symmetry to give an electric quadrupole frequency of (77±8) MHz.     

Rational forms for twistings of enveloping algebras of simple Lie algebras

We give rational forms for twistings of classical enveloping algebras. We also remark a link with the generalized formalism of Gurevich, Manin, and Cartier.     

Integrable hierarchy underlying topological Landau-Ginzburg models of D-type

A universal integrable hierarchy underlying topological Landau-Ginzburg models of D-type is presented. Like the dispersionless Toda hierarchy, the new hierarchy has two distinct (positive and negative) sets of flows. Special solutions corresponding to topological Landau-Ginzburg models of D-type are characterized by a Riemann-Hilbert problem, which can be converted into a generalized hodograph transformation. This construction gives an embedding of the finite-dimensional small phase space of these models into the full space of flows of this hierarchy. One of flat coordinates in the small phase space turns out to be identical to the first negative time variable of the hierarchy, whereas the others belong to the positive flows.     

Current controlled negative resistance phenomenon in SbPbSe system

Thin film Al/Sb₂Pb₁Se₇/Al metal-glass-metal sandwiched structures prepared using thermal evaporation technique have been studied. The I–V measurements showed that the devices switched from high resistance OFF state to a low resistance ON state when a particular voltage appeared across it. The OFF state I–V characteristics showed non-ohmic behaviour while in the ON state the devices displayed purely linear characteristics. The switching voltage (V _th) was found to depend on film thickness and temperature of the device. A linear relation between V_th and temperature was observed.     

Coherent-state qubits: entanglement and decoherence

Arbitrary superpositions of any two optical coherent states are investigated as realizations of qubits for quantum information processing. Decoherence of these coherent-state qubits is described in detail, and visualized using a suitable adaptive Bloch-sphere. The entanglement that can be created by a beam splitter from these states is quantified, and its decoherence behavior is analyzed.Received: 13 May 2004, Published online: 10 August 2004PACS: 42.50.Dv Nonclassical states of the electromagnetic field, including entangled photon states; quantum state engineering and measurements - 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bells inequalities, GHZ states, etc.) - 03.67.-a Quantum information     

On the Asymptotic Density in a One-Dimensional Self-Organized Critical Forest-Fire Model

Consider the following forest-fire model where the possible locations of trees are the sites of . Each site has two possible states: vacant or occupied. Vacant sites become occupied at rate 1. At each site ignition (by lightning) occurs at ignition rate , the parameter of the model. When a site is ignited, its occupied cluster becomes vacant instantaneously. In the literature similar models have been studied for discrete time. The most interesting behaviour occurs when the ignition rate approaches 0. It has been stated by Drossel, Clar and Schwabl (1993) that then (in our notation) the density of vacant sites (at stationarity) is of order 1/ log (1/). Their argument uses a scaling ansatz and is not rigorous. We give a rigorous and mathematically more natural proof for our version of the model, and point out how it can be modified for the model studied by Drossel et al. Our proof shows that regardless of the initial configuration, already after time of order log (1/) the density is of the above mentioned order 1/ log (1/). We also obtain bounds on the cluster size distribution, showing that the scaling ansatz of Drossel et al. needs correction.Also at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.Acknowledgement We thank Jeff Steif for stimulating discussions about these and related problems.     

Chiral Charged Fermions,One-Dimensional Quantum Field Theory and Vertex Algebras

We give an explicit L ²-representation of chiral charged fermions using the Hardy–Lebesgue octant decomposition. In the pure case such a representation has already been used by M. Sato in holonomic field theory. We study both pure and mixed cases. In the compact case, we rigorously define unsmeared chiral charged fermion operators inside the unit circle. Using chiral fermions, we orient our findings towards a functional analytic study of vertex algebras as one-dimensional quantum field theory.     

The Historical Roots of ‘‘Foundations of Quantum Physics’’ as a Field of Research (1950–1970)

The rising interest, in the late 20th century, in the foundations of quantum physics, a subject in which Franco Selleri has excelled, has suggested the fair question: how did it become so? The current answer says that experiments have allowed to bring into the laboratories some previous gedanken experiments, beginning with those about EPR and related to Bells inequalities. I want to explore an alternative view, by which there would have been, before Bells inequalities experimental tests, a change in the views shared by physicists concerning the intellectual status of that issue. I will take three cases which will serve as the threads of our story: the connections between Bohms causal interpretation and Bells inequalities; Wigners ideas on the measurement problem; and finally Everetts relative states formulation. In the end, I will discuss how those threads were gathered together by creating foundations of quantum physics as a field of research.     

Rational Conformal Field Theories and Complex Multiplication

We study the geometric interpretation of two dimensional rational conformal field theories, corresponding to sigma models on Calabi-Yau manifolds. We perform a detailed study of RCFTs corresponding to the T² target and identify the Cardy branes with geometric branes. The T²s leading to RCFTs admit complex multiplication which characterizes Cardy branes as specific D0-branes. We propose a condition for the conformal sigma model to be RCFT for arbitrary Calabi-Yau n-folds, which agrees with the known cases. Together with recent conjectures by mathematicians it appears that rational conformal theories are not dense in the space of all conformal theories, and sometimes appear to be finite in number for Calabi-Yau n-folds for n>2. RCFTs on K3 may be dense. We speculate about the meaning of these special points in the moduli spaces of Calabi-Yau n-folds in connection with freezing geometric moduli.     

A contribution to the theory of the triple crystal diffractometer

The first part of the paper gives a general equation for triple-crystal arrangement with perfect crystals on the assumption that the third crystal is rotated. It is shown that in the case of perfect crystals the shape of the reflection curve is practically independent of the vertical divergence. The case of mosaic crystals is also solved and the possibility of rotation by other than the third crystal is considered. A method is proposed for investigating the imperfection of a crystal which is different from methods used up to now. The paper is supplemented by some experimental results.

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‘In’ and ‘out’ vertex operators in a class of UV-finite nonlinear σ-models

In and out scalar vertex operators are constructed perturbatively in a class of recently discovered UV finite nonlinear -models describing the string evolution in gravitational plane wave backgrounds. They exhibit peculiar singularities in the target space related to the focusing phenomena in such backgrounds well known from the classical and quantum gravity theories. The computation is performed up to three loops of the usual perturbation expansion and to all loops of the weak field limit. An argument is given that the vertex operator singularities should persist, even when summing up the all perturbation expansions.     

An interpretation of the conditions for the existence of Shockley surface states

A study is made of the Shockley surface states in a linear chain of equal atoms, joined by alternately strong bonds. If the simple MO LCAO method is used, which considers the exchange integrals between nearest neighbours and next nearest neighbours, we get the surface states for a semi-infinite chain if the stronger bond is interrupted. The connection between Shockley and Tamm surface states is shown and the hypothesis is put forward that the condition for the existence of Shockley surface states has a generally simple physical interpretation, the validity of which is proved on the models of a semi-infinite crystal studied up to now.

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, . MO LCAO, , , . , , , .

     

НИЗКОЧАСТОТНЫЕ КОЛЕ БАНИЯ ПРЯМОУГОЛЬНЫХ ПЛАСТИНОК ADP

- — . , - NH₄H₂PO₄,- ADP. ; - .     

Photo-luminescence and growth defects in ZnS: Cu monocrystals

The paper describes microscopic investigation into the spectral distribution of photo-luminescence and its polarization on hexagonal ZnS monocrystals in relation to the structural defects of such crystals. These observations, as well as birefringent observations, show that the values of the birefringence and the degree of polarization in different stripes of the same crystal are the same within the limits of observational errors.

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ZnS: Cu

ZnS . , , , .

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In conclusion the author would like to thank K. Pátek, L. Souková and M. Mokonová for providing the monocrystals and for fruitful discussions.     

On Essential Incompleteness of Hertz’s Experiments on Propagation of Electromagnetic Interactions

The historical background of the 19th century electromagnetic theory is revisited from the standpoint of the opposition between alternative approaches in respect to the problem of interactions. The 19th century electrodynamics became the battle-field of a paramount importance to test existing conceptions of interactions. Hertzs experiments were designed to bring a solid experimental evidence in favor of one of them. The modern scientific method applied to analyze Hertzs experimental approach as well as the analysis of his laboratory notes, dairy and private letters show that Hertzs crucial experiments cannot be considered as conclusive at many points as it is generally implied. We found that alternative Helmholtzs electrodynamics did not contradict any of Hertzs experimental observations of transverse components as Maxwells theory predicted. Moreover, as we now know from recently published Hertzs dairy and private notes, his first experimental results indicated clearly on infinite rate of propagation. Nevertheless, Hertzs experiments provided no further explicit information on non-local longitudinal components which were such an essential feature of Helmholtzs theory. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a decisive choice on the adequate account of electromagnetic interactions are discussed from the position of modern scientific method.     

Nano-structured oriented carbon films grown by PLD and CVD methods

PLD and CVD methods, plasma or bias assisted, have been used to prepare thin films of nano-clustered graphite. The experimental conditions (vz. deposition apparatus, substrate temperature, working pressure, inert sustaining gases, parent species, and applied voltage) have been changed with the final aim of obtaining small graphene particles with the basal planes oriented along the growth vector and perpendicular to the n-Si100 substrate. Pulsed laser ablation (Nd:YAG, 2nd harmonic: =532 nm, h=2.33 eV, =7 ns, =10 Hz, 7 J/cm²), assisted by an RF-plasma, of a pyrolytic graphite target gave good results for nano-structure formation, provided high substrate temperature and high inert gas pressure are maintained. CVD methods, in the presence of high substrate temperature and a DC bias, showed a good attitude to drive a longitudinal growth of graphene layers and nano-wires from a reactive gas flow of Argon/Hydrogen and Methane. The morphology of the films grown at different conditions have been characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Film quality and nano-particle dimensions have been estimated by Raman spectroscopy. PACS 81.07.-b; 81.15.-z; 78.30.-j; 68.37.-d     

Semiconductor laser optical amplifiers in switching and distribution networks

Applications of semiconductor laser optical amplifiers in coherent multichannel systems are investigated with respect to the switching and distribution of many channels to a large number of customers. All-optical switching of data signals is achieved with the optical amplifier operating as a frequency converter. Measurements of the conversion efficiency and a transmission experiment with a 1500 GHz conversion range are described. Possible applications are all-optical multipoint to point and point to multipoint switching. Optical amplifiers may also be useful in multichannel distribution networks to compensate for combining and splitting losses. We discuss an example demonstrating how optical amplifiers increase the number of customers in a coherent multichannel distribution system.     

Perturbed periodic Hamiltonians: Essential Spectrum and exponential decay of eigenfunctions

Spectral properties of – +V(x), whereV(x) lies in a neighbourhood of the periodic case and describes various models of disorder, are studied. We prove the exponential decay of generalized eigenfunctions corresponding to energies in the resolvent set of the unperturbed periodic Hamiltonian, as well as the stability of the essential spectrum for the dislocation disorder in two dimensions.     

On the relation between weak and strong invariance of differential equations

Some concepts of Lie algebra cohomology are used to systematize the search for differential equations invariant under a given Lie groupG. In particular, it is shown that if a strongly invariant equation exists, then all weakly invariant equations differ from it only by an arbitrary multiplicative factor. If no strongly invariant equation exists, then cohomology theory can be used to simplify the search for weakly invariant equations.